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LITERATURE REVIEWS
What This Handout is About…
This handout will explain what a Literature Review is and offer insights into the form and
construction of a Literature Review in the Humanities, Social Sciences, and Sciences.
Introduction
OK. You’ve got to write a literature review. You dust off your world literature anthology book,
settle down in your Ebert and Roper at the Movies theatre chair with your popcorn and soda in
hand, and get ready to issue a “thumbs up” or “thumbs down” as you leaf through the pages.
“Literature Review” done. Right?
Wrong! The “literature” of a literature review refers to any collection of materials on a topic, not
necessarily the Great Literary Texts of the World. “Literature” could be anything from a set of
government pamphlets on British colonial methods in Africa to scholarly articles on the
treatment of a torn ACL. And a review does not necessarily mean that your reader wants you to
give your personal opinion on whether or not you liked these sources.
What is a literature review, then?
A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject area, and sometimes
information in a particular subject area within a certain time period.
A literature review can be just a simple summary of the sources, but it usually has an
organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. A summary is a recap of the
important information of the source, but a synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that
information. It might give a new interpretation of old material or combine new with old
interpretations. Or it might trace the intellectual progression of the field, including major
debates. And depending on the situation, the literature review may evaluate the sources and
advise the reader on the most pertinent or relevant.
But how is a literature review different from an academic research
paper?
While the main focus of an academic research paper is to support your own argument, the focus
of a literature review is to summarize and synthesize the arguments and ideas of others. The
academic research paper also covers a range of sources, but it is usually a select number of
sources, because the emphasis is on the argument. Likewise, a literature review can also have an
“argument,” but it is not as important as covering a number of sources. In short, an academic
© Copyright 1998-2005, UNC-CH Writing Center URL: http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/ University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
URL: http://www.unc.edu/ Site Email: writing_center@unc.edu Last updated: 14 June 2005.
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research paper and a literature review contain some of the same elements. In fact, many
academic research papers will contain a literature review section. But it is the aspect of the study
(the argument or the sources) that is emphasized that determines what type of document it is.
Why do we write literature reviews?
Literature reviews provide you with a handy guide to a particular topic. If you have limited time
to conduct research, literature reviews can give you an overview or act as a stepping stone. For
professionals, they are useful reports that keep them up to date with what is current in the field.
For scholars, the depth and breadth of the literature review emphasizes the credibility of the
writer in his or her field. Literature reviews also provide a solid background for a research
paper’s investigation. Comprehensive knowledge of the literature of the field is essential to most
research papers.
Who writes these things, anyway?
Literature reviews are written occasionally in the humanities, but mostly in the sciences and
social sciences; in experiment and lab reports, they constitute a section of the paper. Sometimes
a literature review is written as a paper in itself.
Let’s get to it! What should I do before writing the literature review?
1. Clarify
If your assignment is not very specific, seek clarification from your instructor:
• Roughly how many sources should you include?
• What types of sources (books, journal articles, websites)?
• Should you summarize, synthesize, or critique your sources by discussing a
common theme or issue?
• Should you evaluate your sources?
• Should you provide subheadings and other background information, such as
definitions and/or a history?
2. Find models
Look for other literature reviews in your area of interest or in the discipline and read them to get
a sense of the types of themes you might want to look for in your own research or ways to
organize your final review. You can simply put the word “review” in your search engine along
with your other topic terms to find articles of this type on the Internet or in an electronic
database. The bibliography or reference section of sources you’ve already read are also excellent
entry points into your own research.
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3. Narrow your topic
There are hundreds or even thousands of articles and books on most areas of study. The
narrower your topic, the easier it will be to limit the number of sources you need to read in order
to get a good survey of the material. Your instructor will probably not expect you to read
everything that’s out there on the topic, but you’ll make your job easier if you first limit your
scope.
And don’t forget to tap into your professor’s (or other professors’) knowledge in the field. Ask
your professor questions such as: “If you had to read only one book from the 70’s on topic X,
what would it be?” Questions such as this help you to find and determine quickly the most
seminal pieces in the field.
4. Consider whether your sources are current
Some disciplines require that you use information that is as current as possible. In the sciences,
for instance, treatments for medical problems are constantly changing according to the latest
studies. Information even two years old could be obsolete. However, if you are writing a review
in the humanities, history, or social sciences, a survey of the history of the literature may be what
is needed, because what is important is how perspectives have changed through the years or
within a certain time period. Try sorting through some other current bibliographies or literature
reviews in the field to get a sense of what your discipline expects. You can also use this method
to consider what is “hot” and what is not.
