Pathways to Productivity (sow)

nullPathways to Productivity Pathways to Productivity The piglet through the sow Dr Des Cole nullThe TargetA healthy piglet that has survived the immediate post weaning period and has potential for an efficient productive lifetimeThe Target The Target Weaning Weight The Target Weaning Weight21 days 6.8kg 28days 7.5kgThe Next Step – The Weaning Gap The Next Step – The Weaning Gap The 2 –3 weeks after weanigThe Piglet Through the SowThe Piglet Through the SowThe Piglet Through the SowThe Piglet Through the SowFoodMThe Piglet Through the SowThe Piglet Through the SowFoodMThe Piglet Through the SowThe Piglet Through the SowFoodBody reservesMnullThe energy requirements of the sow during gestation Body weight Net weight Maintenance Maternal Conceptus Total at mating gain* gain gain requirements (kg) (kg) (MJ DE/d) (MJ DE/d) (MJ DE/d) (MJ DE/d) 120 45 20.1 8.6 1.6 30.3 150 35 22.5 6.7 1.6 30.8 200 25 26.7 4.8 1.6 33.1 250 15 30.4 2.9 1.6 34.9 300 10 34.3 1.9 1.6 37.8 * Excludes growth of gravid uterus and mammary glandsTable 3.4nullSample calculation of daily protein and lysine requirements of gestating sows (g/d). Sow liveweight 200 kg; conceptus weight gain 20 kg and maternal weight gain 25 kg Total lysine Ileal digestible lysine Ideal protein Maintenance1 2.1 1.9 32.75 Conceptus gain2 4.43 4.04 30.7 Maternal weight gain2 5.53 5.04 38.4 Total 12.0 10.9 101.85 1 Based on 36 mg/kgW 0.75/d (Fuller 1989) and 90% digestibility 2 Based on 17.5% crude protein and 114 day gestation 3 Based on 0.143 g total lysine/1g tissue protein (NRC, 1998) 4 Based on 0.129 g true ileal lysine/1 g tissue protein (NRC, 1998) 5 Based on lysine/0.065 (Fuller et al., 1989). Crude protein values will be higher as they incorporate the excesses of feed formulation.4.6nullBalance of essential amino acids in ideal protein in the diets of pregnant sows and growing pigs (lysine = 100) Pregnant sows Growing pigs Lysine 100 100 Threonine 70 65-67 Methionine 28 28 Methionine + cystine 55 50-55 Valine 78 78 Isoleucine 70 58 Leucine 100 112 Phenylalanine 55 55 Phenylalanine + tyrosine 100 115 Tryptophan 20 18-20 Histidine 33 33 4.2The Piglet Through the SowThe Piglet Through the SowFeedMilkBody ReservesGrowthFaeces & BeddingThe Piglet Through the SowThe Piglet Through the SowGrowth7kg 28 days 2kg/day1kg piglet growth needs 4kg milk1kg piglet growth needs 4kg milkThe Piglet Through the SowThe Piglet Through the Sow250 kg sow 0 maternal loss 91.7 MJ DE/d 13.5 MJ/kg Feed8 kg Milk/dayGrowth7kg 28 days 2kg/day6.8 kg feed/dThe Piglet Through the SowThe Piglet Through the Sow8 kg Milk/dayBody ReservesGrowth7kg 28 days 2kg/dayThe Piglet Through the SowThe Piglet Through the SowFeed8 kg Milk/dayGrowth7kg 28 days 2kg/day15kg maternal eeight loss250 kg sow 84.3 MJ DE 13.5 MJ/kg6.24 kg foodThe Piglet Through the SowThe Piglet Through the SowFeed8 kg Milk/dayGrowth7kg 28 days 2kg/day15kg maternal weight loss250 kg sow 84.3 MJ DE 13.5 MJ/kg6.24 kg foodCreep ???null12.10nullCalculation of the daily energy requirements during lactation, including contributions from sow body weight loss (200 kg sow after farrowing: 21 day lactation; variable litter size and weight loss) Contribution Birth Weaning Sow Milk Total Weight Litter weight weight weight Maintenance yield requirement loss Feed size (kg) (kg) loss (kg) (MJ DE) (MJ DE) (MJ DE) (MJ DE) (MJ DE) 8 1.6 7.8 5 25.9 71.8 97.7 3.0 94.7 10 1.5 7.0 10 25.7 79.6 105.3 6.0 99.3 12 1.4 6.2 15 25.4 83.4 108.8 8.9 99.9 Table 3.10nullThe changing energy requirements of the sow during lactation (150 kg sow; # 10 piglets, ! 