step_by_step_3000_第四册_原文及答案

Unit1 Part I B Speaker 1> not remember very much about childhood / not very close / not talk very much Speaker 2 > get on very well with mum / talk very openly Speaker 3 >(mum) always tell me to do this and do that / (father) let me do what I want Speaker 4-> fond memories of childhood / seemingly spoil us Tape script: 1. I don't remember very much about my childhood, actually. My wife's always asking me "When you were a boy, did you use to... "and I reply "I don't know, I can't remember." We didn't ... we didn't use to talk very much, we weren't very close, or if we were, we didn't show it. I remember I used to have my hair cut every Friday. My father and I would go together. I had the shortest hair in the school. When they'd finished cutting it, they'd burn the ends with a sort of candle. Oh I'll never forget that smell. 2. I got on very well with my mother. I used to tell her everything- or nearly everything -- and she'd talk to me very openly too. Sometimes she'd say to me "Don't go to school today. Stay with me." And we'd go out shopping or something like that. 3. I'm not a very tidy person, but my mother's very house-proud, so she's always telling me to pick things up and put them away, and do this and do that. She goes on for hours about "Cleanliness is next to godliness." My father isn't like that at all. He lets me do what I want. I think he's learned not to pay attention. 4. I have very fond memories of my childhood. To me it represented security. We used to do a lot together as a family. I remember walks, and picnics, and going for rides on a Sunday afternoon. Every Friday, when my father came home from work, he had a treat for each of us. My mother used to say he was spoiling us, but why not? It didn't do us any harm. Part III Family A. The Family I. Functions of family A. Providing necessities of life B. Offering affectionate joys C. Raising children to adulthood D. Giving protection in times of emergency II Patterns of family A. Extended family -- uncles, aunts, cousins and in-laws B. Nuclear family -- a husband, wife and their children C. Polygamous household- a husband, several wives and their children D. Divided residence -- husband and wife living separately with children raised by mother's brother E. Nayar way of living -- brothers and sisters and sisters' children F. Communal living group- persons not biologically related III Factors influencing family structure A. Economic conditions e.g. No aid from society or state -- extended family B. Industrialization and urbanization e.g. Creation of many specialized jobs -- nuclear family C. Inheritance customs e.g. 1. Property inherited by eldest son 2. Property inherited by all of sons Tapescript: Throughout history the basic unit of almost every human society has been the family. The members of the family live together under the same roof, they share the economic burdens of life as well as its affectionate joys, and it is the family which has primary responsibility for the important task of raising children to adulthood. The family is not a uniform concept in all societies. In many places it is an extended group which includes uncles, aunts, cousins and in-laws. The family head usually has considerable influence in arranging marriages, selecting careers and determining all important moves and purchases by any member of the family. Particularly in conditions where society or the state does not give aid and where consequently the responsibilities of the family are greater, this larger group provides better protection in times of economic or other emergency. In many other societies, including most industrialized ones, the "nuclear family" is the basic social unit. This term refers to a husband and wife united through marriage and their dependent children, whether natural or adopted. Industrialization and urbanization create many specialized jobs which tend to scatter family members among different employers and thus to separate residences as soon as they become wage earners. The small family, which has only one -- or if the wife works also, two -employed members, is better able to adapt to rapid change and to move when the job moves. The nuclear family is almost universal and the nuclear group of father, mother and their children is recognized even when it is part of an extended family. There are cases, however, which strain the definition. Polygamy, for example, brings several wives and their children into the picture. But polygamous households are not common in any society. More difficult to explain are the cases of divided residence. Among the Ashanti people of Africa, where the wife and husband do not reside together, the child gets training and affection from the mother's brother and learns that his mother's husband is "not his family." An even stranger situation existed with the Nayar of India before being changed by outside influence. There the household consisted of brothers and sisters and the sisters' children. The sisters were not married and the brothers simply took care of whatever children their sisters had. Inheritance customs also have an influence on the structure of the family. In England the farm was passed on to the eldest son in order to keep the family land intact. Younger sons had to go out and start a new farm or join the army or move to town and take up a trade. They provided a large part of the labor supply during England's industrialization process. In many areas of the European continent all of the sons shared equally in the inheritance and more extended households were common. Although the exact form varies from place to place and time to time, we can say that the family is the original and the most natural social group. The ties we develop by long intimate association with the small group of persons who are biologically related to us cannot be matched in any of the forms of communal living which are tried every now and then. Unit 2 Part I Warming up A. Tapescript: 1. Organized activity on behalf of women's rights began in the mid 1800s, when both by law and by custom, women were considered "non-persons." 2. In the early tg00s, important changes occurred in the social and political climate in America as a result of World War I. 3. In 1920 after World War t, American women gained the right to vote. 4. During World War II, large numbers of women entered the job market to do the jobs of the men who had been drafted into military service. 5. Today, women make up 1.5% of the 200,000 professional firefighters in the U. S., and they make up 4% of airline pilots and navigators. 