Strategies for Writing the Literature Review:
1. Find a focus
A literature review, like a term paper, is usually organized around ideas, not the sources
themselves as an annotated bibliography would be organized. This means that you will not just
simply list your sources and go into detail about each one of them, one at a time. No. As you
read widely but selectively in your topic area, consider instead what themes or issues connect
your sources together. Do they present one or different solutions? Is there an aspect of the field
that is missing? How well do they present the material and do they portray it according to an
appropriate theory? Do they reveal a trend in the field? A raging debate? Pick one of these
themes to focus the organization of your review.
2. Construct a working thesis statement
Then use the focus you’ve found to construct a thesis statement. Yes! Literature reviews have
thesis statements as well! However, your thesis statement will not necessarily argue for a
position or an opinion; rather it will argue for a particular perspective on the material. Some
sample thesis statements for literature reviews are as follows:
The current trend in treatment for congestive heart failure combines surgery and
medicine.
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More and more cultural studies scholars are accepting popular media as a subject
worthy of academic consideration.
For more information on how to construct thesis statements, see our handout
"Constructing Thesis Statements."
3. Consider organization
You’ve got a focus, and you’ve narrowed it down to a thesis statement. Now what is the most
effective way of presenting the information? What are the most important topics, subtopics, etc.,
that your review needs to include? And in what order should you present them? Develop an
organization for your review at both a global and local level:
• First, cover the basic categories
Just like most academic papers, literature reviews also must contain at least three basic
elements: an introduction or background information section; the body of the review
containing the discussion of sources; and, finally, a conclusion and/or recommendations
section to end the paper.
Introduction: Gives a quick idea of the topic of the literature review, such as the
central theme or organizational pattern.
Body: Contains your discussion of sources and is organized either
chronologically, thematically, or methodologically (see below for more
information on each).
Conclusions/Recommendations: Discuss what you have drawn from reviewing
literature so far. Where might the discussion proceed?
• Once you have these in place, then you must consider how you will present the sources
themselves within the body of your paper. Create an organizational method to focus this
section even further.
To help you come up with an overall organizational framework for your review, consider
the following scenario and then three typical ways of organizing the sources into a
review:
You’ve decided to focus your literature review on materials dealing with sperm whales.
This is because you’ve just finished reading Moby Dick, and you wonder if that whale’s
portrayal is really real. You start with some articles about the physiology of sperm
whales in biology journals written in the 1980’s. But these articles refer to some British
biological studies performed on whales in the early 18th century. So you check those out.
Then you look up a book written in 1968 with information on how sperm whales have
been portrayed in other forms of art, such as in Alaskan poetry, in French painting, or on
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whale bone, as the whale hunters in the late 19th century used to do. This makes you
wonder about American whaling methods during the time portrayed in Moby Dick, so
you find some academic articles published in the last five years on how accurately
Herman Melville portrayed the whaling scene in his novel.
Chronological:
If your review follows the chronological method, you could write about the materials
above according to when they were published. For instance, first you would talk about
the British biological studies of the 18th century, then about Moby Dick, published in
1851, then the book on sperm whales in other art (1968), and finally the biology articles
(1980s) and the recent articles on American whaling of the 19th century. But there is
relatively no continuity among subjects here. And notice that even though the sources on
sperm whales in other art and on American whaling are written recently, they are about
other subjects/objects that were created much earlier. Thus, the review loses its
chronological focus.
By Publication
Order your sources by publication chronology, then, only if the order
demonstrates a more important trend. For instance, you could order a review of
literature on biological studies of sperm whales if the progression revealed a
change in dissection practices of the researchers who wrote and/or conducted the
studies.
By Trend
A better way to organize the above sources chronologically is to examine the
sources under another trend, such as the history of whaling. Then your review
would have subsections according to eras within this period. For instance, the
review might examine whaling from pre-1600-1699, 1700-1799, and 1800-1899.
Under this method, you would combine the recent studies on American whaling
in the 19th century with Moby Dick itself in the 1800-1899 category, even though
the authors wrote a century apart.
Thematic:
Thematic reviews of literature are organized around a topic or issue, rather than the
progression of time. However, progression of time may still be an important factor in a
thematic review. For instance, the sperm whale review could focus on the development
of the harpoon for whale hunting. While the study focuses on one topic, harpoon
technology, it will still be organized chronologically. The only difference here between a
“chronological” and a “thematic” approach is what is emphasized the most: the
development of the harpoon or the harpoon technology.
