西方文化入门

《西方文化入门》教学大纲 张洪芹 编写 英语专业课程教学大纲 824 目 录 前 言 ....................................................................................................................................................... 825 一、概述 ................................................................................................................................... 825 二、课程教学目的和基本要求 ............................................................................................... 825 三、教学基本内容及学时分配 ............................................................................................... 825 Chapter One Culture in Ancient Greece ............................................................................................... 828 Chapter 2 Culture in Ancient Rome ..................................................................................................... 829 Chapter 3 Jewish Culture and the Old Testament ................................................................................. 830 Chapter 4 Christianity and the New Testament .................................................................................... 832 Chapter 5 The Middle Ages and Germanic Culture ............................................................................. 834 Chapter 6 Culture during the Renaissance ........................................................................................... 836 Chapter 7 Culture during the Enlightenment ....................................................................................... 839 Chapter 8 Romanticism, Realism and Naturalism ............................................................................... 841 Chapter 9 Ideology and Philosophy during the 18th and 19th Centuries ............................................. 842 Chapter 10 The Modernist Movement and Literary Achievement ....................................................... 843 Chapter 11 Historical Development of the Modern Age ...................................................................... 845 Chapter 12 Artistic Development in the 20th Century ......................................................................... 846 四、教学相关环节 ................................................................................................................... 847 五、参考资料 ........................................................................................................................... 847 西方文化入门 825 前 言 一、概述 通过全面、扼要地介绍和评介西方文化的主要内容，让学生接触和了解西方社会在文明进程中 在文化、思想、社会与政治制度、艺术、文学、科学、技术等各个方面所取得主要成就，这些文化 成就所取得的成因和其内涵，以及这些成就何以对人类社会的进步产生深远的影响。同时希望通过 这门课程的学习，能够进一步激发学生对西方文化的兴趣，能够自觉更广泛、更深入去学习和探索 西方文化，了解和借鉴其长处，为中华文明的崛起和发扬光大尽一己之力。通过中西文化的对比， 认识中西文化的长短优劣，正确认识和反思中国传统文化，进而培养面向世界的文化意识。 二、课程教学目的和基本要求 《西方文化入门》是本科英语专业高年级的一门专业知识课，供英语专业高 年级学生选修。课程教学主要目的在于使学生了解西方国家的历史、地理、社会、经济、政治、 教育等方面的情况及其文化传统，开拓学生的知识视野，丰富和完善学生的人文知识结构，加强学 生的人文修养，增强学生对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性和处理文化差异的灵活性，培养学生跨文化 交际能力，提高大学生综合素质。 《西方文化入门》教学应达到以下基本要求：了解西方各主要文明时期发展的基本脉络及主要 文化特征，形成这种文化现象的历史原因及其影响；熟知各个文化时期一些主要文化领域内的代表 性人物和代表性作品；运用图书馆、互联网和工具书查找教材上没有或不够详尽的相关资料，使学 生拥有较多的背景知识，提高理解能力，从而达到通过文化来更好的学习语言的目的。 三、教学基本内容及学时分配 《西方文化入门》主要涉及西方历史、文学、艺术、哲学、宗教等文化领域，包括该文化的源 头（古希腊—罗马文化和犹太—基督教文化），该文化的发展（蛮族文化，教会的发展），其形成法 律文化市场变化（文艺复兴、启蒙运动、工业文化等）以及代表西方文化的思想理论，如浪漫主义、 现实主义、自然主义、新古典主义、现代派和后现代派。乌托邦思想、德国古典哲学、马克思主义、 达尔文主义、实证主义、功利主义、实用主义、弗洛伊德的精神 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 等。 《西方文化入门》共分 12 个专题：古希腊文化、古罗马文化、犹太文化、基督教文化、日耳 曼文化、文艺复兴时期的文化、启蒙运动时期的文化、浪漫主义+现实主义+自然主义思想、十八— 十九世纪欧洲的社会和哲学思想、现代主义文化及二十世纪西方文化。这 12 个专题包含了西方文 化的产生、传播、发展，它们汇合成西方文化的源和流。 学时分配：该课程共开一学期，36 学时。讲授采用专题讲座方式，采用教师讲授与学生参与 分析相结合的方式进行，围绕以下中心题目进行扩展， Chapter 1 Culture in Ancient Greece 3 学时 1. The Early Period of Greek Civilization 2. The Development and End of Greek Civilization 3. Greek Culture: Greek mythology, religion, philosophy and literature (Socrates, Plato and Aristotle) Chapter 2 Culture in Ancient Rome 3 学时 1. The Historical Development and Social and Economic Conditions 2. Cultural Achievements: Myth, Religion, Literature, History, Philosophy, Art and Architecture 英语专业课程教学大纲 826 Chapter 3. Jewish Culture and the Old Testament 3 学时 1 Jewish History 2 Jewish Art and Literature 3 Judaism and Jewish Festivals 4 Introduction to the Old Testament Chapter 4 Christianity and The New Testament 4 学时 1. The Background of the Birth of Christianity 2. The Development of Christianity 3. The Principal Doctrines of Christianity 4. The Christian Schism and its Principal Factions 5. An introduction to The New Testament Chapter 5. The Middle Ages and Germanic Culture 3 学时 1. The Setting of the Middle Age 2. The Formation and Development of German Culture 3. Byzantine Culture 4. Medieval Social Ideology 5. Literature, Art and Politics Chapter 6 Culture during the Renaissance 3 学时 1. Background to the Renaissance 2. Source, features and significance 3. Cultural achievements of the Renaissance 4. Social Ideology