GBT2900-62-2003电工术语 原电池

GB/T 2900.62-2003 前 台 本 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 等效采用IEC 60050(481);1996《国际电工词汇:原电池})(第一版)。 本标准中术语的编号与IEC 60050(481);1996一致。 本标准的附录是提示的附录 本标准由全国电工术语标准化技术委员会提出。 本标准由全国原电池标准化抹术委员会和全国电工术语标准化技术委员会归口。 本标准负责起草单位:轻工业化学电源研究所;参加起草单位:复旦大学、郑州轻工业学院。 本标准主要起草人:林佩云、李诚芳、王力臻、金苗。 GB/T 2900.62-2003 IEC前言 1) IEC (International Electrotechnical Committee，国际电工委员会)是由各国家电工委员会(IEC 国家委员会)组成的世界性标准化组织。IEC的宗旨是促进电学和电子学领域里各项标准化问题上的 国际合作，为此，IEC除进行其他的活动外，还出版国际标准。标准的制定委托给各技术委员会，对所涉 及的项目感兴趣的任何IEC国家委员会都可参加制定工作，同IEC合作的国际的、政府的和非政府的 组织也可以参加制定工作。IEC与国际标准化组织(ISO)将按两组织间达成的 协议 离婚协议模板下载合伙人协议 下载渠道分销协议免费下载敬业协议下载授课协议下载 所确定的条件紧密 合作。 2)因为每个技术委员会汇集了对有关技术问题感兴趣的所有国家委员会的代表，因此IEC的正式 决定或批准件尽可能地表达所涉及问题的国际多数意见。 3)这些正式决定或批准件以出版标准、技术 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 、导则的形式推荐供国际应用。在这个意义上，它 们被各国家委员会所接受。 4)为了促进国际统一，IEC各国家委员会明确承诺在各自的国家标准或地方标准中最大程度地采 用IEC标准。IEC标准与相应的国家标准或地方标准之间的任何差异均应在后者清楚地注明。 5) IEC从未提供表示其认可的标志方法，对宣称符合IEC某项标准的任何设备概不负责。 6)需要注意的是，本国际标准中的某些单元可能属专利内容，IEC不承担确定任何一项或所有此 类专利权的责任。 国际电工词汇的本部分由IEC/TC35“原电池技术委员会”第5工作组和IEC/TC1“术语技术委员 会”共同制定。 本标 准以下列文件为基础 : 表决草案 表决报告 1 1336 (IEV 481)(C0) 35 558 1 1340 (IEV 481)(C0) 35 568 表决通过本标准的完整信息参见上表列出的表决报告。 在国际电工词汇的本部分中，原电池的术语和定义用了法语和英语两种语言，而术语还用了德语、 西班牙语、意大利语、日语、波兰语、葡萄牙语和瑞典语来表述。 中华 人 民 共和 国 国家 标 准 电工术语 原电池 Electrotechnical terminology- Primary cells and batteries GB/T 2900.62-2003 eqv IEC 60050(481):1996 范 围 本标准规定了原电池的类型、极端与电连接、电极反应、零部件、电性能的术语，适用于有关原电池 的各类标 准及其他技术文献 。 2 电工术语 原电池 481.01原电池的类型 types of primary cells and batteries 481.01.01 单体[原〕电池 (primary) cell 直接把化学能转变为电能的一种电源，不可用任何其他电源对其充电。 481.01.02 [原〕电池 (primary) battery 由一个或多个单体原电池构成的电源，包括外壳、极端和标志。 481.01.03 湿电池 wet battery 电解质为可流动液体的电池。 481.01.04 千电池 dry battery 其电解液不能流动的电池。 481.01.05 激活 activation 使电池产生能量的过程。 注:可用液体、氧气等进行激活。 481.01.06 未激活电池 unactivated battery 以未激活状态贮存、使用前需激活的电池。 481.01.07 勒克朗谢电池 Leclanche battery 以二氧化锰为正极、锌为负极、氯化按和氯化锌溶液为电解质的电池。 481.01.08氯化锌电池 zinc chloride battery 以二氧化锰为毒极、锌为负极，电解质主要含氯化锌溶液的电池。 481.01.09锌一碳电池 carbon-zinc battery 勒克朗谢电池和氯化锌电池的统称。 481.01. 10 碱性原电池 alkaline primary battery 含碱性电解质的原电池。 481.01.11碱性锌一二氧化锰电池 alkaline manganese dioxide-zinc battery 碱锰电池(拒用)alkaline manganese battery(deprecated) 玖二氧化锰为正极、锌为负极的碱性电池。 481.01.12 锌一氧化汞电池 mercuric oxide-zinc battery 汞电池(拒用) mercury battery (deprecated) 中华人民共和国国家质量监奋检验检疫总局2003-01-17批准 2003-06-01实施 GB/T 2900.62-2003 481.01. 13 481.01. 14 481.01. 15 481.01.16 481-01-1 7 481.01. 18 481.01.19 481.01.20 481.01.21 481.01.22 481.01.23 481.01.24 481.01.25 481.01.26 481.01.27 481.01.28 481.01.29 以氧化汞为正极、锌为负极的碱性电池。 注:IEC 60086-1和IEC 60086-2已删除该电池。 锌一氧化银电池 silver oxide-zinc battery 锌一银电池(拒用) silver-zinc battery(deprecated) 以一种或多种银的氧化物为正极、锌为负极的碱性电池。 锌一氧化铜电池 copper oxide-zinc battery 拉兰德电池(拒用) l.alande battery (deprecated) 以氧化铜为正极、锌为负极的碱性电池。 镁一二氧化锰电池 manganese dioxide-magnesium battery 镁电池(拒用) magnesium battery 以二氧化锰为正极、镁为负极、电解液为盐溶液的电池。 镁一氯化银电池 silver chloride-magnesium battery 以氯化银为正极、镁为负极、电解液为盐溶液的电池。 镁一氯化亚铜电池 cuprous chloride-magnesium battery 以氯化亚铜为正极、镁为负极、电解液为盐溶液的电池。 金属一空气电池 air-metal battery 空气去极化电池(拒用)air depolarized battery (deprecated) 以大气中的氧气为正极活性物质，负极为金属的电池。 