Glossary of Petroleum Industry Common Terms &
Symbols
A
Abel tester: A closed-cup flash tester for kerosene and other oils
Absolute
pressure:
Total pressure equal to gauge pressure plus 14.7 lbs./sq. in at sea
level
Acidity: The presence of acid-type constituents whose concentration is usually
defined in terms of neutralization number. The constituents vary in
nature and may or may not markedly influence the behavior of the oil.
(see neutralization number)
Air-Fuel Ratio: The ratio of air weight to fuel wight consumed in an internal combustion
engine or furnace.
Aliphatic: A class of saturated or unsaturated carbon compounds, in which the
carbon atoms are joined in open chains.
Aniline Point: The aniline point of a petroleum product is the minimum equilibrium
solution temperature with an equal volume of freshly distilled aniline.
API: American Petroleum Institute.
API Gravity: Gravity (weight per unit volume) of oils as measured by the API scale.
This standard was adopted by the API 5/4/22 as the standard for the
American petroleum industries
Aromatics: Group of hydrocarbons of which benzene is the parent. They are called
"aromatics" because many of their derivatives have sweet or aromatic
odors.
Ash: Inorganic residue remaining after ignition of combustible substances
determined by definite prescribed methods.
Asphaltenes: Insoluble, semi-solid, or solid particles which are combustible and are
highly aromatic. Asphaltenes contain a high carbon to hydrogen ratio
and entrap water, fuel ashes and other impurities.
ASTM: American Society for Testing Materials. Grade and quality
specifications for petroleum products are determined by ASTM test
methods.
Atomization
characteristics:
The ability of an oil to be broken up into a fine spray by some
mechanical means.
B
Barrel: A unit of volume measurement used for petroleum and its products. 1 barrel =
42 U.S. gallons or 35 British gallons
Bbl: Abbreviation for barrel.
Benzene: An aromatic hydrocarbon which is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid.
Benzene is obtained chiefly from coal tar and is used as a solvent for resins
and fats in dye manufacture.
BHP: Brake horsepower
Blender: A device for mixing two fuel oils to achieve a less viscous and more uniform
fuel.
Blending: Mixing of two compatible fuels having different properties in order to produce
an intermediate fuel
BS & W: Bottom sediment and water.
BS & W
Monitor:
An instrument which detects entrained water content in petroleum products
wherein the water changes the capacitive reactance as a function of the
dielectric constant.
BTU: British Thermal Unit. The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of
1 pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit.
Bunker Fuel
Oil:
Heavy, residual fuel oil used in ships.
.
C
Calorie: The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by
1 degree centigrade, at or near maximum density.
Calorific
Value:
Amount of heat produced by the complete combustion of a unit weight of
fuel. Usually expressed in calories per gram or BTU's per pound, the latter
being numerically 1.8 times the former.
Catalyst: A substance which promotes a chemical reaction, but does not itself enter
into the reaction.
Catalytic
Fines
Hard, abrasive crystalline particles of alumina, silica, and/or alumina silica
that can be carried over from the fluidic catalytic cracking process of
residual fuel stocks. Particle size can range from sub-micron to greater than
sixty (60) microns in size. These particles become more common in the
higher viscosity marine bunker fuels.
Cat Cracker: A large refinery vessel for processing reduced crudes or other feed-stocks
in the presence of a catalyst, as opposed to the older method of thermal
cracking, which employs heat and pressure only. Catalytic cracking is
generally preferred since it produces less gas and other highly volatile
byproducts. It produces a motor fuel of higher octane than the thermal
process.
Celsius
Europeans use this term instead of centigrade (see below) to honor
Physicist Anders Celsius. who developed a temperature reference that uses
the freezing and boiling point of water as references.
Centigrade: Temperature based on 0 for the temperature at which water freezes and
100 for the temperature at which water boils. Europeans do not accept this
term for Celcius. See that term above. This term is accepted and used in
North American chemical texbrooks, so which term you use may depend on
your location, but both are abbreviated with a degree symbol and capital C,
so at least you now know what it means.
Centipoise: 0.01 poise or centistokes times specific gravity at the test temperature.
Centistoke: 0.01 stoke (see stoke)
Centrifuge: A machine using centrifugal force produced by high-speed rotation for
separating materials of different densities. Applied to Diesel engine fuels
and lubricating oils to remove moisture and other extraneous materials.