6. The Small Business Administration predicts that women will own nearly 40% (others Say half) of all small businesses in the U.S. by the year 2000. 7. From 1980 to 1988, the number of business men and women-- entrepreneurs -- increased 56% overall, but during that period, the number of female entrepreneurs grew 82%. 8. In 1969 in the U. S., only 4% of the state lawmakers were women. By 1993, this number had grown by 500%, and 20.4% of state legislators were women. 9. Today, only 10% of American families have the traditional working father and the mother who stays home to take care of the children. 10. The rate of women's participation in the workforce rose from 27% in 1940' to 44% in 1985. B. Speakers Key words Lynne friends / child-free / respect for their choice / not my opinion / had to have children / don't know why Irene daughter the same / eager / get married / have children / thinking about / 8 or 9 years old / observe me as a mother / other mothers Barbara Yes, that's how I was. Tapescript. L-- Lynne I-- Irene B--Barbara L.. I have many, many friends who have opted for a child-free life. I have a great deal of respect for their choice. But therein lies the key. It was their choice. Infertility was not my choice. Is a woman less of a woman without children? Absolutely not in my opinion, but I had to have children. I don't know why. People have asked us, y’know, "Well what was that just made you so obsessed and compelled and driven?" I don't know. I don't... I don't know that I'll ever know. All I know is I had to have children. I. Well, my daughter, interestingly enough, is the same way. She's very eager as soon as she finishes law school to get married and have children. And we talked about this and she said, "Mom, you don't understand. I've been thinking about having children since I was eight or nine years old." C 1. The difference between men and women when they surf the Internet according to the study conducted by Media Matricks and Jupiter Communications: Women: as a tool Men: tend to spend more time playing around 2. The different reasons why women use the web: check email / chat / look for information / resources / studying search Tapescript: For the first time ever the number of women on the web has surpassed the number of men, pushing the huge growth of females between the ages of 12 and 17. Music websites like nsync.com are attracting teen girls and so are sites focused on fashion and shopping. An unscientific survey of teens, mostly girls attending Oakland Technical High School in Oakland, California, shows teens are using the World Wide Web for many reasons. F. My name is Fi and I'm 16. I check my email on the net and I chat sometimes. That's all I did. P: My name is Sonia Fay Phillips. I'm 17 years old. Mostly I use the Internet for, uh, look(ing) up for my college information or check my email or chat. I use.., mostly use it for resources and studying because I don't have time for play and stuff. M: My name is Lucien Morrison. I'm 17. And I use the Internet to chat on, to get codes for play station games, to check my email and to play games on. M: I'm Meesha. I'm 14 years old. I usually just search on the web, just anything I'm looking for or just search because I'm bored or anything like that. Summer school students attending Oakland Technical High School in Oakland, California. The Internet study released today conducted by Media Matricks and Jupiter Communications shows that men and women use the web differently. Women use it as a tool. Men tend to spend more time online playing around. Among the other most popular sites reported for women on the web? for ages 35 to 44: market-day.com and birthdayexpress.com; for ages 55 and up they've been posting the second biggest jump in usage: aarp.org and genealogy, com. Part II Working mothers B 1. According to Beth, which do more and more women choose, to work or to have a child? both / not be superwoman 2. According to some research, how important is a mother's role? more important in some regards than we had thought / bonding process / lasts longer 3. What happens to children if they are separated too early from their parents? often go into shock 4. Why do people need concrete support of community? parents not close by / brothers and sisters in another state or country 5. Does Beth think it's necessary for a mother to stay home full time to be together with her children? important but not necessary / if not inclined 6. What is the wonderful trait that some working mothers have? a. the ability to be attentive to multiple demands b. the ability to think about more than one thing at a time Tapescript: B -- Beth I -- Irene B. It's a big challenge for mothers today, because oftentimes mothers feel like it's an either / or proposition that they have to work or have a child. And the reality is more and more women are choosing to do both, and also not be superwomen, so it's a tricky.., it's a tricky line to balance. But I do have a quote that says, "To choose to have a child is to choose forever to have your heart walk outside of your body," which means, just as we've been talking about, that you are constantly attached to your child, no matter how old they get, but you will learn to walk those lines. And you will learn to create balance and harmony in your life, and you'll realize that not everything you do is going to send your child to a therapist. And that's wonderful. I. Yes, yes. I've just always felt that if you loved them hard enough, and that you had ... your heart kind of in the right place, which obviously is outside your own body, that there was very little that ... that you could do wrong. I mean you ... B. Yes. I think that's true. I think if you build a solid foundation with your child, especially in the early years, and... I. How early are we talking "early years"? I mean, by what point is the child's personality formed already? B. Well, you know there's a lot of information on that that definitely is conflicting. But there are new studies coming out that are just fascinating about how important, extremely important it is for a child to be with his / her mother until they're close to four years old. Now, that doesn't mean consistently. I'm not advocating that a mother stay home full time if she's not so inclined. But there's definite research that's coming out saying that, y'know, a mother's role is more important in some regards than we had thought, and that the bonding process lasts quite a bit longer. In fact, children go into shock oftentimes if they are separated too early. And that's why I think a lot of us are fighting