碱性锌一空气电池 alkaline air-zinc battery 锌为负极，含碱性电解质的金属一空气电池。 中性锌一空气电池 neutral-electrolyte air-zinc battery 锌为负极，含盐类电解质的金属一空气电池。 燃料电池 fuel cell 在工作时，将连续供应的反应物转变为电能的电池。 I,-r,燃料电池 oxygen-hydrogen fuel cell 活性物质为氢和氧的燃料电池。 标准 电池 standard cell 电压参比电池 voltage reference battery 在特定温度下具有恒定的开路电压、可作为电压标准的一种电池。 韦斯顿标准电池 Weston standard cell 一种标准电池。其正极为汞和固体硫酸亚汞，负极为锡汞齐和固体硫酸锡，电解质为饱和 硫酸锡溶液 。 熔融盐电池 molten salt battery 熔盐电池(拒用) fused salt cell( deprecated) 其电解质含一种或多种熔融态无机盐的电池。 固体电解质电池 solid electrolyte battery 以离子导电的固体作电解质的电池。 非水电解质电池 non-aqueous battery 以非水溶剂的溶液作电解质的电池。 非水电解质锉电池 non-aqueous lithium battery 以锉作负极的非水电解质电池。 锉一二氧化锰电池 manganese dioxide-lithium battery 以二氧化锰为正极、锉为负极、非水有机溶液为电解质的电池。 GB/T 2900.62-2003 481.01.30 锉一一氧化碳电池 carbon monofluoride-lithium battery 以一氟化碳为正极、锉为负极、非水有机溶液为电解质的电池。 481.01.31 理一亚硫酥氯电池 thionyl chloride-lithium battery 以亚硫酞氯为正极、锉为负极、无机盐的亚硫酞氯非水溶液为电解质的电池。 481.01.32 锉一氧化铜电池 copper oxide-lithium battery 以氧化铜为正极、铿为负极、非水有机溶液为电解质的电池。 481.01.33 锉一氧化铬电池 chromium oxide-lithium battery 以氧化铬为正极、铿为负极、非水有机溶液为电解质的电池。 481.01.34 密封电池 sealed battery 气密性封闭的电池，可装有安全装置以防电池内部形成危险性高压。 481.01.35 漏液 leakage 电解液或其他物质从电池内部逸出。 481.01.36 渗液 creepage(of eletrolyte) 电解液液膜在电池表面逐渐地缓慢地扩散，渗液有时表现为出现可见的固态沉积物或 湿痕 。 481.01.37 扁平形电池 flat cell; layer cell 具有扁平、层叠形电极的电池。 481.01.38 圆柱形电池 round cell 具有圆柱形状的电池。 481.01.39 扣式电池 button cell 小型的圆柱形电池，其总高度的尺寸小于直径的尺寸。 481.01.40 纸板电池 paper-lined cell 用浸透电解液的纸板作隔离层的电池。 481.01.41 凝胶电池 paste lined cell 以凝胶化电解质作隔离层的电池。 481.02 极端与电连接 terminals and connections 481.02.01 极端 terminal 电池的导电部件，用以实现电池与外部导体的电连接。 481.02.02 正极极端 positive terminal 与正极相连的电池的极端。 481.02.03 负极极端 negative terminal 与负极相连的电池的极端。 481.02.04 串联 series connection 电池的连接方式。电池依次以其正极端与下一只电池的负极端相联。 481.02.05 并联 parallel connection 电池的连接方式。所有电池的正极端连在一起;负极端连在一起。 481.02.06 串并联 series-parallel connection 电池的连接方式。已串联的几组电池再并联连接。 481.02.07 并串联 parallel-series connection 电池的连接方式。已并联的几组电池再串联连接。 481.03 原电池的电极反应 electrode reactions in primary cells and batteries 481.03.01 电极反应 electrode reaction 在电解质与电极之间伴有电子传递的化学反应。 3 GB/T 2900.62-2003 481.03.02 副反应 side reaction; secondary reaction 除主反应以外的电极反应。 481.03.03 电极的工作表面 active surface of an electrode; working surface of an electrode 在电解质与电极之间发生电极反应的界面。 481.03.04 阳极反应 anodic reaction 发生电化学氧化的电极反应。 481.03.05 阳极 anode 负极negative electrode 按照惯例，系指在放电时发生氧化反应的电极。 481.03.06 阴极反应 cathodic reaction 发生电化学还原的电极反应。 481.03.07 阴极 cathode 正极 positive electrode 按照惯例，系指在放电时发生还原反应的电极。 481.03.08 (电极)极化 (electrode) polarization 电极电位偏离无电流通过时的电极电位(即平衡电极电位)的现象。 481.03.09 阳极极化 anodic polarization 进行阳极反应时的电极极化。 481.03.10 阴极极化 cathodic polarization 进行阴极反应时的电极极化。 481.03. 11电池极化 battery polarization 有电流流过时，电池电压偏离该电池在零(外)电流即平衡状态下电池电压的现象。 481.03. 12 欧姆极化 ohmic polarization 电流通过时，由电极或电池中的欧姆电阻引起的那部分极化。 481.03.13 浓度极化 concentration polarization 物质传输极化 mass-transfer polarization 电流通过时，由电池中反应物和产物的浓度梯度而引起的电极或电池的那部分极化。 481.03.14 活化极化 activation polarization 由电极反应中电荷传递步骤所引起的电极或电池的那部分极化。 481.03. 15 结晶极化 crystallization polarization 由晶体成核和生长引起的电极或电池的那部分极化。 481.03.16 反应极化 reaction polarization 由阻碍电极反应的化学反应所引起的电极或电池的那部分极化。 