But more authentic thematic reviews tend to break away from chronological order. For
instance, a thematic review of material on sperm whales might examine how they are
portrayed as “evil” in cultural documents. The subsections might include how they are
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personified, how their proportions are exaggerated, and their behaviors misunderstood. A
review organized in this manner would shift between time periods within each section
according to the point made.
Methodological:
A methodological approach differs from the two above in that the focusing factor usually
does not have to do with the content of the material. Instead, it focuses on the “methods”
of the researcher or writer. For the sperm whale project, one methodological approach
would be to look at cultural differences between the portrayal of whales in American,
British, and French art work. Or the review might focus on the economic impact of
whaling on a community. A methodological scope will influence either the types of
documents in the review or the way in which these documents are discussed.
Once you’ve decided on the organizational method for the body of the review, the sections you
need to include in the paper should be easy to figure out. They should arise out of your
organizational strategy. In other words, a chronological review would have subsections for each
vital time period. A thematic review would have subtopics based upon factors that relate to the
theme or issue.
Sometimes, though, you might need to add additional sections that are necessary for your study,
but do not fit in the organizational strategy of the body. What other sections you include in the
body is up to you. Put in only what is necessary. Here are a few other sections you might want
to consider:
Current Situation: Information necessary to understand the topic or focus of the literature
review.
History: The chronological progression of the field, the literature, or an idea that is
necessary to understand the literature review, if the body of the literature review is not
already a chronology.
Methods and/or Standards: The criteria you used to select the sources in your literature
review or the way in which you present your information. For instance, you might
explain that your review includes only peer-reviewed articles and journals.
Questions for Further Research: What questions about the field has the review sparked?
How will you further your research as a result of the review?
4. Begin composition
Once you’ve settled on a general pattern of organization, you’re ready to write each section.
There are a few guidelines you should follow during the writing stage as well. Here is a sample
paragraph from a literature review about sexism and language to illuminate the following
discussion:
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However, other studies have shown that even gender-neutral antecedents are more likely to
produce masculine images than feminine ones (Gastil, 1990). Hamilton (1988) asked students to
complete sentences that required them to fill in pronouns that agreed with gender-neutral
antecedents such as "writer," "pedestrian," and "persons." The students were asked to describe
any image they had when writing the sentence. Hamilton found that people imagined 3.3 men to
each woman in the masculine "generic" condition and 1.5 men per woman in the unbiased
condition. Thus, while ambient sexism accounted for some of the masculine bias, sexist language
amplified the effect. (Source: Erika Falk and Jordan Mills, “Why Sexist Language Affects
Persuasion: The Role of Homophily, Intended Audience, and Offense,” Women and
Language19:2.
• Use evidence
In the example above, the writers refer to several other sources when making their point.
A literature review in this sense is just like any other academic research paper. Your
interpretation of the available sources must be backed up with evidence to show that what
you are saying is valid.
• Be selective
Select only the most important points in each source to highlight in the review. The type
of information you choose to mention should relate directly to the review’s focus,
whether it is thematic, methodological, or chronological.
• Use quotes sparingly
Falk and Mills do not use any direct quotes. That is because the survey nature of the
literature review does not allow for in-depth discussion or detailed quotes from the text.
Some short quotes here and there are okay, though, if you want to emphasize a point, or if
what the author said just cannot be rewritten in your own words. Notice that Falk and
Mills do quote certain terms that were coined by the author, not common knowledge, or
taken directly from the study. But if you find yourself wanting to put in more quotes,
check with your instructor.
• Summarize and synthesize
Remember to summarize and synthesize your sources within each paragraph as well as
throughout the review. The authors here recapitulate important features of Hamilton’s
study, but then synthesize it by rephrasing the study’s significance and relating it to their
own work.
• Keep your own voice
While the literature review presents others’ ideas, your voice (the writer’s) should remain
front and center. Notice that Falk and Mills weave references to other sources into their
own text, but they still maintain their own voice by starting and ending the paragraph
with their own ideas and their own words. The sources support what Falk and Mills are
saying.
• Use caution when paraphrasing
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URL: http://www.unc.edu/ Site Email: writing_center@unc.edu Last updated: 14 June 2005.
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When paraphrasing
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