Harvard_referencing

University Library Harvard System of Referencing Guide July 2007 http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk Anglia Ruskin University 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION..........................................................................4 1.1 Explanation of citation and referencing................................................................4 1.2 Plagiarism ............................................................................................................4 1.3 Referencing systems ...........................................................................................5 2. CITING REFERENCES IN TEXT USING THE HARVARD SYSTEM.............6 2.1 Author’s name cited in the text.............................................................................6 2.2 Author’s name not cited directly in the text ..........................................................6 2.3 More than one author cited in the text .................................................................6 2.4 More than one author not cited directly in the text ...............................................6 2.5 Two authors for the same work............................................................................7 2.6 More than two authors for a work ........................................................................7 2.7 No author .............................................................................................................7 2.8 No date ................................................................................................................8 2.9 Page numbers......................................................................................................8 2.10 Several works by one author in different years....................................................8 2.11 Several works by one author in the same year....................................................9 2.12 Quoting portions of published text .......................................................................9 2.13 Chapter authors in edited works ..........................................................................9 2.14 Corporate authors ..............................................................................................10 2.15 Secondary sources (second-hand references) ..................................................10 2.16 Tables and diagrams .........................................................................................11 3. COMPILING THE REFERENCE LIST AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.....................13 3.1 General guidelines, layout and punctuation.......................................................13 3.2 Books .................................................................................................................13 3.2.1 Books with two, three or four authors ...................................................................... 14 3.2.2 Books with more than four authors.......................................................................... 14 3.2.3 Books which are edited............................................................................................ 14 3.2.4 Chapters of edited books......................................................................................... 15 3.2.5 Multiple works .......................................................................................................... 15 3.2.6 E-books.................................................................................................................... 16 3.3 Journal articles...................................................................................................16 3.3.1 Newspaper articles .................................................................................................. 17 3.3.2 Journal articles from an electronic source............................................................... 17 3.3.3 Journal abstract from a database ............................................................................ 18 3.4 Internet...............................................................................................................18 3.4.1 E-version of annual reports...................................................................................... 19 3.4.2 Online newspaper articles ....................................................................................... 19 3.4.3 Website information ................................................................................................. 20 3.4.4 Publications available from websites....................................................................... 20 3.4.5 E-mail correspondence/discussion lists................................................................... 21 http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm 2 Anglia Ruskin University 4. OTHER TYPES OF DOCUMENT .................................................................22 4.1 Acts of Parliament..............................................................................................22 4.2 Statutory Instruments.........................................................................................22 4.3 Command Papers and other official publications...............................................22 4.4 Law report ..........................................................................................................23 4.5 Annual report .....................................................................................................23 4.6 British Standard .................................................................................................23 4.7 DVD or video......................................................................................................23 4.8 Dissertation ........................................................................................................24 4.9 Conference report ..............................................................................................24 4.10 Conference paper ..............................................................................................24 4.11 Unpublished works.............................................................................................25 4.11.1 Informal or in-house publications............................................................................. 25 4.11.2 Personal communication ......................................................................................... 