12 piglets; no sow body weight loss)3.15nullEstimates of the lysine requirements of lactating sows (g/day) Gilts Sows Source Gilts Sows Source 19.4 19.4 Wilkinson (1978) - 45.0 Kusina et al (1995) (250g milk protein/day) 20.0 - Boomgaardt et al (1992) - 46.4 Tokach et al (1992) - 26.4 McDougal and Fowler (1974) - 46.7 Stahly et al (1990) - 30.0 Lewis and Speer (1973) 48.1 - King et al (1993) 31.0 31.0 Wilkinson (1978) - 50.7 Wilkinson et al (1982) (400 g milk protein/day) - 33.0 O'Grady and Hanrahan (1975) - 52.2 Laurin et al (1991) 33.6 - Chen et al (1978) - 54.6 Monegue et al (1993) - 35.5 Dourmad et al (1991) - 55.0 Johnston et al (1993) - 36.0 Thaler (1992) - 55.3 Coma et al (1996) - 37.2 Salmon-Legagneur and Duee (1972) - 56.0 Richert et al (1997) - 38.2 Sohail et al (1974) - 55-60 Tritton et al (1996) - 41.9 Knabe et al (1996) (large litters) 40.0 45.0 Etienne et al (1989) 4.3nullEstimates of the lysine requirements of lactating sows (g/day) Gilts Sows Source Gilts Sows Source 19.4 19.4 Wilkinson (1978) - 45.0 Kusina et al (1995) (250g milk protein/day) 20.0 - Boomgaardt et al (1992) - 46.4 Tokach et al (1992) - 26.4 McDougal and Fowler (1974) - 46.7 Stahly et al (1990) - 30.0 Lewis and Speer (1973) 48.1 - King et al (1993) 31.0 31.0 Wilkinson (1978) - 50.7 Wilkinson et al (1982) (400 g milk protein/day) - 33.0 O'Grady and Hanrahan (1975) - 52.2 Laurin et al (1991) 33.6 - Chen et al (1978) - 54.6 Monegue et al (1993) - 35.5 Dourmad et al (1991) - 55.0 Johnston et al (1993) - 36.0 Thaler (1992) - 55.3 Coma et al (1996) - 37.2 Salmon-Legagneur and Duee (1972) - 56.0 Richert et al (1997) - 38.2 Sohail et al (1974) - 55-60 Tritton et al (1996) - 41.9 Knabe et al (1996) (large litters) 40.0 45.0 Etienne et al (1989) 4.3nullThe influence of dietary lysine on reproductive performance (Tritton et al., 1996) Dietary lysine (g/kg) 6.2 8.4 10.6 13.1 15.1 Feed intake (kg/day) 4.54 4.45 4.23 4.63 4.50 Lysine intake (g/day) 28.1 37.4 44.8 60.6 68.0 Litter growth rate (kg/day) 1.80 2.00 1.94 2.12 1.94 Subsequent litter size Total born 10.3 9.9 10.4 11.6 11.0 Born alive 9.7 9.6 9.8 10.9 10.6 4.10nullBalance of essential amino acids in ideal protein of diets for lactating sows (lysine = 100) Source 11 2 3 4 5 61 7 8 9 Recommended Lysine 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Threonine 42 60 59 62 60 63 61 70 58 60 Methionine 22 31 29 32 30 - - - 26 28 Methionine + cystine - - - - - 44 44 55 45 55 Valine 70 80 80 80 80 83 71 70 85 78 Isoleucine 50 58 57 59 58 83 57 70 55 58 Leucine 96 113 114 112 113 121 112 115 115 112 Phenylalanine 42 55 54 55 55 - 60 - 55 55 Phenylalanine + tyrosine - - - - - 123 117 115 112 120 Tryptophan 12 17 17 17 17 17 18 19 18 17 1. Reid (1961) (350 g/d milk protein) 1Factorial 2. Wilkinson and Cole (unpublished) [135 kg liveweight, 250 g/d milk protein] 3. Wilkinson and Cole (unpublished) [135 kg liveweight, 400 g/d milk protein] 4. Wilkinson and Cole (unpublished) [195 kg liveweight, 250 g/d milk protein] 5. Wilkinson and Cole (unpublished) [195 kg liveweight, 400 g/d milk protein] 6. Baker et al (1970) [315 g/d milk protein] 1Factorial 7. Speer (1975) [350 g/d milk protein] 8. ARC (1981) 9. NRC (1998)4.1But what about the appetite problem?But what about the appetite problem?Why does it exist?Why does it exist?3 main causesnullnullnullChanges in sow performance during the last 30 years (MLC) 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999 Litters/sow/year 1.9 2.0 2.18 2.25 2.23 2.25 2.25 Piglets born alive/litter 10.3 10.4 10.3 10.4 10.7 10.8 11.0 Piglet reared/ sow/year 16.3 17.5 19.8 20.9 21.1 21.6 22.0 Annual sow disposals (%) - 33.9 35.9 38.1 40.0 42.6 42.0 P2 at 100 kg (mm) - 22 19 14.5 13.0 11.5 11.0 FCR in feeding herd (g/g) 3.8 3.4 2.9 2.8 2.70 2.58 2.61 1.1null8.1null8.3null8.4null8.7Temperature and AppetiteTemperature and Appetite+1º C = - 120 –150g feed/daynull8.9null8.10nullExample gilt developer (Australia), lactating gilt (Australia) and general purpose (UK pregnancy and lactation) diets (contd) Ingredients (%) Gilt developer Lactating gilt General sow diet Nutrient DE (MJ/kg) 13.5 14.5 13.3 Crude protein (%) 16.7 20.0 16.0 Oil (%) 6.2 6.8 4.3 Fibre (%) 6.4 4.4 5.0 NDF (%) - - 19.2 Ash (%) 5.4 5.5 6.0 Ca (%) 0.94 1.01 0.95 P (%) 0.68 0.66 0.65 Available P (%) 0.41 0.43 0.23 Ca:P ratio 1.38 1.53 1.46 Salt (%) 0.35 0.59 0.5 Lysine (%) 0.88 1.20 0.8 Available lysine (%) 0.72 1.05 0.68 Methionine (%) 0.27 0.36 0.24 Methionine + cystine (%) 0.58 0.70 - Available methionine + cystine (%) - - 0.45 Threonine (%) 0.59 0.78 - Available threonine (%) - - 0.4 Tryptophan (%) 0.19 0.23 0.18 Available tryptophan (%) - - - 9.23null• Feed a palatable, nutritious feed • Feed a well-balanced ration of the necessary nutrient specification • Gradually increase daily intake over the first week, thereafter feed ad libitum • Feed must be fresh, not stale or dirty • Feed several times per day, or to appetite • Pelleted feed is better than meal • Ensure that fresh water is freely available at all times (consider wet-feeding) • If nipple drinkers are provided, water flow rate must be >2 litres/min • Avoid exposing sow to high temperatures (<20°C) and reduce environmental stress • Maintain good climatic control in farrowing housenull• Do not overfeed in pregnancy • Increase gut capacity by feeding high levels of soluble fibre in pregnancy diet • Separate gestation and lactation diets are essential • Ensure adequate feeding space • Improve nutrient availability of diet • Provide supplementary nutrition to piglets • Reduce metabolic demand by cross-fostering or forward weaning • Ensure good welfare and well-being of sowThe Piglet Through the SowThe Piglet Through the SowFeedMilkBody ReservesGrowthFaeces & Bedding7kg 28 days 2kg/dayThe Piglet Through the SowThe Piglet Through the SowBody ReservesGrowthThe Piglet Through the SowThe Piglet Through the SowThe Piglet Through the SowThe Piglet Through the SowThe Piglet Through the SowThe Piglet Through the SowThe Piglet Through the SowThe Piglet Through the SowThe Piglet Through the SowThe Piglet Through the Sow