AnAnalysisonEnglishGr_省略_tyandLexicalAmb.kdh

科技信息 We have read such a sentence in Unit 3 of College English : Certainly I don’t teach because teaching is easy for me. In the text, the meaning of the sentence is: Certainly, I teach not because teaching is easy for me. How- ever, the sentence can also be understood like this: Certainly, teaching is very easy for me, so I don’t teach. Hereisthequestion:Whytherearetwomeaningsofthesamesentence?The reasonisthat,usuallytheconjunctive“because”isusedtomodifythewholesen- tence,however in thenegative sentence, it canbeused tomodifyonewordof the sentencebutnotthewholesentence.Ifwechangethesentencelikethis:CertainlyI teachnotbecauseteachingiseasyforme.(Infact,itisnoteasy).Then,wecanhaveno difficultyinunderstandingthesentence. We call the phenomenon like this “ambiguity”, which means“one with a single form which represents more than one meaning.”(S.H.Elgin in What is Linguistics?) The reason why ambiguity exists in languages is that an expression doesn’t always correspond with what it means actually, it of- ten have more meanings. The example above is caused by the sentence structure, which we call grammatical ambiguity. Also, ambiguity can be caused by polysmy, which means one word or expression can have several meanings at the same time. For example: His suit is light. The sentence can be understood like this: The colour of the suit is pale. And it also means “His suit is heavy.”We call this kind of ambiguity which is caused by poly- semy lexical ambiguity. In literature ambiguity can help to form a pun and to get humorous rhetoric effect, while in usual communication ambiguity becomes a language barrier of understanding . Only when we have good knowledge of reasons that cause ambiguity, e may be able to consciously apply ambiguity so as to get rhetoric and avoid ambiguity in order to com- municate with others smoothly without being understood. 1.Grammaticalambiguity Inmostcases,ambiguityinEnglishisconnectedwiththegrammarrules.As weknow,itistoodifficultforustodescribethebigcolourfulworldwithsolimited grammar rules.So,unevidentlyambiguityappears.But, ifweonly try to analysis thisphenomenonfromlanguagelevel,wecannotget theaccuratesolutionwhich explainswhythereisambiguity.Thestructurallinguiststrytoanalysesambiguity fromImmediateConstituentAnalysis.e.g: Johnfoundtheboyin the library.Here, “inthelibrary”canbeusedtomodifytheverb“found”,itmeans“itisinthelibrary thatJohnfoundtheboy.”Andwecanalsosaythat“inthelibrary”isusedtomodify “theboy”,sothesentencemeaningis“itistheboyinthelibrarythatJohnfound”.TG grammaralsogivesexplanationsofambiguity,itsays:everysentencehasitsSur- faceStructureandDeepStructure (surfacestructuremeansthesentencespeople hearorread,whiledeepstructuremeansthemainideathatthesentenceswanttoex- plain.) If the surface structureofa sentencehas twoormoredeep structures, then ambiguityappears. 1.1 Comparative adverbial clauses lead to ambiguity. Usually, inacomparativeclause, therestofthesentencecanbeomittedand onlythesubjectortheobjectleft.Forexample:IspeakGreekbetterthanyou(speak Greek)andThephotographsdisappointedmyparentsmorethan(theydisappoint- ed)me .Bothof theabovesentencesare right.However, in somecases, ambiguity willfollowtheomissionoftherestofthesentence.E.g. (1) He loves his dog more than his children. This sentence can be understood in two ways: A.He loves his dog more than his children love his dog. B.He loves his dog more than he loves his children. (2)I know him better than you. This sentence has two meanings, too. A.I know him better than you know him. B.I know him better than I know you. In this case, the only way to avoid ambiguity is to write a complete sentence. 