自考英语二的语法点

Lesson1 TEXT A Language Points Paragraph1 1.Like the national push for Asian literacy in Australia【Prep. Adverbial】, there has been foreign languages fervor in China【there be】, with English on top of the list.【absolute construction】 Translation:就如澳大利亚在全国推行学习亚洲语言一样，中国也掀起一股外语热，在这股热潮中英语首当其冲。 (1)"with" absolute construction: with +n. + prep. phrase eg. The man entered the room, with a book in has hand. wth +n. + infinitive eg. With Li Ping to help us, I'm sure we can finish our task. with +n.+ past participle eg. With his homework done, the boy ran out for a swim. with+n. + present participle eg. With the boy leading the way, we had no difficulty in finding your home. with+n. + adj./adv eg. They were listening to the teacher with their eyes wide open. With her mother away from home, she felt lonely. 1. 2.… adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with people of the same interest and determination.【post attribute】 (1)practicing做伴随状语 eg: He wrot to us, saying that he was studying abroad. (2)of the same interest and determination 介词短语作后置定语，可转化成相应的定语从句: people who have the same interest and... 3. Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of timeand energy before it is mastered? (1)" such...that" adverbial clause of result. Eg. + a(n) + adj.+ n. such + adj.+ uncountable n. that... + adj. + plural n. It is such a lovely day that everyone is feeling happy and gay. 注: 当such 放在句首时，主句要用部分倒装。 (2)"before" adverbial clause of time. a. conj. 强调从句动作发生在主句之前，意为“不等......就......” eg. Before I could get in a word, he had measured me. b. 在" It +be +时间段+before从句"中， 意为“......之后才......” eg. It will be ten years before we can meet again. c.在"It +be+ 否定形式 +long+ before 从句"中，意为“......不久就......” eg. It was not long he told me me about it. d. 在特定的情景中，意为“趁着......” eg. I must write it down before I forget it. (3) Translation:英语真的这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗？ Paragraph 2 1. From my personal experience, I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation, its grammatical rules,its words, etc. (1) v-ing 作主语和宾语 eg: Watching them was a thrilling experience. (主语) The man denied having anything to do with the bank robbery. (宾语) 男子否认与银行抢劫案有关。 I don’t fancy living in that cold house. 我可不想居住在那个冰冷的房子里。 (2) more (…) than 的用法: The present crisis is much more a political crisis than an economic crisis. 当前危机与其说是经济危机，不如说是政治危机. A whale is no more a fish than a horse is . ? more than + 主语+ can + 谓语 “…非所能” eg. That is more than I can tell. What he said is more than I can understand. My trip to Beijing is more than sightseeing. He more than hestitated to accept the invitations . He simply refused it. 2. 2.It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who use it. involve 的用法: (1) make sth necessary as a result,需要 eg: The job involved my living in London. (2) involve sb / sth in (doing) sth. 使…陷入 eg: Don’t involve me in sloving your problems. (3) include or affect 牵涉，涉及 eg: The strike involved many people. Paragraph 3 The social customs and habits of the English–speaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it. (1) (1)contribute to sth. increase sth; add to sth. eg: Her work has contributed enormously to our understanding of this difficult subject. 她的著作有助于我们对这个困难问题的理解 (2) (2)have difficulty in doing sth. (3) (3)Translation: 讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度 Paragraph 4 A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English learners than for people who speak a western language other than English 【attributive clause】because 【adverbial clause of reason】Chinese has nothing in common with the alphabetic English and China had little contact with the Western world in modern history. Translation: 学习英语的中国人要做到这一点比其他非英语国家的西方人要困难的多，因 为汉字和英语这种拼音文字毫无共同之处，并且中国和西方世界在近代史上很 少接触。 (1)other than (but except ) 除了 eg: There is nobody here other than me. You can’t get there other than by swimming. (2)(have) in common (with) 与…有共同之处 eg: Their views have much in common with mine. They are brothers, but they have nothing in common. (3)have contact with sb make contact with sb. eg. They made contact with headquaters by radio. Paragraph 5 Only by developing an understanding and tolerance of different cultural values can a Chinese English learner reach the goal of communicating with the native speakers. Translation: 学习英语的中国人只有增加不同文化价值观之间的理解和宽容才能达到与英 语母语者交流的目的. only 所修饰的副词、介词短语或从句放在句首构成倒装。 eg: Only then did he realized that he was wrong. Only in this way can you improve your English quickly. TEXT B Language Points Paragraph 2 Some linguists think that 【objective clause】objective clausechildren are born with an ability to learn and use a language.This does not mean that【objective clause】 they come into the world knowing their native language. It means that【objective clause】, along with other things, they are born with the ability to know their native language. Translation: 一些语言学家认为儿童生来就具有学习和使用语言的能力。这并不是指一个 人的母语是与生俱来的；而是指一个人生来具有学习母语的能力，这种能力 与人在其他方面 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 现出来的能力是相同的。 (1)be born with 与生俱来 eg: Some people are lucky enough to be born with a good sense of direction. (2)come into the world with a cry 呱呱坠地 (3)along with 与…一道，连同，一起 eg: She came to dinner along with her best friends. Along with the letters there are answers written by people who know how to solve the problems. Paragraph 3 This linguists do not think that【objective clause】 parents teach their children in the same way that 【attributive clause】adults are taught a second language. (1)否定转移 否定that 引导的宾语从句时，如果主句的谓语词是表示“相信”、“臆测”等心理活动的词 believe, expect, think, imagine,suppose时，则要否定主句而非从句. eg: We don’t suppose that he has told the truth. (2)a 的用法 (another,once more) 并非表示顺序. Paragraph 5 1. 1.If they knew 【objective clause】how children learn their native language, they would have 【subjunctive mood】an easy way to teach adults, as well as children, a second language. Translation: 如果他们知道儿童如何学习母语，这可能有助于教儿童甚至成年人学习第二 语言 (1)与现在事实相反的虚拟语气 eg: If I were you, I would do it in a different way. (2)as well as = not only … but also 不但…而且 eg. He can speak English as well as Spanish 他不仅会说英语而且会说西班牙语. 2. 2.Some foreign language teachers believe that【objective clause】 adults learn a second language the same way 【attributive clause】 children learn their native language.These teachers try to make their students' learning similar to that 【= learning】of children. Translation: 有些外语教师认为成年人学习第二语言的过程和儿童学习母语的过程是相同 的。这部分外语教师模仿儿童学习语言的过程组织教学 Paragraph 6 The students are encouraged to make up new sentences, using the rules that【attributive clause】 they have learned and the words that【attributive clause】 they know. (1)encourage sb to do sth. give support to sb eg. We encourage her to lose weight. 我们鼓励她减肥。 (2)make up 编造 eg: I made up a story to tell the children. Paragraph 7 pick up 的意义和用法： 拿起 ，拾起 eg. He went down and pick up a ten—yuan note. (非正规地）学会 eg. Where did you pick up your technic skill? 搭载，搭救 eg. I pick up an old woman on my way to street. 加速，上升， 好起来 eg. She is picking up wonderful sinc she came out of the hospital. Lesson 2 Text A Language Points Paragraph1 1. 1.I was born and raised in Hong Kong. be born and raised in....在......土生土长 *翻译: 我是土生土长的香港人。 Eg. Tom was born and raised in Australia. 2. For the past six years, I've been living in the United States. (现在完成进行时) 过去的六年来，我一直生活在美国。 have/has been doing sth. (1) 表示从过去某个时间开始一直延续到说时还在进行，或可能还要继续下去。经常与“for+段时间”或“since+点时间(也可以是从句)”的时间状语连用。例如： I have been waiting for a letter from my parents.　我一直在等我父母的来信。 It has been raining for three hours.　雨已经下了三个小时了。 We have been studying here since 2004. 自从2004年以来，我们一直在这里学习。 (2) 表示从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到说话时刻，动作可能刚刚结束。例如： She has been sweeping the street all day. She is too tired. 一整天都在扫大街，她太累了。 