英国教育体系_英文

nullChapter 5 The British Educational SystemChapter 5 The British Educational SystemSchool TodaySchool TodayPre-primary Schools Primary Schools Secondary Schools University / College Pre-Primary SchoolsPre-Primary SchoolsPre-school education is available (often on a fee-paying basis) for children aged 2 to 4/5 through playgroups and nursery schools (many are private). The emphasis is on group work, creative activity and guided play. null1.State Schools (公立学校): 11-year Compulsory Education (5-16) State Primary School → Comprehensive School (84%), Grammar School (3%) or Secondary Modern School (7%) 2.Public Schools/ Independent Schools (独立学校/公学): Prep School → Public (Independent) School (7%)Two Systems of primary and secondary education in Britain:nullnullQuestion: What are the main differences between the two?Question: What are the main differences between the two?Primary PhasePrimary PhaseCompulsory education begins at 5 in England, Wales and Scotland and 4 in Northern Ireland. Pupils mainly attend state sector primary schools (co-educational or mixed schools). Infants Schools = First Schools (for 2 years from 5) Junior Schools (for 4 years to 11) There’s little or no specialist subject teaching and great emphasis is on literacy and numeracy in early years. Prep Schools (预备学校) (from 7/8 to 13) (separate; fees; entrance exam )Secondary SchoolsSecondary SchoolsState Schools (93%) 1. Comprehensive Schools (综合中学) (84%) (No entrance exam, general education) 2. Grammar Schools (文法中学) (“the 11 plus” examination 选拔优秀小学生毕业考 试, preparing students for higher education)(3%) 3. Secondary Modern Schools (现代中学) (7%) Public Schools = Independent Schools (7%)The National CurriculumThe National CurriculumEnglish Design & Technology Geography Mathematics Information Technology Music Science Art Physical Education History Modern Foreign LanguageExams Exams Compulsory education ends at age 16. At 16, students in England and Wales take GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education中学毕业证 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf ) examinations involving a final exam, an assessment of work done during the two-year course, or both of these things. Then they can leave school and find a job. Other pupils who decide not to go to university may choose to take vocational training and get the GNVQ (General National Vocational Qualification 国家专业资格证书, 5 levels).Tertiary educationTertiary education延续教育(Further Education)是继小学(Primary)中学(Secondary)教育之后的“第三级教育”(Tertiary)。为进入高等教育或者就业打下基础。也是中国的高中学生留学英的关键阶段。一般来说接受延续教育的学生介于16和18岁之间。 它分为两种体系：学业路线（Academic Route）和职业路线（Vocational Route）。学业路线着重于培养学术研究方面的人才，职业路线则结合社会各层面的职业需要，培养在各种行业中具有专门技能和知识的人才。nullSome more ambitious and hardworking students will take GCE O-level (一般水平普通教育证书) exams. If they pass, they may transfer to a Sixth Form school (六年级学校) or tertiary college (三级学校) to learn A-level classes for 2 years. At 18, they take GCE A-level examinations (Advanced General Certificate of Education 高级水平普通教育证书＝大学入学考试), usually in not more than 3 subjects. It’s necessary to have A-levels in order to go to a university or other institutions of higher education.Widely Held BeliefsWidely Held BeliefsFirstly, “the best way to ensure good results is to vest (赋予) responsibility for a job in an individual body and then allow it to go in its own way, intervening (干预) only if it’s manifestly (显而易见地) not performing its job properly.” Secondly, “a school is not only a place for learning but also a society, free to plan and conduct its corporate life as seems best to it, provided that it keeps this life within the accepted framework laid down by social convention and the national policy for education.” Question for you: How do you interpret the beliefs above?nullIndividual schools enjoy great freedom and space! Although the ultimate responsibility for the educational system lies with the parliament, it doesn’t lay down what subjects shall be taught; nor does it give any directions about teaching methods, or prescribe (规定、指定、开处方) any textbooks. The Queen once said, “ A headmaster once told me that in his opinion the freedom which teachers have is the most valuable thing in British education”.Case StudyCase StudyCompared with that in Chinese counterparts, the curriculum in the UK primary or secondary schools is much simpler. (esp. mathematics & reading) WHY? Is their Intelligence Quotient low? According to a schoolmaster in Bristol: 1. The compulsory education aims to cultivate eligible (合格的) citizens rather than elites; 2. Curiosity and self-confidence matter a lot more than the knowledge itself. 