481.04 原电池部件 primary battery components 481.04.01 (电池的)电极 electrode(of a battery) 与电池的一个极端可导电性相连的导电部件，电极反应在它与电解液形成的界面上进行。 481.04.02 隔离层 separator 电池中由具有离子可渗透材料构成的、在电池两极间形成电绝缘的部件。 注:隔膜是隔离层的特殊形式 481.04.03 (电化学)活性物质 (electrochemical) active material 在电池放电时参与电极反应以产生电能的物质。 481.04.04 活性物质混合物 active material mix 含活性物质和其他组份的混合物。 GB/T 2900.62-2003 481.04.05 电解质 electrolyte 含可移动离子，具有离子导电性的介质. 注:电解质可以是液体、固体或胶体。 481.04.06 外壳 can 电池的容器，通常由金属制成，一般是(但不全是)圆柱形的. 注:锌一碳圆柱形电池的锌筒是负极. 481.04.07 包装 jacket 电池的外部包装层，可用金属、塑料、纸或其他合适的材料制成。 481.04.08 极端保护套 terminal protector 用以保护极端的绝缘套子，用以防止与电池极端形成电接触。 481.05 电性能 electrical characteristics 481.05.01 开路电压 open-circuit voltage/off-load voltage 无外电流通过时，电池正负两极端间的电压。 481.05.02 闭路电压 closed-circuit voltage 负载电压 on-load voltage 电池在放电时正负极两极端间的电压。 481.05.03 初始闭路电压 initial closed-circuit voltage 放电开始时电池的电压。 注:系指放电瞬态过程之后稳定的初始放电电压。 481.05.04 终止电压 end-point voltage;cut-off voltage 规定的电池放电试验终止时的闭路电压。 481.05.05 标称电压 nominal voltage of primary battery 用以标明原电池电压的适当的近似值。 481.05.06 放电 discharge 电池向外电路输出电流的过程。 481.05.07 放电电流 discharge current; current (drain) 电池在放电时输出的电流。 481.05.08 短路电流 short-circuit current; flash current 电池向与电池内阻相比其电阻可忽略不计的回路输出的最大电流。 481.05.09 放电量 service output 电池在规定的放电条件下的放电时间、容量或能量输出。 481.05. 10 放电试验 service output test;discharge test 用以检测电池放电量的指定试验。 481.05. 11 放电时间 service life 电池有效工作的总时间。 481.05.12 容量 capacity 在规定的放电条件下电池输出的电量。 注:原电池的容量可用安时(A " h)表示。 481.05.13 能量输出 energy output 在规定的放电条件下电池输出的电能。 注:原电池的能量可用瓦时(W "h)表示 481.05. 14 质量比容量 specific capacity;massic capacity 电池的容量与其质量的比值。 GB/T 2900.62-2003 481.05.15 481.05.16 481.05. 17 481.05.18 481.05. 19 481.05.20 481.05.21 481.05.22 481.05.23 481.05.24 481.05.25 481.05.26 质量比能量 specific energy; massic energy 电池输出的能量与其质量的比值。 体积比容量 capacity density; volumic capacity 电池的容量与其体积的比值。 能量密度 energy density 体积比能量 volumic energy 电池输出的能量与其体积的比值。 贮存试验 storage tesyshelf test;delayed test 指定的用以检测电池在规定的条件下贮存后性能的试验，如放电量、开路电压、短路电流。 贮存寿命 storage life;shelf life 规定条件下电池的贮存时间。在该贮存期结束时，电池仍具有规定的性能。 放电量保持率 service output retention 电池贮存试验的放电量占其初始期放电量的百分率。 连续放电试验 continuous service test 对电池进行不间断放电的试验。 间歇放电试验 intermittent service test 按照规定的程序，对电池交替进行放电和开路的放电试验。 周期性连续放电试验 periodic continuous service test 按照规定的程序，对电池进行放电电流呈周期性变化的连续放电试验。 脉冲放电试验 pulse discharge test 大电流放电时间短暂的周期性的连续放电试验或间歇放电试验。 残余容量 residual capacity 剩余容量 电池放电至终止电压后，电池中余留的容量。 残余活性物质 residual active mass 剩余活性物质 电池放电至终止电压后，电池中余留的活性物质。 GB/T 2900.62-2003 附 录 A (提示的附录) 中 文 索 引 包装········。···························⋯⋯ 481.04.07 闭路电压····························，···一 481.05.02 扁 平形电池········，··················⋯⋯ 481.01.37 标 称电压······························⋯⋯ 481.05.05 标准电池······························⋯⋯ 481.01.23 并串联·································⋯⋯ 481.02.07 并联·，·····，···························⋯⋯ 481.02.05 负极极端······························⋯⋯481 负载电压······························⋯⋯ 481 副反应·································⋯⋯ 481 02.03 05.02 03.02 千电池·································⋯⋯ 481.01.04 隔离层·································⋯⋯ 481.04.02 汞电池(拒用).............................. 481.01. 