We have been waiting for you for two hours. We don't want to wait any longer. 我们已经等你两个小时了，不想再等了。 Paragraph 2 It was the first time I’d gone back there since coming to the United States. (It was the first/ second…time (that)+过去完成时) It is the first/ second…time (that)+现在完成时 eg. It was the first time that he had lost a game. It was the first time that he had seen suck a splendid performance. It is the first time that he has lost a game. It is the first time that he has gone abroad. 对比复习： It is (high) time sb. did sth. 该做……了（虚拟语气） eg. It is high time I fed my dog. 该喂狗了。 It is time I went to school. 该去上学了。 Paragraph 3 The houses on the street where I used to live（定语从句）had been torn down and replaced by office buildings. 1. where I used to live是定语从句修饰先行词the street，句子的主干是The houses had been torn down and replaced. 2. used to do sth. （过去常常做……）/ be used to doing sth. （习惯了做……） 比较下面几个句子： eg. I used to get up at 5 o’clock. 我过去常常5点起床。 I am used to getting up at 5 o’clock. 5点钟就起床，我已经习惯了。 Why are you so bad-tempered? You didn’t use to be like this? 你现在脾气怎么这么坏？你过去可不是这个样子。 Are you used to eating the western food? 你习惯吃西餐了吗？ Paragraph 4 The shock from the physical changes in the city, however, was nothing compared to the confusion and hurt I soon began to feel in my parents’ home. （定语从句） 1. physical此处的意思是“外观上的”。physical changes外观上的变化。 2. nothing compared to…与……比起来不算什么 eg. Money was nothing compared to the hurt I felt. 与我受到的伤害比起来，钱并不算什么。 1. 3.I soon began to feet in my parents’ home是定语从句，修饰先行词confusion and hurt。 主句是：The shock was nothing compared to the confusion and hurt. Paragraph 5 You speak on matters that are of concern only to men. 1. 1.concern vt. 关系到，与……有关 eg. The news concerns your sister. This matter concerns all of us. vt. 使……担心，使……关心 eg. The boy’s poor health concerned his parents. n. 关怀，关心（的事情） eg. He didn’t show much concern about it. His concern for the poor and for workers was often traced to his father. 固定搭配： be concerned with…与……有关 eg. Her job is concerned with computer. be concerned about…关心…… eg. They are very seriously concerned about the problems involved. as(so) far as…is concerned 就……来说/而言 eg. So far as I’m concerned, some other arrangement would have been more satisfactory. 就我而言，其他的安排会更让人满意。 2. 2.of+抽象名词：作用相当于形容词，例如of importance/ value/ use… eg. What he told you yesterday is something of importance.昨天他告诉你的是一些重要的事情。 His research has been of little practical value.他的研究有很少的实际价值。 Paragraph 7 They don’t take a silent back seat during a discussion. back seat是指汽车的后座，即不处于开车的位置。此处指处于靠后的、不起作用的地位。 Paragraph 8 I became more uncomfortable and hurt as things were said and done【 that made me feel （that I was an outsider, a stranger in my own country.）（宾语从句）】（定语从句） 1. as的意思是“随着……”，引导状语从句。 2. that made me feel that I was an outsider, a stranger in my own country：由that（第一个）引导的定语从句，修饰先行词things；定语从句中又包含一个由that（第二个）引导的宾语从句。 Paragraph 9 I cut my visit short by three weeks and came back to the United States. But coming back here（分词作主语）didn’t lessen the confusion and pain. 1. 1.cut short by…缩短了多长时间（或提前多长时间） cut short to…缩短到多长时间 对比： …cut my visit short by four days访问缩短了4天（提前4天结束访问） …cut my visit short to fur days访问缩短到4天 2. 2.coming back here是分词作主语 eg. Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 Only punishing him can’t solve any problem.只惩罚他并不能解决任何问题。 10. I’m caught between the old world where I no longer belong（定语从句） and the new world which has not yet accepted me.（定语从句） 1. 此句的主干是：I’m caught between the old world and the new world. 2. where I no longer belong是定语从句，修饰先行词the old world；which has not yet accepted me也是定语从句，修饰先行词the new world. （注意：两个定语从句中关系词的不同，where在定语从句中作状语，which在定语从句中作主语）。 Text B Language Points Paragraph 1 Having attended my course in Intercultural Communications,（现在分词完成形式作状语）he consulted me to review some of the cultural differences he might experience. 翻译：已经上过我的跨文化交际课程，他请我帮他温习一下他可能遇到的一些文化差异。 having attended my course in Intercultural Communications是动词现在分词的完成形式，在句中作状语，因为attend发生在consult之前，所以用完成时。