3. Shaping characters and individuality is emphasized. Team spirit and leadership can be developed through games.Public Schools Public Schools In the UK private schools are confusingly called public schools! Only enroll pupils from prep schools. High tuition fees + large quantity of social endowments = affording smaller classes + better faculty (with nice salaries) Mainly single-sex rather than co-ed schools. Boarding schools. Question: Who are attending such schools? nullThe students are largely from aristocratic (贵族) and upper class families. Despite the high fees they account for around 7% of the total school population. BUT opponents voice doubts: It’s socially divisive and breeds elitism; they are offering more promising opportunities to 7% of British children, but it’s unfair for the remaining 93%! The Most Well-known Public Schools:The Most Well-known Public Schools:Eton College (伊顿公学) (1440 by King Henry VI)　 Harrow School (哈罗公学) (1571) (Byron, Churchill) (for Boys only) Winchester College (温切斯特公学) (1394) Rugby School (拉格贝公学) (1567) (Rugby was first played here.) To send a boy to a leading public school costs ￡1200 to ￡ 2000, even ￡3500 a term. Eton CollegeEton CollegeFor boys ONLY! Its students are from noble and upper class families. (Prince Charles, William & Harry) So far, about 20 PMs were educated at Eton. The school fee includes tuition, board & lodging, laundry, personal accident insurance, and the cost of most activities. How much is the tuition at Eton? An annual fee of about ￡16,000.Eton CollegeEton CollegeEton Pupilswith the tutorHigher EducationHigher EducationAll British universities are self-governing and fee-charging. They receive financial aid through the University Grants Committee (高校基金委员会) from the government. Over 42% of pupils become university students on leaving school at 18. 110 universities in UK (93 in England, 13 in Scotland, 2 in Wales and 2 in N. Ireland) 3 categories: old universities, redbrick universities (1850-1930), new universities (WWII- present). Entrance ProceduresEntrance ProceduresIn the third term of Year 12, students prepare their applications to university. Applications are then made in the first term of the Year 13 through one centralized organization known as UCAS (Universities and Colleges Admissions Service大学院校入学委员会 ). Students can apply to a maximum of 6 universities/institutions. Admission – selection on basis of A level results & an interview. nullFee-charging (on the average: ￡1200-3000) Degrees BA / BSc 3 years full-time MA / MSc 1 year full-time / 2 years part-time PhD at least 3 years original research BA: Bachelor of Arts  (文学学士) BSc: Bachelor of Science (理学学士) BS: 同上 Teaching Methods Teaching Methods The UK educational system encourages self-study, discussions and practical work. The students may have time-tabled classes or might be encouraged to do more of independent work for a substantial amount of time depending on the course. Most of the courses would include the following teaching methods: A. Lectures 讲座A. Lectures 讲座The professors dominate the lectures which serve to guide the students. The size of the class is generally large, often up to 100 students. NO prescribed textbooks but reading lists and handouts (讲稿)!B. Seminars 讨论会B. Seminars 讨论会The seminars provide the students with a platform for sharing their views on a given topic. The students are told in advance about a topic & are required to prepare a presentation on it. What is the point of attending seminars? The discussions that take place in seminars often help students understand a topic better in different perspectives and help students develop their communication skills. C. Tutorials 导师辅导课C. Tutorials 导师辅导课Tutorials give you focused guidance on a particular topic once a week. The size of tutorials is quite small. (15-20) Every student has to speak in class. The students meet with the professors individually to discuss their concerns about the topic that they have undertaken and thus seek individual guidance. D. Independent workD. Independent workStudents are supposed to investigate a topic in detail and develop their own views about it. (off-campus research) This usually involves working individually or in a small group with other students to research a topic. Produce written work or make presentation for a seminar. E. Coursework 课程论文／学年作业E. Coursework 课程论文／学年作业This may include essays, reports, projects, presentations or reflections. Coursework is assessed and given grades. Assessment: a combination of methods Question: Is the written exam a must for course assessment? NOT necessarily! Take Marketing Management for example, coursework 65% (group presentation 20% + individual reflection 20% + business plan 25%) + written exam 35%Plagiarism 剽窃Plagiarism 剽窃Plagiarism means presenting other people’s work as one's own without acknowledging the source or referencing. Cheating or plagiarism can result in students not being allowed to graduate. Advice is normally given by your professors on an