12 固体 电解质 电池·····················⋯⋯ 481.01.26 残余活性物质···················，····⋯⋯ 481.05.26 残余容量······························⋯⋯ 481.05.25 初始闭路电压························⋯⋯ 481.05.03 串并联·································⋯⋯ 481.02.06 串联··············，····················⋯⋯ 481.02.04 活化 极化······························⋯⋯ 481.03. 14 (电化学)活性 物质 ····················一 481.04.03 活性 物质混合物 ·····················⋯⋯ 481.04.04 单体[原]电池························⋯⋯ 481.01.01 电池极化······························⋯⋯ 481.03. 11 (电池的)电极························⋯⋯ 481.04.01 电极的工作表面·····················⋯⋯ 481.03.03 电极反应·······························，⋯ 481.03.01 电解 质·······，·······················⋯ ⋯ 481.04.05 电压参比电池·········，··············⋯⋯ 481.01.23 短 路电流··························⋯⋯ 481.05.08 激活····································⋯⋯ 481.01.05 极端····································⋯⋯ 481.02.01 极端保护套···························⋯⋯ 481.04.08 (电极)极化 ···························⋯⋯ 481.03.08 间歇放 电试验 ························⋯⋯ 481.05.22 碱锰电池(拒用)........................... 481.01. 11 碱性锌一二氧化锰电池············⋯⋯ 481.01. 11 碱性锌一空气电池··················⋯⋯ 481.01. 19 碱性原电池···························⋯⋯ 481.01. 10 结 晶极化······························⋯⋯ 481.03. 15 金属一 空气 电池 ·······。···，·····，···⋯⋯ 481.01. 18 反应 极化···························⋯⋯ 481.03. 16 放 电······················，·············⋯⋯ 481.05.06 放 电电流·················，，··········⋯⋯ 481.05.07 放电量·············，···················一 481.05.09 放电量保持率··········。···········⋯⋯ 481.05.20 放 电时间······························⋯⋯ 481.05. 11 放电试验·····························⋯⋯ 481.05. 10 非水电解质电池················⋯ ⋯ 481.01.27 非水电解质锉电池···············。⋯⋯ 481.01.28 负极····································⋯⋯ 481.03.05 开路 电压····。··。·····。··········⋯ ⋯ 481.05.01 空气去极化电池(拒用》，··········⋯⋯ 481.01. 18 :o式 电液·····························⋯⋯ 481.01.39 拉兰德电池(拒用)·················⋯⋯ 481.01. 14 勒克朗谢电池························⋯⋯ 481.01.07 锉一二氧化锰 电池 ·················⋯⋯ 481.01.29 锉一亚硫酞氮 电池 ··················⋯⋯ 481.01.31 GB/T 2900.62-2003 锉一 氧化铬电池。····················⋯ ⋯ 481.01.33 锉一氧化铜电池·····················⋯⋯ 481.01.32 锉一氟化碳电池·····················⋯⋯ 481.01.30 连续放电试验·················。······⋯⋯ 481.05.21 漏液···································。⋯⋯ 481.01.35 氯化锌电池···························⋯⋯ 481.01.08 燃料 电池 ······························⋯⋯ 481.01.21 体积比能量···························⋯⋯ 481.05. 17 体积比容量 ···························⋯⋯ 481.05. 16 ?? ?? ?? ?﹂ ?? ?? ? ? ? ???? … ?? ?? ?? ? ? ? ?? ?? ?? ? ? 脉冲放电试验························⋯⋯ 481.05.24 镁电池(拒用》·······················⋯⋯481.01. 15 镁一二氧化锰电池··················⋯⋯ 481.01. 15 镁一氯化亚铜电池··················⋯⋯481.01. 17 镁一氯化银电池·····················⋯⋯ 481.01. 16 密封电池······························⋯⋯ 481.01.34 外壳····································⋯⋯ 481 韦斯顿标准电池·····················⋯⋯ 481 未激活电池···························⋯⋯ 481 物质传输极化 ························⋯⋯ 481 锌一碳电池···························⋯⋯ 481.01.09 锌一氧化汞电池·····················⋯⋯ 481.01. 12 锌一氧化铜电池·····················⋯⋯ 481.01. 14 锌一氧化银电池·····················⋯⋯481.01. 13 锌一银电池(拒用卜···············⋯⋯ 481.01. 13 ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ? ?? ?? 