（注意：分词的逻辑主语应和主句的主语一致，此句中，主语都是he。如果不一致，分词应带有自己的主语。） eg. A new technique having been worked out, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent. All flights having been canceled because of the storm, they decided to go to Beijing by train. （解释以上两个句子主语不一致情况） Having received the notice, they decided to put the interview off until next Monday. Paragraph 2 He arrived expectant and happy（作补语） and enjoyed his first days very much. expectant and happy是形容词短语，在句中作主语he的补语。英语中， 这样一类动词，它们一方面本身保留实意动词的含义，另一方面需要接形容词或名词作主语的补语，来说明主语的情况。例如： Comrade Lei Feng died young. (=Comrade Lei Feng was young when he died.) He left home a beggar and returned a millionaire. (=He was a beggar when he left home and had become a millionaire when he returned.) She married young and felt she was missing out on life. (=She married when she was young…) *If we ignore it, we become buried alive. （参考Unit 12 P. 217） Paragraph 3 When people greeted him with, “Hi, how’s it going?” he thought they had asked him “Where are you going?” and answered with the name of the conference hall, only to get（不定式短语作结果状语） a confused stare from them. only to get…是不定式短语作结果状语。例如： Two years later, her father disappeared, never to be heard from again. 两年后，她父亲失踪了，以后一直杳无音信。 They lifted a rock only to have it drop on their own feet. 他们搬起石头砸 了自己的脚。 Paragraph 4 He felt his handshake was not as firm as Americans’, found that people reacted unusually when he modestly insisted his English was not good after they complimented him, didn’t know how to accept dinner invitations properly and therefore missed out on going to several lunches, and so on.(宾语从句) 1. 1.此句虽然很长，但结构很简单：一个长句包括三个宾语从句，三个谓语动词分别是felt、found和didn’t know。 翻译：他感到自己握手不如美国人那么有力；人们称赞他时，他谦虚地坚持说自己的英语不好，他发现别人的反应异乎寻常；由于搞不清如何适当地接受邀请而错过了几次午餐，如此等等。 2. 2.miss out (on…)是一种非正式的口语用法，意思是“失去获得利益或获得乐趣的机会”。 eg. If I don’t go to the party, I shall feel I’m missing out. 我要是不去圣驾聚会一定会觉得损失挺大。 She married young and felt she was missing out on life. 她结婚早，感觉失去了享受生活的乐趣。 Paragraph 14 With a new context come new ways of doing things.（倒装句式） 这是个倒装句，正常的语序是：New ways of doing things come with a new context. 例如： Here comes the bus. (=The bus is coming here.) Round to the corner came a mailman. (=A mailman came round to the corner.) （关于倒装请参考P.95） Paragraph 15 Sure（it is） he felt a little foolish about some of the mistakes he had made.（定语从句） 1. 这是一个省略句，sure之前省略了It is. 2. he had made是定语从句，修饰先行词mistakes，关系词that作宾语，所以省略掉了。 LESSON 3 Text A Language Points Paragraph 2 ...a life even barely above real poverty, so that there is scope in the family for thoughts and activities not wholly devoted to the struggle for making a living. 翻译: 有一个略高于赤贫生活水平的家庭，这样的家庭才有机会想些别的，而不至于全盘心思为谋生而奋斗。 not wholly devoted to the struggle for making a living为过去分词短语作定语，修饰thoughts and activities。 Paragraph 3 But many fail to do so either because of an overstrict system (where what is most important is memory work;) (定语从句) or because of a careless and lazy one（where even the basic disciplines of literacy are ignored in the sacred name of free expression.）（定语从句） 翻译: 这要么是由于教育 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 过于严格，把死记硬背看作是天下第一号大事；要么是由于教育制度松散，使人怠惰，在“自由表达”的神圣旗帜下，甚至连读 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 写字这样的基本要求也被忽视。 fail to do sth意思为“不能做到……，未能……”。 either...or...引导了两个原因状语从句。 两个where引导定语从句. in the name of 以……名义，代表……。 Paragraph 4 And we may add to this the worldwide atmosphere of violence and anarchy, the New Dark Age in which we live today.(定语从句） add sth to sth. 翻译: 我们对此还可加一条，那就是遍及全世界的暴力行为和无政府状态——我们现在 就生活在其中的新黑暗时代。 Ideally then, a school system should be one in which the love of learning, rather than the acquisition of facts, is cultivated; one in which the spirit of enquiry is encouraged.（定语从句） 翻译: 理想的教育制度应该培养学生酷爱学习，而不是只是为了获取事实；应该鼓励探索精神。 Text B Language Points Paragraph 1 1. The Gutenberg Bible was printed on a hand press with type made of lead. 