for parental leave and family leave, that allows both mother and father to have time with their children hopefully within the first two years, not just the first few months. People need concrete support, and especially nowadays, I did write another meditation about people needing the support of community because nowadays we oftentimes don't have our parents close by, or brothers and sisters live in another state or even in another country. And so especially when you come home for the first few months or the first few years, you may feel extremely isolated if you can't hook up with a co-op, a babysitting co-op, or a mother's group ... And this is just a wonderful way to remind mothers that we have what Mary Catherine Bateson calls peripheral vision: the ability to be attentive to multiple demands and to think about more than one thing at a time. And I think that's a very valuable trait that mothers do have. And sometimes we think of ourselves as being scattered and airheads because of it, and that's been oftentimes how we've been portrayed, but this is a wonderful, wonderful trait that mothers develop especially in the first few years. I: Well, we have eyes in the backs of our heads, right? B. Exactly. I. But we are also able to keep lots of balloons in the air, which means that what we do is, you get up in the morning and you say, "I need to do this, this, this, this, and I need to go to work, and what's for dinner besides.” B. Exactly. I, You get it all in order before you leave the house in the morning. B. Right, and you can take your needs into account as well as the needs of many other individuals, which is extremely important in this day and age. I mean we no longer can afford ecologically to have a one-track mind. We can no longer afford it in the family, in the work place, and I think that's something that women very much have to offer. I. I think that the "me" generation is over. Unit 3 Part I Warming up A Job Key words Speaker 1 Psychologist listening / talk / problems / patients / progress / turn life around Speaker 2 Camp counselor kids / problems / win trust / open up /develop confidence & self-worth / summer Speaker 3 Firefighter burning / smoke / get people out / dangerous Tapescript: 1. Psychologist Maybe the biggest challenge for me is listening to people talk about all their problems. At the end of the day, I'm usually pretty worn out. At times, it can be depressing as well. On the other hand, I do see patients making real progress. It's great to see someone really turn their life around and get on top of a problem that they thought they never could deal with. 2. Camp counselor As a camp counselor, it's difficult to find a way to get through to kids with problems and win their trust. Sometimes kids are very suspicious and find it hard to trust an adult -- even a young adult. So getting them to open up is the hardest part. Once you've done that, they almost become different people. One of the things I find most rewarding is seeing kids develop confidence and a sense of self-worth. It's especially great to see that happen in a kid who started out the summer with low self-esteem. 3. Firefighter It sounds pretty obvious, but in my job, the biggest challenge is going into a burning building that's full of smoke when you can barely see a few inches in front of you. It's really difficult -- especially when you know there are people in there, and it's your job to get them out. Once you do get someone out safely, then you feel really great and you forget about how dangerous the work is. B Speaker 1 (Justin) forming his own music group recording album / making music video breaking into music scene in a big way Speaker 2(Sophia) being a doctor working first overseas then back home in a hospital Speaker 3 (Rachel) being a model starting her own modeling agency Tapescript: 1. Justin What do I hope I'll have achieved by the time I'm 30? Well, I hope I'll have made a successful career in the music industry. Right now, I play in a band and I'd love to be able to do that professionally. I plan to form a group of my own in a few years. Once we get known, we'll record an album- and make music videos, of course- and try to break into the music scene in a big way. 2. Sophia I plan to be a doctor. When I've graduated from med school and finished with my interning, I want to work overseas for a few years. I'll probably work in a developing country with an organization like UNICEF. After that, I'll come back home and work in a hospital. I don't really care if I make a lot of money or not, but I do want to work somewhere where I feel I can make a difference. 3. Rachel I'm planning to be a model. I've already had some modeling experience, and after I graduate, I'm going to see if I can get a job with an agency in New York or Los Angeles. I'll probably work as a model for ten years or so, and then I hope to start a modeling agency of my own. Part II Americans at Work B. Americans at Work I. Introduction II American workforce A. Distributions B. Working women 1. Working females aged 16 and over -- 58% 2. Mothers with children under 18 -- 67% III. Work ethic A. Definition of strong work ethic B. Most Americans -- with a strong work ethic C. Reason for not working harder -- not feeling they will benefit from the work Tapescript. The topic of work in the United States is an interesting one because the statistics do not always agree with popular general impressions about American workers and the American economy. I will try to reconcile these impressions with what we know from some recent statistics. To get you warmed up, let me give you a few questions to think about before I start the first point of our lecture today: Do you think most Americans work in factories that produce goods for domestic use and exportation? Do you think most American women are housewives, or do most of them work outside the home? Do you think people in the United States work hard? If time permits, I'll deal with each of these points in today's lecture. So, then, where do most people in the United States work? If you thought in the manufacturing sector, in other words in factories, you were wrong. It is true that the United States is, and is seen as, a strong industrial power, but the statistics reveal that another branch of the economy is even stronger than manufacturing. Instead of dealing with the large figures required when discussing a total U.S. workforce of 125 million people, let's take a look at 100 hypothetical workers and See where they're employed. Of those 100 workers, 16 work in manufacturing, that is, in producing goods.