能量输出····························⋯⋯ 481.05. 13 凝胶 电池 ······························⋯⋯ 481.01.41 浓度极化 ······························⋯⋯ 481.03. 13 欧姆极化 ······························⋯⋯ 481.03. 12 氢一 氧燃料电池················，····⋯ ⋯ 481.01.22 阳极····································⋯⋯ 481 阳极反应······························⋯⋯ 481 阳极极化······························⋯⋯ 481 阴极····································⋯⋯ 481 阴极反应······························⋯⋯ 481 阴极极化······························⋯⋯ 481 〔原」电池·····························.⋯⋯481 圆柱 形电池···························⋯⋯ 481 容量····································⋯⋯ 481.05. 12 熔融盐电池···························⋯⋯ 481.01.25 熔盐电池(拒用)........................... 481.01.25 渗液····································⋯⋯ 481.01.36 剩余活性物质························⋯⋯ 481.05.26 剩余容量······························⋯⋯ 481.05.25 湿电池·································⋯⋯ 481.01.03 正极····································⋯⋯481.03.07 正极极端······························⋯ ⋯ 481.02.02 纸板电池······························⋯⋯ 481.01.40 质量比能量···························⋯⋯ 481.05. 15 质量比容量···························⋯⋯ 481.05. 14 中性锌一空气电池··················⋯⋯ 481.01.20 终止电压······························⋯⋯ 481.05.04 周期性连续放电试验···············⋯⋯ 481.05.23 贮存试验······························⋯⋯ 481.05. 18 贮存寿命 ······························⋯⋯ 481.05. 19 GB/T 2900.62-2003 附 录 B (提示 的附录) 英 文 索 引 (electrochemical) active material····································································⋯⋯ 481.04.03 activation ·······。····································。。。················································⋯⋯ 481.01.05 activation polarization·················································································⋯⋯ 481.03.14 active material mix ···········································。···········。。。·。·········。········。····⋯ ⋯ 481.04.04 active surface of an electrode ········。·······························································⋯⋯ 481.03.03 air depolarized battery(deprecated)·······························································⋯⋯ 481.01. 18 air-metal battery ·······················································································⋯⋯ 481.01. 18 alkaline air-zinc battery ··············································································⋯⋯ 481.01. 19 alkaline manganese battery (deprecated)················，···········，····························⋯⋯481.01. 11 alkaline manganese dioxide-zinc battery····························································⋯⋯ 481.01. 11 alkaline primary battery··············································································⋯⋯481.01.10 anode···········································。·。························································⋯ ⋯ 481.03.05 anodic polarization ················，···································································⋯⋯ 481.03.09 anodic reaction ························。··。·····。。······。