1.2 Coordinate structure can also lead to ambiguity. It is easy for the coordinator “and”to cause ambiguity, especially when there is a modifier before or after the coordinate structure. (3)old men and women This phrase has two meanings: A.old men and ole women B.women and old men (4)John and Mary are married. A.John is married and Mary is married, too. B.John and Mary are married to each other. 1.3 Some modifiers can lead to ambiguity when they are before the noun which are modified. Not all the modifiers are used to modify the noun after them, sometimes they modify the adjective before the noun. In such cases, the modifiers maybe cause ambiguity. (5)a new car salesman The phrase can be understood as: A.new—car salesman(sells new car) B.a newly—hired man who sells cars (6)the chic woman’s clothing A. the clothing of this chic woman B. the chic clothing of this woman 1.4 In some cases, pronoun can cause ambiguity, too. (7)When the fire fighters met with the city council members, they out- lined the problems. In this sentence,“they”can be understood as: A.the fire fighters B. the city council members (8)James hated his father, he was neurotically shy and insecure. A. James hated his father, who was neurotically shy and insecure. B. James was neurotically shy and insecure, he hated his father. 1.5 Ambiguity may be caused by the structure“NP1+VP+NP2+PP” (9)I saw the girl at the bookshop. A. I saw the girl when I was at the bookshop. B. I saw the girl who was at the bookshop. (10)She answered all the questions in the paper. A. She answered in the paper all the questions. B. She answered all the questions that are in the paper. 1.6 Negative word “not”and “no”may lead to ambiguity, because sometimes the scope modified by“not”is not fixed. (11)The meeting was not held because of his suggestion. A. Because he put forward a suggestion, the meeting was not held. B. The meeting was held not because of his suggestion. (12)Mary didn’t sing as she wished. A. Mary didn’t sing as well as she wished. B. Mary wished herself not to sing and she didn’t sing. 2.Lexicalambiguity Lexical ambiguity is caused by that a word or an expression may have several possible meanings, for example: He is drawing a cart. which can be understood in two ways: He is drawing a picture of cart or He is puling a cart. It is the different meaning of one word that causes lexical ambiguity. Sometimes the usage of the conjunction can cause lexical ambiguity, too. For example,“since”can be used in a time adverbial clause, also it can be used in a condition adverbial clause. (13)SinceIlostmyglassesyesterday,Ihaven’tbeenabletodoanywork. This sentence has two meanings: A.From the time I lost my glasses yesterday, I An Analysis on English Grammatical Ambiguity and Lexical Ambiguity 无锡商业职业技术学院商务外语系 刘自强 [Abstract]Ambiguity exists in English as it exists in other natural languages, which leads to people’s misunderstanding some sentences in some conditions, so it has an impact on the communication of people. Generally speaking, English ambiguity is divided into 3 classifica- tions: phonetic ambiguity, lexical ambiguity and grammatical ambiguity. This paper intends to analyses English grammatical ambiguity and lexical ambiguity, and aims to make the English learners to know this complicated phenomenon wholly, so that English learners can express themselves accurately in writing, speaking and reading. [Key words]ambiguity grammatical ambiguity lexical ambiguity （下转第 484页） 人文社科 485— — 科技信息 2.软件设计 2.1单片机通信软件的设计 AT89S52与 8051系列单片机是兼容的。所以编程、仿真和调试都 可采用 8051的开发工具。AT89S52单片机通信程序采用 C语言环境下 编写,在MCS- 51单片机仿真调试软件下调试成功，全部采用模块化编 程。该部分的软件编程中，如何正确接收或发送载波信号是重点，如何 处理接收到的信号是难点。 接收的 AT89S52单片机通过中断方式接收集控发送端 AT89S52 单片机发送过来的字符,并回送确认信号给发送端的 AT89S52单片机。 程序协议:波特率设置为 T1方式 2工作,计数常数为 F3H,SMOD=1,波特 率为 9600b/s;串行口初始化为方式 1,允许接收。系统软件设计包括中断 服务程序初始化子程序，按键处理、发送数据程序、接收数据程序、接收 数据处理程序，延时程序。 2.2集控和受控的程序 流程 快递问题件怎么处理流程河南自建厂房流程下载关于规范招聘需求审批流程制作流程表下载邮件下载流程设计 图 图 8给出了载波通信集控发送流程图，图 9是载波通信受控接收 流程图。 图 8 载波通信集控端发送流程图 3.系统调试 电力线载波调试主要的困难在于如何提高它的抗干扰能力，使信 息快速、准确地到达目的：在硬件方面，信号耦合变压器采用了“电磁耦 合”与“阻容耦合”相结合的“复合耦合技术”，既有较高的载波信号加载 效率，保证了有用信号的正确耦合，又能完全地隔离电力网 50Hz的工 频信号和其他的杂波；在无法对通信环境进行改善的情况下，可以提高 载波信号的功率来延长传输的距离；对于电力线通信，载波频率越高， 衰减越高，载波频率越低，衰减越小，但是载波频率太低，电力线上的干 扰噪声信号更多更强，在实验中应当选用不同的载波频率，在不同的距 离上传输信号，根据实验结果选择最佳的载波频率；由于异相传输需要 在相线间并接耐压电容以提供信号通路，但由于不便跨接相间耦合电 容，本设计是在同相线路上进行的，没做跨相设计。在软件方面，则采用 自动检测自动重发技术，进一步提高信息抗干扰能力，进而提高信号正 确传输的概率，减少干扰引起的通信失败。 图 9 载波通信受控端接收流程图 4. 总结 初级经济法重点总结下载党员个人总结TXt高中句型全总结.doc高中句型全总结.doc理论力学知识点总结pdf 基于电力线载波技术的教室节能控制系统只是电力载波技术应用 中的一小部分，它具有造价低廉，安装简单，传输线路广泛等优点。同时 该电力载波系统在使用方面非常灵活广泛，稍加改进便可以使用于家 庭电器设备的控制，可以运用于智能化建筑中，也可改进后用于远程数 据的采集如电 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 数据采集等，实现仪器仪表远程控制智能化，合理地分 配和利用电能资源。随着现代通讯技术的发展，电力线载波通讯水平有 了很大的提高，使采用电力线载波通讯方式进行远程控制以及数据采 集已经成为电力载波技术的一个新的发展方向，使其有着良好的发展 前景和广阔的市场。 参考文献 ［1］郁文工作室编著.嵌入式 C 语言程序设计———使用 MCS- 51 ［M］.北京：人民邮电出版社，2006.7 ［2］李广第，朱月秀，王秀山.单片机基础修订本［M］.北京：北京航 空航天大学出版社，2006.8 ［3］中国计量出版社组编.新编电子电路大全———特殊应用电路［M］. 北京：中国计量出版社，2001.1 ［4］齐淑清主编.电力线通信（PLC）技术与应用.北京：中国电力出 版社，2005.8 ［5］许敏.基于电力线载波通信的家电器控制系统.河北科技大学学 报，2007；4：28 ［6］康华光，邹寿彬，秦臻.电子技术基础数字电路部分（第五版） ［M］.北京：高等教育出版，2006.1 haven’t been able to do anywork.. B.Because I lost my glasses yesterday, I haven’t been able to do any work. English is rich in expression. A word can have different meanings, and it has different usages, too. For example, (14)The thing that bothered Bill was crouching under the table. Also, the sentence can be understood in twoways: A.The creature that bothered Bill was crouching under the table. B.It was crouching under the table that bothered Bill. 3.Conclusion All in all, we can see that many sentences we meet with are ambiguous, but we can understand them without difficulty. Why? The reason is that every sentence is in concrete context, which can make us understand sentences eas- ily. In our daily life, we shouldn’t or cannot get rid of ambiguity, which is im- possible. However, we can try our best to avoid it so that we can make our- selves understood without difficulty. In real life, that is, among real language users, there is no such a thing as ambiguity－excepting certain, rather special occasions, on which one tries to deceive one’s partner, or“keep a door open”. Ambiguity only exists outside of the actual speaking situation; abstract sentences can be ambiguous, real speakers are not. Though ambiguity causes many explanations or much puz- zles, we must admit that it is a common language phenomenon. We cannot get rid of it, but we can try our best to avoid it so that we can be understood easily. English ambiguity is a very complicated language phenomenon, and it is im- possible to list all the possible ambiguous structures to analyses here, and it is impossible for us to master all the causes that lead to ambiguity. The above is only limited analysis of some usual ambiguous structures. To get a better un- derstanding of them, it is quite necessary for us tomake future research on it. References ［1］Elgin S.H. What is Linguistics? Prentice Hall. Inc,1973 ［2］Leech G. Semantics. Pelican Books,1981 ［3］王芳姿.浅析 英语语法 英语语法基础知识一七年级下英语语法大全小学英语语法汇总英语语法题及解析初二下英语语法知识点 歧义和词汇歧义现象［J］.嘉兴高等专科 学校学报,1999.12 ［4］冷文明.浅谈英语语法歧义结构的创新意识培养［J］.康定民族 师范高等专科学校学报,2003.12 （上接第 485页） 高校理科研究 484— —