古腾堡圣经是用手控印刷机在铅字版上印成的。 type：铅字，活字. made of lead分词短语做定语修饰type. 2. Men who had been trained in Gutenberg's workshop soon established themselves as independent printers. 在古腾堡印刷所受过训练的人们，很快就独立开业。 Who 引导定语从句； establish oneselve as使自己处于……的地位 Paragraph 2 Other church books were also printed, as were Greek and Latin classics, history books, and astronomy books. 此外，还印刷了一些教堂用书、希腊和拉丁的古典名著、历史书及天文学书。 关系代词as代表主句中的分词printed； 此句后半句为完全倒装句，正常语序应为Greek and Latin classics, history books, and astronomy books were also printed. Paragraph 3 and eventually, the form of the letters was simplified to the point where they were well-adapted to the metal of the type.(定语从句) 字母的形式终于大为简化，完全适合铅字的要求。 to the point切题，切中要害；中肯，在此意思为“达到……程度” Paragraph 4 Sometimes books were illustrated with woodcuts. 书籍的插图有时是木刻的。 illustrate vt.1.给…加插图 2.说明, 阐明; 表明 This diagram will illustrate what I mean. 这个图表可说明我的意思。 Paragraph 4 Blocks of wood were carved so that the white parts of the picture were below the surface of the wood.When the surface was inked and stamped onto paper, the dark part of the picture was reproduced. 在雕刻木头时，图画的白色部分是凹陷的，在木头的凸出表面涂上墨水，并印在纸上，图画的黑色部分就复印出来。 block n.街区, 街段; 大块(木料、石料等); 障碍(物), 阻塞(物) vt.堵塞, 阻塞; 阻碍, 妨碍 Paragraph 5 Fortunately, about this time, many machines were invented that aided in the mass production of such products as cotton and woolen cloth.(定语从句) 幸好，这个时期发明了许多机器，促使大量生产诸如棉布和毛料这样的产品。 mass production大规模生产 LESSON 4 Text A Language Points Paragraph 1 express checkout line　 快速付款通道, 快速结帐口 Paragraph 2 1. 1.lose one’s temper 发脾气 补充： apt to lose one's temper 好发脾气 2. 2.take a deep breath 深吸一口气 3. 3.Men （with high levels of anger ）were three times more likely to develop heart disease than the camber... 翻译： 怒气冲冲的男性得心脏疾病的可能性要比脾气温和的人高出3倍以上…… times复数形式用以表示“倍数”. e.g. Nine is three times as much as three. 九是三的三倍。 This book is four times as long as that one. 这本书是那本书篇幅的四倍。 Paragraph 3 1. 1.It doesn't seem to matter whether you release or hold it in, experts say. 翻译：专家指出，发泄或抑制怒气，其后果没什么两样。 hold in 拿着; 抱住; 夹住 e.g. The young mother held her baby tightly in the arms. 年轻的母亲紧紧地抱着她的孩子。 约束，抑制 Paragraph 4 calm down : compose oneself 镇定下来 Paragraph 5-6 1. 1.take stock 清查存货；盘货 e.g. The food store took stock everyweek. 这家食品店每周盘点存货。 评估现状 e.g. Bill took stock of the situation after Christine cheated on him. 在克里斯汀欺骗他后，比尔评估一下现状。 2. He suggests that you ask yourself these questions to measure your anger quotient... quotient意思为“商数”，anger quotient 指的是“生气的程度”。 他建议你问自己以下几个问题来判断发怒的程度。 补充：表示“建议”后的宾语从句 主要是指advise, suggest, propose, recommend等的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如： He suggested that we should leave early. 他建议我们早点动身。 注：与动词insist相似，动词suggest后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别也是：若谓语动词所表示的情况尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气，此时suggest通常译为“建议”；若谓语动词所表示的情况为既成事实，则要用陈述语气，此时的suggest通常译为“表明”、“认为”。比较并体会： He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner. 他建议我们留下吃饭。 I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him. 我觉得你与他心照不宣。 Paragraph 7-9 keep a record 保留记录 Paragraph 10-12 1. 1.well up 涌出,涌现 2. 复合形容词是由两个或两个以上的词按一定顺序排列构成，主要有以下几种构成方式： (1) 名词＋现在分词 English-speaking讲英语的；self-generating自然发生的；freedom-loving热爱自由的； (2) 名词＋过去分词 man-made人造的；water-covered被水覆盖的；snow-covered被雪覆盖的； (3) 名词＋形容词 snow-white雪白的；day-long整天的；world-famous举世闻名的 (4) 形容词＋名词＋ed warm-hearted热情的；bad-tempered脾气坏的；short-sighted近视的；kind-hearted好心肠的； (5) 形容词＋现在分词 ordinary-looking相貌平常的；good-looking相貌好看的； easy-going随和的； (6) 形容词＋名词 full-time专积的；fast-food餐馆等专门提供快餐服务的。 (7) 副词＋过去分词 deep-set（眼睛）深陷的；well-known众所周知的；better-trained受过较好训练的； (8) 副词＋名词 right-hand居右的；out-door室外的；in-door室内的；under-ground地下的 (9) 副词＋现在分词 slow-thinking思考缓慢的 (10) 数词＋名词 second-hand二手的；ten-speed十速的；one-room一间房屋的（车站）； (11) 数词＋名词＋形容词 180-foot-high 180英尺高的；five-inch-tall 5英寸高的；7-year-old 7岁的 (12) 数词＋名词＋ed ten-storeyed 十层的；one-eyed一只眼的；3-legged三条腿的 (13）动词+名词/代词 a