················································⋯ ⋯ 481.03.04 (primary) battery ·······················································································⋯⋯ 481.01.02 battery polarization ····················································································⋯⋯ 481.03. 11 button cd!··········。·································。········。。。·········。········。···。········。········。。·。二 481.01.39 can .·........·..........····························....················································⋯⋯ 481.04.06 capacity density，·························································································⋯⋯ 481.05.16 capacity··································································································⋯⋯ 481.05.12 carbon monofluoride-lithium battery·······························································⋯⋯ 481.01.30 carbon-zinc battery ····················································································⋯⋯ 481.01.09 cathode ··。。。·······。。···。····························。······。·。·········。。········。。······。·。·。。······。。。····一 481.03.07 cathodic polarization····················································································⋯⋯ 481.03.10 cathodic reaction ···········。。····。·。···································································⋯ ⋯ 481.03.06 (primary)cell ··························································································⋯⋯ 481.01.01 chromium oxide-lithium battery ·····································································⋯⋯ 481.01.33 closed-circuit voltage····················································································⋯⋯ 481.05.02 concentration polarization ···········································································⋯⋯ 481.03.13 continuous service test ·················。··。。·························································，·⋯ ⋯ 481.05.21 copper oxide-lithium battery ········································································⋯⋯ 481.01.32 copper oxide-zinc battery··············································································⋯⋯ 481.01. 14 9 GB/T 2900.62-2003 creepage(of eletrolyte)·················································································⋯⋯ 481.01.36 crystallization polarization ···········································································⋯⋯ 481.03. 15 cuprous chloride-magnesium battery ·······························································⋯⋯ 481.01.17 current(drain) ··。·····················。···············。·································。··。··············一 481.05.07 cut-off voltage ··························································································⋯⋯ 481.05.04 ? ? ， ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ???? ? … ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ?? test ··················。。··································。·············。·················⋯ ⋯ 481 discharge discharge discharge current/current(drain)·····································································⋯⋯ 481. test······⋯ ⋯ ，.。·。················，··.·······⋯ ⋯ ....................