acceptable way and amount of referencing. (footnote / bibliography)CambridgeCambridgeCambridge University was founded in 1209 by students fleeing from Oxford after one of the many episodes of violence between the university and the town of Oxford.nullnullnullFamous StudentsFamous StudentsJohn Milton Charles Darwin Prince CharlesVice-Chancellor – Professor Alison RichardVice-Chancellor – Professor Alison RichardCambridge is one of the world’s great universities, and has the ability to transform lives. If you study here, you will experience that quality at first hand. Day to day, you will work with academic staff who are leaders in their fields, and who are also committed to see you succeed, and to help you develop your ideas, knowledge and understanding.Oxford UniversityOxford UniversitynullnullFamous StudentsFamous StudentsOscar Wilde Samuel Johnson Bill Clinton Tony Blair Margaret ThatcherOxfordOxfordLegend has it that Oxford University was founded by King Alfred in 872 to encourage education and establish schools throughout his territory. Like a grammar school, it was just a place for teaching Latin grammar at that time. The University actually began in the 12th century as gatherings of students around popular masters. The university consisted of people, not buildings. The buildings came later as a recognition of something that already existed. In a way, Oxford was never founded; it grew. Chancellor of OxfordChancellor of OxfordOxford is one of the greatest universities in the world. It has played a distinguished part in the history of our country and our continent, and has much to contribute to our success and our well-being as a civilized community in the future.Chris PattenOxbridge Boat RaceOxbridge Boat RaceThe Boat Race between Oxford & Cambridge started June 10, 1829. The event is now a British national institution, and is televised live each year. The race has been won by Cambridge 79 times and Oxford 73 so far. The race is currently run over a four mile and 374 yard (6.8 km) stretch of the River Thames between Putney and Mortlake in London. Oxford wear dark blue and Cambridge light blue. nullThe Dark Blue CrewnullThe Light Blues & Dark BluesnullGlasgow University Nottingham UniversityBuckingham Uni.Buckingham Uni.Verney Park Campus Chandos Road CampusnullUniversity graduates dominate British political leadership, especially those from Oxbridge – Thatcher & Blair from Oxford; 2/3 of Blair’s cabinet members educated at Oxford or Cambridge.Students’ ActivitiesStudents’ ActivitiesOutingnullPubbingSportsSportsRugbyFootballChoirChoirChinese Higher EducationChinese Higher EducationHave a discussion on the defects of Chinese higher educationHave a discussion on the defects of Chinese higher educationDefect 1: Blind Enrollment Expansion Defect 2: Awkward Teaching Method Defect 3: Prescribed / Designated Textbooks Defect 4: Unreasonable Curriculum Defect 5: Unfair Assessment System Defect 1: Blind Enrollment ExpansionDefect 1: Blind Enrollment ExpansionUniversities seem to have enrolled more than they can accommodate! Limited facilities & space, insufficient resources, shabby dorms (slum)… Expansion means a lot more! Fierce competition in the job market, Defect 2: Awkward Teaching MethodDefect 2: Awkward Teaching MethodTeachers tend to spoon-feed their students who are in turn spoon-fed and force-fed! More trust, freedom, interactions and responsibilities for the students! Teachers should serve as advisors & assistants! Defect 3: Prescribed / Designated TextbooksDefect 3: Prescribed / Designated TextbooksA lack of flexibility (few alternative choices) Outdated contents (keep pace with) The prescribed textbooks can be replaced by … Defect 4: Unreasonable CurriculumDefect 4: Unreasonable CurriculumMany outdated courses should be abolished! (Marxism philosophy, Deng Xiaoping Theory, Mao Zedong Thoughts, Military Theory.) More utilitarian courses are welcome! (Computer Science, Business, Finance, Accounting, Law) One shouldn’t be confined to one’s specific field. Moral education is in urgent demand! (campus violence, suicide, theft, murder)Defect 5: Unfair Assessment SystemDefect 5: Unfair Assessment SystemExam-oriented style! (Scores talk!) Students: exams of lottery (memory test / work overtime shortly before the test) Teachers? How to improve it?How to improve it?It’s a time-consuming & systematic project. Never wait for the improvement! Get a move now! You and me are part of Chinese higher education! Try to make the best and most of the current situation! Stop complaining and try to make a difference from now on. Homework for Next WeekHomework for Next WeekCollect the information about the British broadcasting, newspapers and magazines to be prepared for Chapter 6 British Mass Media and chapter 7 Britain and the World.