and Religious Reformation 5. Development of Natural Science 6. Beginning of Modern Philosophy 7. Classicism and the Cultural Salon Chapter 7 Culture during the Enlightenment 2 学时 1. Background 2. Empiricist Influences from Britain 3 .Representative Figures and Their Ideas 4. Literature and the Significance of the Enlightenment Chapter 8 Romanticism, Realism and Naturalism 2 学时 1. Romanticism: Characteristics, the Romanticist School and its Achievement 2. Realism: Definition and Performance 3. Naturalism: Novels and Naturalist art Chapter 9 Ideology and Philosophy During the 18th and 19th Centuries 2 学时 1. English Utilitarianism 2. German Social and Philosophical Ideas 3. French Utopian Socialism Chapter 10 The modernist Movement and Literary Achievement 4 学时 1. General Condition 2. Modernist Trend of Literature 3. Modernist Literature in UK and Other Countries 西方文化入门 827 4. Literary and Cultural Criticism of Post-Modernism Chapter 11 Historical Development of the Modern Age 4 学时 1. Important Theories and Ideological Schools 2. Later Changes in Christian Ideas 3. The later Philosophical Schools Chapter 12 Artistic Development in the 20th Century 3 学时 1 Background of Modern Art 2 Modern Achievements in Painting and Architecture 3 Popular Culture 英语专业课程教学大纲 828 Chapter One Culture in Ancient Greece 1. The Early Period of Greek Civilization It is generally acknowledged that the earliest representation of Greek civilization is on the island of Crete. The Cretan society, dated back from 2000-2600BC, was the first important society in the Greek world. The people of Crete were probably from Asia Minor. Their influence on Greek culture was very significant. The leading city of ancient Crete was Knossos. The civilization found on Crete was called Minoan. Minoans achieved their greatest distinction in the grace and beauty of their art. Their art valued style and elegance as can be seen in the great palace of Knossos. Their pottery was highly decorative and showed much sophistication. Cretan culture(克利特岛人的) contributed much to the development of Mycenaean(美锡尼人 的)culture initially established by the Achaeans who had moved from elsewhere into the middle and south of Greece. At that time the artefacts developed by Mycenaeans were far beyond those by Cretans. At the end of Mycenaean civilization, the Trojan War had helped to produce two famous epics, Odyssey(奥德赛) and Iliad(伊利亚特), which were initially created in the 11th centuries BC. 2. The Development and End of Greek Civilization Greek civilization clearly demonstrated strong signs of vigorous and dynamic development in its long history. These marvellous achievements ensured a long period of increasing prosperity and power for the nation and provided lasting influences for the later development of other European countries. Greek civilization came to its peak during 499-449BC. Around 146BC a split doomed opened the way for the invasion of later aggressors like Macedonia, Gaul and Rome. 3. Greek Culture: Greek mythology, religion, philosophy and literature Historically Greek culture is of a rich variety, lasting value and wide influence around the world in the categories of mythology and religion, philosophy, literature, art and science. In Greek myth all the gods live on Mount Olympus, and Zeus is the chief keeping order with thunderbolts, both in heaven and on earth. The most prominent feature of Greek myth is that both man and god assume the same form. Two of the best-known Greek myths centre on the Trojan Horse and on Jason. Greek philosophy achieved its high point in the history of human intellectual development, marked by a series of important concepts about materialism, idealism and dialectics, the most influential philosophers were Socrates, Plata and Aristotle. Socrates has a reputation for irony and a sense of humour, Plato developed models for an ideal state in his Republic, Symposium( 论文 政研论文下载论文大学下载论文大学下载关于长拳的论文浙大论文封面下载 集) and Law, and Aristotle was the greatest thinker and most learned person of the ancient times. Greek literature is considered to consist of epic, lyrical poetry and drama. Greek art and its application to practical situations are also of certain significance in understanding its achievements, as demonstrated by Athenian architecture, sculpture and painting. 西方文化入门 829 Chapter 2 Culture in Ancient Rome 1. The Historical Development and Social and Economic Conditions Ancient Rome was located exactly where modern Rome is today, along the western coast of central Italy. The Italian city of Rome is the birthplace of the Roman Empire and, therefore, the origin of Roman culture. The early Rome was ruled by seven kings, later by two consuls and a senate. Conflict with Carthage followed and the most influential event was the hundred years’ war. In the two centuries after Augustus took power, the Roman Empire reached its culmination. Roman society was established as a hierarchy based on legal distinction between the ruling class and the ruled, the rich and the poor, aristocracy and the ordinary people, the citizen and non-citizen, with the patricians maintaining their favoured position for almost three centuries. The time when the Roman emperors ruled followed the demise of the Roman Republic. 