Cetane Index: An empirical measure of ignition quality. Defined as the percentage by
volume of cetane in a mixture of cetane and methyl naphthalene which has
the same ignition quality when used in an engine as a fuel under test.
CCR: Conradson carbon residue
CFR Diesel
fuel testing
unit:
A standard engine employed in making cetane number tests of Diesel
engine fuels.
C/H Ratio: Carbon/Hydrogen ratio
Clarifier: A machine used for a liquid-sludge separation in which the particles with a
higher specific gravity are separated form the lower specific gravity of the
liquid. A clarifier bowl has one outlet for the light phase oil; the heavier
phase particles are retained on the bowl wall.
Cloud Point: Temperature at which wax begins to crystallize from a distillate fuel.
Corrosion: Detrimental change in the size or characteristics of material under
conditions of exposure or use. It usually results from chemical action either
regularly and slowly, as in rusting (oxidation), or rapidly, as in metal
pickling.
Cracked: Refers to a petroleum product produced by a secondary refining process
such as thermal cracking or vis-breaking processes which yield very low
quality residue.
cSt: Centistokes @ 50 Centigrade
Cutter stock: Flux Stock. A petroleum stock which is used to reduce the viscosity of a
heavier residual stock by dilution.
D
Demulsibility: The resistance of an oil to emulsification, or the ability of an oil to separate
from any water with which it is mixed. The better the demulsibility rating, the
more quickly the oil separates from water
Density: Density is the term meaning the mass of a unit of volume. Its numerical
expression varies with the units selected.
Desalter:
The desalter mixes the hydrocarbon stream with a small amount of fresh
water (e.g. 10% by volume) forming a water-in-oil emulsion. The resulting
emulsion is subjected to an electric field wherein the water is coalesced as
an under flow from the upper flow of a relatively water-free, continuous
hydrocarbon phase. The desalted hydrocarbon stream is produced at
relatively low cost and has a very small residual salt content. The
performance of this unit can be improved with a demulsifier, such as Alken
860 Demulsifier.
Detonation: A violent explosion involving high-velocity pressure waves; in a gasoline
engine, the spontaneous combustion of part of the compresses charge after
spark occurs. Detonation usually produces a characteristic metallic sound,
or knock.
Diesel index: Product of the API gravity and the aniline point (in degrees Fahrenheit) of a
Diesel fuel, divided by 100; an indication of the ignition quality of the fuel.
Distillation: The process of heating a liquid to its boiling point and condensing and
collecting the vapors
Doctor test: A qualitative method of detecting undesirable sulfur compounds in petroleum
distillates, that is, of determining whether oil is "sour" or "sweet".
E
Electrolytic
process:
A process that causes the decomposition of a chemical compound by the
use of electricity.
Emulsion: A liquid mixture of two or more liquid substances not normally dissolved in
one another, one liquid held in suspension in the other. Water-in-oil
emulsions have water as the internal phase and oil as the external, while oil-
in-water have oil as the internal phase and water as the external.
Engler
viscosity:
A viscosity obtained by dividing the out-flow time in seconds for 200 ml. of
the material being tested, by the time in seconds for 200 ml. of water at 68F
(20C) to flow out of an Engler viscosimeter.
F
Fahrenheit: Temperature scale based on 32F for the temperature at which water freezes
and 212F for the temperature at which water boils (180 difference).
Conversion to Farhenheit from Celsius (centigrade) temperature scale is by
the following formula: F = 9/5C + 32, where C is the temperature in Celsius
degrees.
Final Boiling
Point
FBP:
The highest temperature indicated on the thermometer inserted in the flask
during a standard laboratory distillation. This is generally the temperature at
which no more vapor can be driven over into the condensing apparatus.
Fire Point: The lowest temperature at which an oil vaporizes rapidly enough to burn for
at least 5 seconds after ignition, under standard conditions.
Flash point: The lowest temperature at which a liquid will generate sufficient vapor to flash
(ignite) when exposed to a source of ignition.
Force
Majeure:
A standard clause which indemnifies either or both parties to a transaction
whenever events reasonably beyond the control of either or both parties
occur to prevent fulfillment of the terms of the contract.
Fraction: A separate identifiable part of crude oil; the product of a refining or
Fuel oil: The heavy distillates from the oil refining process; used as fuel for power
stations, marine boilers.
Fungible: Interchangeable. Products which can be commingled for purposes of pipeline
shipment.
G
Gasoil: Designation for No.2 heating oils and diesel fuels. A clean distillate fuel oil.
H
Heat of
Combustion
Gross:
Total heat evolved during complete combustion of unit weight of a
substance, usually expresses in BTU per pound.
Heat of
Combustion Net:
Gross heat of combustion minus the latent heat of condensation of
any water produced.
Heavy crude: Crude oil with a high specific gravity and a low API gravity due to the
presence of a high proportion of heavy hydrocarbon fractions and
metallic content.
Homogenizer: A mechanical device which is used to create a stable, uniform
dispersion of an insoluble phase (asphaltenes) within a liquid phase
(fuel oil).
HP: Horsepower
HHV: Higher heating value
Hydrometer: An instrument for determining the gravity of a liquid.
I
IBP: Initial Boiling Point. In a standard laboratory distillation, the temperature on the
distillation thermometer at the moment the first drop of distillate falls from the
condenser.
Innage: Space occupied in a product container.
IP: British Institute of Petroleum.
Ionization: The process of adding electrons to, or removing electrons from, atoms or
molecules, thereby creating ions. High temperatures, electrical discharges, and
nuclear radiation can cause ionization.
K
Kinematic
Viscosity:
The ratio of the absolute viscosity of a liquid to its specific gravity at the
temperature at which the viscosity is measured. Expressed in Stokes or
Centistokes.
Example: Viscosity, kinematic, cS @ 100F.....5.2
L
Latent
heat:
Heat required to change the state of a unit weight of a substance from solid to
liquid or from liquid to vapor without change of temperature.
Layering: This occurs in tanks when a high density fuel is mixed with a low density fuel.
LHV: Lower Heating Value
Lifting: Refers to tankers and barges taking on cargoes of oil or refined product at the
terminal or transshipment point.
Light
Crude:
Crude oil with a low specific gravity and high API gravity due to the presence of
a high proportion of light hydrocarbon fractions and low metallic compound.
Light
Ends:
The more volatile products of petroleum refining; eg. butane, propane, gasoline.
Liter: A measure of capacity in the metric system equal to 61,022 cubic inches, 0.908
US quarts dry and 1.0567 US quarts wet.
Long Ton: An avoirdupois weight measure equalling 2,240 pounds.
M
Marine
Diesel Oil
Marine Diesel oil is a middle distillate fuel oil which can contain traces often
percent (10%) or more residual fuel oil from transportation contamination
(MDO): and/or heavy fuel oil blending. The MDO does not require heated storage.
MCR: Maximum continuous rating
MDO: Marine Diesel Oil
Metric Ton: A weight measure equal to 1,000 kilograms, 2,204.62 pounds, and 0.9842
long tons.
Mg/L: Milligrams per liter = ppm (parts per million) - expresses a measure of the
concentration by weight of a substance per unit volume.
Middle
Distillate:
Term applied to hydrocarbons in the so-called "middle range" of refinery
distillation. Examples: heating oil, diesel fuels, and kerosene.
Micron: A unit of length. One millionth of a meter or one thousandth of a millimeter.
One micron equals 0.00004 of an inch.
Molecule: The smallest division of a compound that still retains or exhibits all the
properties of the substance.
Motor
Gasoline:
A complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons with or without small
quantities of additives, that have been blended to form a fuel suitable for use
in spark-ignition engines.
mm: Millimeter
MSDS: Material safety data sheet - a document that provides pertinent information
and a profile of a particular hazardous substance or mixture. An MSDS is
normally developed by the manufacturer or formulator of the hazardous
substance or mixture. The MSDS is required to be made available to
employees and operators whenever there is the likelihood of the hazardous
substance or mixture being introduced into the workplace. Some
manufacturers prepare MSDS for products that are NOT considered to be
hazardous to show that the product or substance is NOT hazardous.
N
Naphtha: A volatile, colorless product of petroleum distillation. Used primarily as
paint solvent, cleaning fluid, and blendstock in gasoline production, to
produce motor gasoline by blending with straight-run gasoline.
Naphthenes: One of three basic hydrocarbon classifications found naturally in crude oil.
Naphthenes are widely used as petrochemical feedstock. Examples are:
cyclopentane; methyl-,ethyl, and propylcyclopentane.