25 5. REFERENCES WITH MISSING DETAILS...................................................26 6. NOTES FROM COMPILERS........................................................................27 http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm 3 Anglia Ruskin University 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 Explanation of citation and referencing During the course of writing an essay, report or other assignment it is usual to support arguments by reference to other published work. These references may be from work presented in journal or newspaper articles, government reports, books or specific chapters of books, research dissertations or theses, material from the Internet etc. Citation is the practice of referring to the work of other authors in the text of a piece of work. Such works are cited to show evidence both of the background reading that has been done and to support the content and conclusions. Each citation requires a reference at the end of the work; this gives the full details of the source item and should enable it to be traced. Referring accurately to such source materials is part of sound academic practice and a skill that should be mastered. Other reasons for accurate citation and referencing are: • To give credit to the concepts and ideas of other authors. • To provide the reader (often the marker/examiner of the assignment) with evidence of the breadth and depth of your reading. • To enable those who read your work to locate the cited references easily. Remember to note the details of all the documents you read. The following pages give detailed guidance for various types of publication since there are major differences between books and journal articles. 1.2 Plagiarism Plagiarism is passing off the work of others as your own. This constitutes academic theft and is a serious matter which is penalised in assignment marking. The following extract is from the Anglia Ruskin University Academic regulations (2006, p.86): Plagiarism Plagiarism is the submission of an item of assessment containing elements of work produced by another person(s) in such a way that it could be assumed to be the student’s own work. Examples of plagiarism are: • the verbatim copying of another person’s work without acknowledgement http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm 4 Anglia Ruskin University • the close paraphrasing of another person’s work by simply changing a few words or altering the order of presentation without acknowledgement • the unacknowledged quotation of phrases from another person’s work and/or the presentation of another person’s idea(s) as one’s own. Copying or close paraphrasing with occasional acknowledgement of the source may also be deemed to be plagiarism if the absence of quotation marks implies that the phraseology is the student’s own. Plagiarised work may belong to another student or be from a published source such as a book, report, journal or material available on the internet. 1.3 Referencing systems There are many systems for the citation of references. Anglia Ruskin University expects students to use the alphabetical or name-date method known as the HARVARD system. In this the author's surname and year of publication are cited in the text, e.g. (Bond, 2004), and a reference list (of these citations) is included at the end of the assignment, in alphabetical order by author. The reference list also includes additional details such as the title and publisher. A bibliography lists relevant items that you have used in the preparation of the assignment but not cited in your text. A bibliography should also be in the Harvard style and the inclusion of such a list shows that you have read widely beyond the items you have cited. N.B. Faculty regulations may differ in the use of bibliographies. http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm 5 Anglia Ruskin University 2. CITING REFERENCES IN TEXT using the Harvard System References to sources may be cited in the text in different ways depending on the nature of the sentence/paragraph that is being written. 2.1 Author’s name cited in the text When making reference to an author’s work in your text their name is followed by the year of publication of their work, and page reference, in brackets (parentheses) and forms part of the sentence. Cormack (1994, p.32-33) states that 'when writing for a professional readership, writers invariably make reference to already published works'. In general, when writing for a professional publication, it is good practice to make reference to other relevant published work. This view has been supported in the work of Cormack (1994, p.32-33). 2.2 Author’s name not cited directly in the text If you make reference to a work or piece of research without mentioning the author in the text then both the author’s name and publication year are placed at the end of the sentence in brackets: Making reference to published work appears to be characteristic of writing for a professional audience (Cormack 1994). 2.3 More than one author cited in the text Where reference is made to more than one author in a sentence, and they are referred to directly, they are both cited: Jones (1946) and Smith (1948) have both shown…… 2.4 More than one author not cited directly in the text List these at the end of the sentence, putting the author’s name, followed by the date of publication and separated by a semi-colon and within brackets: (Jones 1946; Smith 1948) http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm 6 Anglia Ruskin University 2.5 Two authors for the same work When there are two authors for a work they should both be noted in the text: White and Brown (1964) in their recent research paper found…….. with regard to PREP and the role of libraries, Crane and Urquhart (1994) suggest… or indirectly, using an ampersand (&): (Slater & Jones 1996) (White & Brown 1966) 2.6 More than two authors for a work Where there are several authors (more than two), only the first author should be used, followed by ‘et al’ meaning ‘and others’: Green et al (1995) found that the majority …… or indirectly: Recent research has found that the majority of……(Green et al 1995) 2.7 No author If the author cannot be identified use ‘Anonymous’ or ‘Anon’ and the title of the work and date of publication. The title should be written in italics. Every effort should be made to establish the authorship if you intend to use this work as