2. Cultural Achievements: Myth, Religion Literature, Philosophy, Art and Architecture Influenced y Greek culture and myth, Romans took more interest in Greek gods and extended their own beliefs to the wholesale adoption of the Olympian pantheon of gods. Almost every Roman god has a Greek counterpart. The average Roman had freedom to choose his or her god to believe in. Apart from embodying myths, Roman literature was principally made up of poetry, prose and drama. Among the best-known Roman poets are Virgil, Horace and Ovid. Roman philosophy was greatly influenced by the Greek philosophers, especially y the Stoic and Epicurean schools. Roman philosophers provided practical explanation and application of philosophical principles, which developed the genre to some extent. Roman art is not just the art of the emperors, senators, and aristocracy, but of all the peoples of Rome's vast empire, including middle-class businessmen, freedmen, slaves, and soldiers in Italy and the provinces. Curiously, although examples of Roman architecture, sculpture, painting, and decorative arts survive in great numbers, few Roman artists and architects are known by name today. In general, Roman monuments were designed to serve the needs of their patrons rather than to express the artistic personality of their makers. The Ancient Romans were well known for their architectural ability. They constructed great buildings such as the Collesseum, auquaducts(地下水管道) and the Pantheon(罗马万神殿). 英语专业课程教学大纲 830 Chapter 3 Jewish Culture and the Old Testament 1. Jewish History Jewish history is the history of the Jewish people, faith, and culture. Jewish history encompasses nearly four thousand years and hundreds of different populations. The whole history of Jewish social and cultural development is pervaded by paradoxical historical events. In the 16th BC Jews settled on both sides of the Jordan River. The Jewish people weathered the storms of all kinds of ethnic difficulties and disasters over the long periods of being exiled from one country to another in Europe and elsewhere in the world. 2. Jewish Art and Literature Jewish people have made remarkable cultural achievements and have produced many important figures in philosophy, literature, art and other areas of the humanities. 3. Judaism and Jewish Festivals Jewish culture has contributed considerably to the Western historical development by providing substantial religious ingredients and many other aspects of the whole basic framework of Western society. In the early period of the Jews’ settlement in Palestine, they had religious beliefs such as worship of trees, stone pillars and all kinds of natural forces. During their Babylonian Captivity(巴比伦之囚), Jews began to establish a new religion. Only from that time was monotheistic Judaism, exclusive among all the other religions and protective of its priesthood and aristocracy, finally set up. A complete collection of all the documents left by the ancient Hebrews was compiled into a book called the Bible. The Judaist Bible was adopted by Christianity, which was renamed The Old Testament to distinguish it from The New Testament. The later period of Judaism, had the objectives not too difficult from Christianity. Worship of the Holy Temple was no longer practiced after its ruin and the migration of the Jewish people to every corner of the world. Only Moses’ Ten Commandments (摩西十诫)and the rabbis’ interpretations of the prophet’s doctrines were retained as the core of Judaism. The Ten Commandments were God’s instructions which were turned into the following commandments: i. You shall nave no other god; ii. You shall not speak the name of the Lord lightly; iii. Remember the Lords’ Day so as to keep it holy. For six days you shall you shall work and do all your labour, but the seventh day is consecrated to God: iv. Honour your father and your mother; v. You shall not kill; vi. You shall not commit impurity; vii. You shall not steal; viii. You shall not lie; ix. You shall have no impure desire; x. You shall not covet what belongs to your neighbour 4. Introduction to the Old Testament 西方文化入门 831 The Bible of Judaism is the same as the The Old Testament of Christianity and so totals 39 books and falls into three parts: Pentateuch(摩西五书), Prophets(《先知书》), and Hagiographa(《圣录》) and Apocrypha(旧约·伪经). Pentateuch is the first part of The Old Testament and consists of five books, which are Genesis(创世 纪), Exodus(出埃及记), Leviticus(利未记), Numbers(民数记) and Deuteronomy(申命记). It