Neutralization
number:
The number that expresses the weight in milligrams of an alkali needed to
neutralize the acidic material in one gram of oil. The neutralization number
of an oil is an indication of its acidity.
NH3N: Ammonia nitrogen.
NPDES permit: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit is the regulatory
agency document issued by either a federal or state agency which is
designated to control all discharges of pollutants from point sources into
U.S. waterways. NPDES permits regulate discharges into navigable waters
from all point sources of pollution, including industries, municipal
wastewater treatment plants, sanitary landfills, large agricultural feed lots
and return irrigation flows.
O
Oil: Crude petroleum and other hydrocarbons produced at the wellhead in liquid
form
Olefins: Class of unsaturated paraffin hydrocarbons recovered from petroleum. Typical
examples include: butene, ethylene and propylene.
OSHA: The Williams-Steiger Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA) is a
law designed to protect the health and safety of industrial workers and
treatment plant operators. It regulates the design, construction, operation and
maintenance of industrial plants and wastewater treatment plants. The Act
does not apply directly to municipalities, EXCEPT in those states that have
approved plans and have asserted jurisdiction under Section 18 of the OSHA
Act. Wastewater treatment plants have come under stricter regulation in all
phases of activity as a result of OSHA standards. OSHA also refers to the
federal and state agencies which administer the OSHA regulations.
Oxidation: Combining elemental compounds with oxygen to form a new compound. A
part of the metabolic reaction.
Oxidizing
agent:
Any substance such as oxygen and chlorine , that can accept electrons. When
oxygen or chlorine is added to wastewater, organic substances are oxidized.
These oxidized organic substances are more stable and less likely to give off
odors or to contain disease bacteria.
Outage: Space left in a product container to allow for expansion during the temperature
changes it may undergo during shipment and application. Measurement of
space that is NOT occupied in a drum.
Ozonation: The application of ozone to water, wastewater, or air, generally for the
purposes of disinfection or odor control.
P
Particulate: Free suspended solids.
PAH: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. (occasionally polyaluminum hydroxide)
PCB: Polychlorinated biphenyls; polychloro-biphenyls. Difficult to remediate
chemical used in old-style transformers. Concentrated PCBs used to be
referred to as "1268".
Pensky-
Martens:
A closed-cup test for flash points of oil.
Peristaltic
pump:
A type of positive displacement pump.
Petrochemical: An intermediate chemical derived from petroleum, hydrocarbon liquids or
natural gas, such as: ethylene, propylene, benzene, toluene and xylene.
Petroleum: A generic name for hydrocarbons, including crude oil, natural gas liquids,
natural gas and their products.
pH: pH is an expression of the intensity of the basic or acidic condition of a
liquid. Mathematically, pH is the logarithm (base 10) of the reciprocal of
the hydrogen ion concentration. The pH may range from 0 to 14, where 0
is most acidic, 14 most basic, and 7 is neutral. Natural waters usually have
a pH between 6.5 and 8.5.
Phenol: An organic compound that is an alcohol derivative of benzene.
PIB: Product Information Bulletin. General information on a product.
Pollution: The impairment (reduction) of water quality by agriculture, domestic or
industrial wastes (including thermal and radioactive wastes) to such a
degree as to hinder any beneficial use of the water or render it offensive to
the senses of sight, taste, or smell or when sufficient amounts of waste
creates or poses a potential threat to human health or the environment.
Polymer: A chemical formed by the union of many monomers (a molecule of low
molecular weight). Polymers are used with other chemical coagulants to
aid in binding small suspended particles to form larger chemical flocs for
easier removal from water. All polyelectrolytes are polymers, but not all
polymers are polyelectrolytes.
Polymerization: Process of combining two or more simple molecules of the same type,
called monomers, to form a single molecule having the same elements in
the same proportion as in the original molecules, but having increased
molecular weight. The product of the combination is a polymer.
Pour Point: Lowest temperature at which an oil will pour or flow under certain
prescribed conditions.
ppm: Parts per million - the unit commonly used to designate the concentration
of a substance in a wastewater in terms of weight ie. one pound per
million pounds, etc. PPM is synonymous with the more commonly used
term mg/L (milligrams per liter).
Purifier: A machine used for a liquid-liquid separation in which the two intermixed
liquids which are insoluble in each other have different specific gravities.
Solids with specific gravities higher than those of the liquids
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