supporting evidence in an academic submission: Marketing strategy (Anon 1999) http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm 7 Anglia Ruskin University 2.8 No date The abbreviation n.d. is used to denote this: Smith (n.d.) has written and demonstrated…… or indirectly: (Smith n.d.) 2.9 Page numbers Including the page numbers of a reference will help readers trace your sources. This is particularly important for quotations and for paraphrasing specific paragraphs in the texts. Lawrence (1966, p.124) or indirectly: (Lawrence 1966, p.124) 2.10 Several works by one author in different years If more than one publication from an author illustrates the same point and the works are published in different years, then the references should be cited in chronological order (i.e. earliest first): as suggested by Bloggs (1992, 1994) or indirectly: (Bloggs 1992, 1994)…… http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm 8 Anglia Ruskin University 2.11 Several works by one author in the same year If you are quoting several works published by the same author in the same year, they should be differentiated by adding a lower case letter after the year for each item: Earlier research by Smith (1993a) found that …but later research suggested again by Smith (1993b) that……. If several works published in the same year are referred to on a single occasion – or an author has made the same point in several publications they can all be referred to by using lower case letters (as above): Bloggs (1993a, b) has stated on more than one occasion that… 2.12 Quoting portions of published text If you want to include a statement from a published work in your essay then the sentence(s) must be included within quotation marks, and may be introduced by such phrases as: the author states that ‘……..’ or …the author writes that ‘……..‘ In order for a reader to trace the quoted section it is good practice to give the number of the page where the quotation was found. The quotation should also be emphasized (especially if it runs to several lines) by indenting it and using quotation marks. This clearly identifies it as the work of someone else: On the topic of professional writing and referencing Cormac (1994, p. 32- 33) states: 'When writing for a professional readership, writers invariably make reference to already published works'. 2.13 Chapter authors in edited works References to the work of an author that appears as a chapter, or part of a larger work, that is edited by someone else, should be cited within your text using the name of the contributory author and not the editor of the whole volume. In his work on health information Smith (1975) states… In the reference list details of both the part and the entire document should be given, see section 3.2.4 http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm 9 Anglia Ruskin University 2.14 Corporate authors If the work is by a recognised organisation and has no personal author then it is usually cited under the body that commissioned it. This applies to publications by associations, companies, government departments etc. such as Department of the Environment or Royal College of Nursing. It is acceptable to use standard abbreviations for these bodies, e.g. DoE or RCN, in your text, providing that the full name is given at the first citing with the abbreviation in brackets: 1st citation: Royal College of Nursing (RCN), 2007 2nd citation: RCN, 2007 Note that the full name is the preferred format in the reference list. Some reports are written by groups or committees and can be cited by the name of the committee: Committee on Nursing (1972) 2.15 Secondary sources (second-hand references) If you are unable to consult an original work (primary source) but have read about it in a work by another author then you must acknowledge it as such. This becomes a secondary source and should be cited if you are unable to read the original work being referred to: Indirectly (Brown 1966 cited in Bassett 1986) or directly Research recently carried out by Brown (1966 cited in Bassett 1986) found that White, as cited by Black (1994), suggests that… In this last example White is the primary source and therefore the original. Black is the secondary source and may have taken White's ideas forward and altered the meaning slightly rather than using a direct quote. It may therefore be prudent to access White's work and read the original, which could then be cited directly as a primary source. The reference list should only contain works that you have read, i.e. for this the secondary source, Black (1994). http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm 10 Anglia Ruskin University 2.16 Tables and diagrams When reproducing data from a diagram or table, or copying the entire table or diagram, a reference must be made to the source. A reference within the text to a table taken from a book should include the author and page (Smith 2005, p.33) to enable the reader to verify the data. If the source of the data is not the author’s own, but obtained from another source, it becomes a secondary reference and needs to be cited as such: (United Nations 1975 cited in Smith 2005, p.33) If the table is reproduced in its entirety place the citation as a footnote. Be particularly careful to note the original source of data, as well as the authorship of the original document. Further details should be included in the reference list. For example: you wish to 1. Quote from a table in the following book in your text 2. Reproduce the table from the book in your essay 3. Reference the book in the bibliography This book was written by Robert Amazon and the 4th edition was published by FT Prentice Hall of Harlow, England in 2005. The title is Management in the media: decision makers. The table, reproduced below, is found on page 267. Television ownership in England (Percentage of households) Date 1970 1980 Percentage 60 70 Source : National Statistics Office 1985 http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm 11 Anglia Ruskin University 1. …..historical figures demonstrate that only sixty percent of households had televisions in Britain by the 1970s (National Statistics Office 1985 cited in Amazon 2005, p. 267). 2. …..Footnote positioned below the reproduced table……….. (National Statistics Office 1985 cited in Amazon 2005, p.267) 3. Amazon, R., 2005. Management in the media: decision makers. 4th ed. Harlow: FT Prentice Hall. http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/r