includes history, biography, religious doctrine, law, proprieties, songs, family history and stories, covering almost everything in relation to all the Jewish traditions and culture. Genesis describes God’s creation of the world and traces the history of the Hebrews from Abraham to Joseph. It includes stories such as Adam and Eve, Cain and Abel, the Great Flood, the Tower of Babel, the lives of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and how Joseph went to Egypt and so on. Exodus describes how Moses led the people of Israel out of Egypt in the 13th or 14th centuries BC, including their life in Egypt and how they suffered from oppression. Also it tells how Aaron prevailed over the Pharaoh to agree to their departure, how they went across the Red Sea, and traveled through the Sinai Desert. Leviticus is a carefully composed book of laws and proprieties, with the records of Jewish rites, offerings and sacrifices and so on. Numbers is an account of how the Jews, under the leadership of Josue after Moses’ death, fought against Canaanites and won. Deuteronomy contains the final teachings of Moses, and was doubtless inspired by the 8th century BC prophetic movement in Israel, which was usually identified with the book that inspired Josiah’s reform in 621BC. The second part of the The Old Testament is the Prophets, comprised of 21 books. Six of them continue to tell the Jewish story from the conquest of Canaan to their captivity in Babylon. It is called The Former Prophets(前先知). The Latter Prophet(后先知)s consist of three principal prophets and twelve minor prophets. 英语专业课程教学大纲 832 Chapter 4 Christianity and the New Testament 1. The Background of the Birth of Christianity The earliest Christian document is The Revelation of John (圣约翰启示录)written in the latter period of the first century AD. It mentioned only a religious society in Asia Minor. The formation of the mystic elements of Christianity followed on from many prophecies about the arrival of the Messiah. Then He was equated to the Almighty God or the “Son of Man”. Hence, the foundation of Christianity had been well laid by the 2ed century BC. The name of Jesus spread first from mouth to mouth and was recorded only in the second century AD in the four Gospels of The New Testament. A pious religious believer, St. Paul, made the greatest contribution to the final establishment of Christianity. He wrote his famous “espistles” or Christian doctrines, embodying the central beliefs of early Christianity The Gospels(福音书), The Messengers’ Letters(信徒短信) and The Revelation of John before it was collected into The New Testament as the Christian doctrine. 2. The Development of Christianity Christianity was widely accepted. The early followers of the religion were mostly poor people, salves and even criminals. As time moved on, Christianity appealed to growing numbers of people even the upper class people in the Roman Empire. The development of Christianity witnessed a new epoch in the 4th century AD, when Christianity turned into a National Religion of the Roman Empire. And in the 6th century AD with the proclamation of Christianity as the only state religion, Christianity entered a stage of unprecedented development. 3. The Principal Doctrines of Christianity In the history of Christianity, there are two documents which contributed much to an accurate definition and unified knowledge of Christianity, namely The Nicene Creed(尼西亚教义) and The Orchiland Agreement(奥吉兰教规). The Nicene Creed was passed at the Nicaea Council hosted by Constantine the Great and the delegates. The Nicene Creed has been binding on all Christians ever since. It actually describes the fundamental beliefs of the Christian faith. In AD 529, the Orchiland Council(奥吉兰会议) agreed to what Saint Augustine proposed about sin and redemption. The following document was a result of that council. Because of the sin committed y the first man, one can not make any free choice. Hence if without God’s benefaction, no one could willingly love God or trust God or offer kind service for God… All those who have received baptism and received God’s benefaction have the sight and duty, with Jesus; help and cooperation, to do everything, which could save the souls if he laboured devotedly. 4. The Christian Schism and its Principal Factions In 1054, the Christian church in Constantinople refused to accept the supremacy of the Roman Pope and was thus excommunicated by the latter. Christianity was initially divided into two parts: the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Eastern Church. The second split took place in the 1520s, Christianity fell into three parts: the Roman Catholic Church, the Orthodox Eastern Church and Protestantism, all of which claiming true representatives of Christianity. Some of their principal assertions are Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy a