范文——论杯酒释兵权

范文——论杯酒释兵权 论杯酒释兵权 作者王育济 “杯酒释兵权”是宋初政治史上的一件大事，也是人们熟知的一则历史典故。三十年代，著名史学家聂崇岐先生的长文《论宋太祖收兵权》，正确区分了“杯酒释兵权”与“收藩镇之权”的不同，并着重阐述了“收藩镇之权”的问题。四十年代，丁则良先生撰《杯酒释兵权考》，认为“所谓杯酒释兵权一事，全来自传闻，不可置信”。八十年代以后，徐规、方建新、顾吉辰等知名学者，亦各有 ?讨论“杯酒”一事的专文。但由于他们对此事的真实性仍多有怀疑，甚至断为伪造，这又不能不限制其对相关问题的探讨。本文拟在前人研究的基础上，对“杯酒释兵权”进行较为全面的研究，并着重从“杯酒”一事的政局背景，它的真实性、成效及其意义等方面，提出一些个人的看法。 政局背景 聂崇岐先生说:“宋太祖之杯酒释兵权，即罢宿将典禁兵，与罢藩镇乃截然二事。”此说极是。禁兵，是中央政府所控制的军队;而藩镇作为地方军阀，所控制的则是各自统辖的地方部队。自中唐“安史之乱”以后，各地节度使拥兵自强，尾大不掉，造成了藩镇割据的动乱局面。但自唐末五代以来，随着强藩大镇不断地带兵入主中央，改朝换代，中央禁军的兵力逐渐强大，原来军事上“内轻外重”、“尾大不掉”的局面得以改观。大约自后唐李存勖灭梁以后，各地方镇的兵力，不再具有与中央军抗衡的实力，左右中原政局的，已主要是中央禁军了。但由于禁军大都是由藩镇军队蜕变而来的，故中唐以来形成的“兵骄逐帅，帅骄叛上”的恶习不但没有多少改变、反而进一步发展为“废置天子，变易朝廷”。“故各朝之兴亡，多视禁兵相背„„至陈桥兵变，宋太祖黄袍加身，则更属禁兵之卖主求荣矣”(聂崇岐语)。 “陈桥兵变”后，宋太祖尽管已黄袍加身，但“废置天子，变易朝廷”之类 ? 聂文原载《燕京学报》第三四期。后收入作者的《宋史丛考》(中华书局一九八?年三月)。丁文载《人文科学学报》一卷三期，一九四五年九月。徐规、方建新:《“杯酒释兵权”献疑》，载《文史》第一四集;顾吉辰:《关于宋初“杯酒释兵权”的几个问题》，载《中州学刊》一九九三年第六期;武君:《试论宋太祖“杯酒释兵权”》，载《甘肃社会科学》一九七九年第二期。本文凡引上述诸篇，不再另标出处。 welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury 的军事政变，却仍有可能重演。当时禁军的九名高级统帅，或是太祖称帝前的结拜兄弟，或是赵宋集团的中坚人物，他们在赵宋集团的崛起和“陈桥兵变”中均有极大贡献，是赵宋集团的开国元勋，集兵权、功勋于一身。这种功高权重的情形，对宋太祖的皇位正是一个潜在的威胁:功高则震主，权大则不测。 但是，也不能把问题估计得过于严重。就宋太祖而言，他是从禁军小校一步步被提升为禁军统帅的，十余年间，一直在禁军中服役，根基颇深，是禁军中的实权派人物，对禁军的向背有着绝对的控制力。就石守信、王审琦等大部分禁军将帅而言，他们虽然与称帝前的宋太祖称兄道弟，但同时又有上下级之分，大都是太祖的部下。由上下级转而为君臣，尊卑高下大致依然，不会因赵匡胤“黄袍加身”而突生不平之心。另外，太祖继位后任命的禁军最高统帅慕容延钊(殿前都点检)和韩令坤(侍卫马步军都指挥使)，当时分别驻兵河北，名位虽高而兵力有限。在京统领禁军主力的将帅如石守信、王审琦等，却又并非总帅，只是各掌本司兵马。这样，无论是在京还是在外的禁军将帅，均无统帅全部或大部禁军的权势。“无其势者无其心”，“彼可取而代之”之类的犯上作乱，实际上很难发生。 总之，从当时的实际情况看，禁军将帅的反仄不轨之心虽不可不防，却又不必估计得过于严重。当时最主要的问题，恐怕还是禁军将帅的居功自傲，偃蹇弄权。王定国《闻见近录》载，太祖即位后，禁军将帅自恃与太祖有“十兄弟”之谊，又有翊戴之功，故“多偃蹇”，太祖因而训饬道:“尔辈既欲我为天下主，尔辈当尽臣节，毋或偃蹇。”《铁围山丛谈》卷一载: 枢密院故事，枢密使在院延见宾客，领武臣词讼，必以亲事官四人侍立，仍置大铁方尺一寸于领事案上。盖国初武臣，皆百战猛士，至密院多有所是非干请，故为防微。 《宋史》卷四三九《梁周翰传》: 一日，太祖语[石]守信，将用周翰掌诰。守信微露其言，周翰遽上 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 谢。太祖怒，遂寖其命。 凡此之类的居功自傲、骄蹇弄权，历朝开国之初都曾发生过。处理此事的方式也有不同。《旧唐书》卷六八《尉迟敬德传》: 尉迟敬德尝侍宴庆善宫，时有班其上者，敬德怒曰:汝有何功，合坐我上， 2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor-ing construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG2020198 compressor, fan and pump installation engineer-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-tion and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T47352005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construc-98 2 GB50128-ing 1 GB1502000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineer-sel NDT 9 JB/T4744welding procedures of steel pressure vesing administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-punishment 0.5irect strative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the don. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning adminimilli ned 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2n person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fiructio(7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, const, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders 2 任城王道宗次其下，因解喻之。敬德勃然拳殴道宗目，几至眇，太宗不怿而罢，谓敬德曰:朕览汉史，见高祖功臣获全者少，意常忧之，及居大位以来，常欲保全功臣，令子孙无绝。然卿居官，辄犯宪法，方知韩、彭夷戮，非汉高之愆。国家大事，唯赏与罚，非分之恩，不可数行，勉自修饬，无贻后悔也。 汉高祖是以“夷戮诛杀”为手段，唐太宗则以劝诫警示为策略。不同的选择，固然与各自所面临的实际情况有关，同时，更与皇帝本人对政局的估计有关。“五 ,,,代时期，君主猜疑拥立有功的将帅，常加诛杀”。结果人人自危，人心不宁，反而导致了政局的更大混乱。宋太祖对宋初政局的估计则极为谨慎和理智。他既看到开国功臣居功偃蹇的一面，同时又认为这与谋反作乱毕竟不同，他曾屡屡向赵普指出，“彼等(石守信、王审琦等禁军将帅)必不叛吾”，“必不负朕”。赵普则以“吾亦不忧其(指石守信等)叛”作答。可以看出，君臣二人对当时政局的估计是全面和清醒的。禁军将帅的居功自傲、骄蹇弄权，当然也会危及统治秩序，但与谋反作乱毕竟不同。所以，要解决这类问题，也就不必采取“夷戮”功臣的极端措施。“杯酒释兵权”的发生，与上述情况无疑有关。 从各种记载看，赵普在“杯酒释兵权”的过程中，要比宋太祖更为积极。这一方面反映出他在政治上的远见;另一方面，也与他当时的处境有关。“陈桥兵变”后，石守信、王审琦等随即擢升为禁军统帅，“委以兵权”，“官爵阶勋并从 ,,,超等，酬其翊戴之勋也”。而作为兵变主要谋划者的赵普，却身份依旧，十几天后，也只是被授以四品的枢密直学士。《宋史赵普传》称:“事定之后，普以一枢密直学士立于新朝数年(数年不确)，范、王、魏(即范质、王溥、魏仁浦，皆为后周宰相)三人罢相后，始继其位，太祖不亟于酬功”。这种安排有策略方面的考虑(安抚后周旧臣)，但也反映出太祖此时对文臣不甚重视，以为当不得轻重有无，故不急于调整。有学者认为，“唐末五代，枢密权重，实际上取代了中书门下的地位，行使着中央的权力。正因为如此，五代时的主要辅臣„„都任枢密使，即使任宰相，也兼枢密使。宋初„„让赵普进枢密院，则是避虚就实， ,,,去掌握实权的”。此说固是。但问题是，赵普此时仅为四品枢密直学士而非枢密使，不在其位，难谋其政，他的实际权力不可能不受到影响。从五代以来的政 ?局看，担任枢密使者有两种情况。一种是由文臣充任或兼任，另一种则是“手 ? 《长编》卷四三一，元祐四年八月。 for acetylene 2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-re vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T47352005 vertical cylindrical steel pressu-98 2 GB50128-ing 1 GB1502000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineer-welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744Department of the company. (3) personal injurying administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel 10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5ent. (sibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Departm) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding respones (1cordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penaltithe responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in ac aken,es, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been tcylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measur 3 ?握禁旅”的禁军将帅兼任。后周末，枢密使由宰相魏仁浦兼任，入宋后未作变更。其实，让魏独留相职，将枢密使一职改任赵普，才是合情合理的安排。宋太祖不做此安排，不但是对赵普的不公，而且可能会导致禁军将帅兼领枢密使的复杂局面。这种局面一旦形成，赵宋开国集团中文武两派权力不均的情况就会更为严重。赵普作为开国集团中的文臣之首，自然不能对这种情形漠然视之。正是在他的反覆论说下，才有了后来的“杯酒释兵权”。值得注意的是，“杯酒释兵权”后不久，赵普即出任枢密使，名正言顺地掌握了朝廷实权。后来又“独相十年”，总揽军国大权，确立了一代文臣政治。古人往往把“杯酒释兵权”看作是“文盛武衰”的转机，是文武两势变易的枢纽，不是没有道理的。 关于“杯酒释兵权”，现存最早的记载，是王曾(公元978?1038年)的《王文正公笔录》: 太祖创业，在位历年，石守信、王审琦等犹分典禁兵如故。相国赵普(按赵普此时尚未任相。王曾追记此事，以赵普后来的主要官职呼普，亦不为误)屡以为言，上力保庇之。普又密启请授以他任。于是不得已，召守信等曲宴，道旧相乐。因谕之曰:“朕与公等昔常比肩，义同骨肉，岂有他哉,而言事者进说不已。今莫若自择善地，各守外藩，勿议除替。赋租之入，足以自奉，优游卒岁，不亦乐乎,朕后宫中有诸女，当约婚以示无间，庶几异日无累公等。”守信等咸顿首称谢。由是高、石、王、魏之族俱蒙选尚。寻各归镇，几二十年，贵盛赫奕，始终如一。前称光武能保全功臣，不是过也。 此后，司马光的《涑水纪闻》、王辟之的《渑水燕谈录》等北宋史籍对“杯酒”一事亦有记载。这些记载，除文辞、情节详略不同外，在有关“杯酒”一事的时间、诸将释兵权后的职务安排等方面亦有分歧。至南宋李焘修《长编》，折衷群籍，修订异同，对“杯酒释兵权”一事始有厘定:在时间上取《王文正公笔录》和《涑水纪闻》，以太祖平定二李之后的七月(即位一年左右)为是;在释兵权的情节上则详细抄撮《涑水纪闻》;而释兵权后对诸将的安排，则又以《王文正公笔录》和《渑水燕谈录》为是。李焘的这一考订是极为严谨的。因为根据宋代的官方档案??《国史》和《实录》记载，石守信等人在建隆二年七月庚午即罢兵权而出守大藩，故“杯酒释兵权”只能发生在此前，决不可能发生在“太 ? 《范太史集》卷二六。 2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor-ing construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG2020198 compressor, fan and pump installation engineer-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-tion and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T47352005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construc-98 2 GB50128-ing 1 GB1502000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineer-sel NDT 9 JB/T4744welding procedures of steel pressure vesing administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-punishment 0.5irect strative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the don. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning adminimilli ned 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2n person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fiructio(7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, const, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders4 祖登位数年”后。另，石守信等既为藩镇，则知《谈录》、《笔录》有关“各守外 ?藩”、“出就藩镇”云云，所言有据。而《涑水纪闻》谓“以散官就第”实误。自李焘考订之后，“杯酒释兵权”一事就有了一个确实可信的底本，成为信史，为后人广泛称引。 真伪问题 自本世纪四十年代，“杯酒”一事的真实性开始为个别学者所怀疑。近年来，又有若干学者从不同的角度对“杯酒”一事发出质疑，认为此事“疑点甚多，不足征信”。其实，“杯酒”一事虽然在某些细节的记载上不无渲染，但却并非后人编造。作为一桩历史事件来说，基本是可信的。主要理由有三点。 一、正如前引《长编》所言，建隆二年七月后，的确罢免了石守信、王审琦等人的军权，北宋的官方档案，如《国史》、《实录》等对此均有确载，无可置疑。这就是说，“释兵权”一事是完全真实的，余下的则仅仅是一个通过什么方式释去兵权的问题了。 二、从方式上看，“杯酒释兵权”或许如后人所言，不无“戏剧性”，但若放在宋初的政治环境中考察，却又是一件极为平常的事情。因为注意政治运作的技巧和方法，尽力营造一种便于解决问题的气氛，正是宋初政治的一大特色，与“杯酒释兵权”类似的事件，当时实不少见。如王定国《闻见近录》所载“郊宴抑偃 ?蹇”，几乎就是“杯酒释兵权”的一次预演;《长编》卷一?正月条和十月条所载“置酒移强藩”和“设宴罢藩镇”，则又可以说是“杯酒释兵权”的再版??“以从容杯酒之间，解石守信等兵权，复以后苑之宴，罢王彦超等节镇，于是宿 ,,,卫、藩镇之痼疾，一朝而解矣”;另有《河南程氏遗书》卷二二所载“一醉收夺百万缗”，虽然在事体上与“杯酒释兵权”稍异，但其基本精神却极为吻合: 太祖仁爱，能保全节度使，极有术。天下既定，皆召归京师。节度使竭土地而还，所畜不赀，多财，亦可患也。太祖„„赐宴，酒酣，乃宣各人子弟一人扶归。太祖送至殿门，谓其子弟曰:“汝父各许朝廷十万缗矣。”诸节度使醒，问所以归，不失礼于上前否,子弟各以缗事对。翌日:各以表进如数。此皆英雄御臣之术。 ? 《长编》卷二，建隆二年秋七月庚午。 ?王定国《闻见近录》载:“太祖即位，方镇多偃蹇，所谓‘十兄弟’者是也。上一日召方镇„„上曰:‘尔辈真欲我为主耶,’方镇皆再拜，称万岁。上曰:‘尔辈既欲我为天下主，尔辈当尽臣节，毋或偃蹇。’方镇复再拜，呼万岁，与饮酒，尽醉而归。” cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measur for acetylene 2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-re vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T47352005 vertical cylindrical steel pressu-98 2 GB50128-ing 1 GB1502000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineer-welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744Department of the company. (3) personal injurying administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel 10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5ent. (sibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Departm) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding respones (1cordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penaltithe responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in ac aken,es, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been t5 所谓“极有术”、“英雄御臣之术”，无非是讲究策略方式，注重政治技巧。 ,,,这与“杯酒释兵权”(“杯酒论心，大将解印，此何术哉”)确有异曲同工之妙。 以上所举诸事，就性质而言，涉及到了控制、撤罢藩镇、确立君臣体统、收夺节度使之财等一系列军国大事。这些大事的措置，当然要有许多严肃、正规、细致的操作程序，不会是杯酒一席间的事情。但无可置疑的是，它们又都通过杯酒一席间，营造出一种和缓、机智、温厚的政治氛围。所谓“杯酒释兵权”正是在这样的氛围中发生的一幕喜剧，它的真实性是有其时代依据的。 三、从论者对“杯酒”一事所发生的诸多质疑看，更是大有商榷的余地。 论者怀疑“杯酒”一事的主要理由有二点。第一个“最为过硬”的理由是:“建隆二年六月甲午(初二)，太祖母杜太后病逝，六月初到七月初，乃国丧期间，朝廷上不作乐，不宴饮，而李焘所考‘杯酒释兵权’之事恰恰发生于此时，恐难令人置信。” 按古代的丧期，依据死者的身份和生者与死者的亲疏，分别有三年丧(即两周年)、期年丧(一周年)、九月丧和三月丧。这是理论上的规定。实际执行时，则依据对上述丧期的有规律的减缩(如“以日易月”，即一天等于一月，三年丧可为24天)来安排丧期。就此而言，论者所谓的“六月初到七月初，乃国丧期间”的说法，显然既不符合一般理论上的丧期，又不符合一般成俗上的丧期。 那么，当时是否另有特殊的要求或规定，将杜太后的丧期定作“六月初到七月初”呢,也没有。《宋会要辑稿》礼三之一载杜太后遗嘱表明，当时要求皇帝服丧的日期为“以日易月，一依旧制”，即将大丧三年(二周年，即二十四个月)压缩为二十四天;在京文武百官十三天可释丧服。地方官吏三天即可释丧服。释丧服即标帜着丧期已过，故“释服之后，勿禁作乐”。当然，这是太后的遗嘱。实际执行的情况如何呢,《宋史》卷一二三《礼志》: 建隆二年六月二日，皇太后杜氏崩„„太常礼院言:„„准故事(成俗)，合随皇帝以日易月之制，二十五日释服。二十七日禫除毕，服吉，心丧终制。从之。七月，太常礼院言:准诏议定皇太后谥„„谥曰明宪皇后。九月六日群臣奉册宝告于太庙。„„十月十六日葬安陵，十一月四日神主祔太庙宣祖(宋太祖之父)室。 杜太后六月二日去世，按“以日易月”的“故事(成俗)”，“服衰三年”实 2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor-ing construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG2020198 compressor, fan and pump installation engineer-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-tion and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T47352005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construc-98 2 GB50128-ing 1 GB1502000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineer-sel NDT 9 JB/T4744welding procedures of steel pressure vesing administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-punishment 0.5irect strative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the don. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning adminimilli ned 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2n person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fiructio(7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, const, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders 6 际只需二十四天。从六月二日到六月二十五日，正好为二十四天。故曰:“二十五日释服”，即脱去丧服。这标帜着朝廷规定的或曰法定的丧期已过。可见，论者所谓的“从六月初至七月初乃国丧期间”的论断，并无史实依据，不过是人为的延长而已(因为只有将其延长至“七月初”，才能对发生在七月初的“杯酒释兵权”提出质疑)。 当然，二十四天的丧期之后，还有七月的“上尊谥”，十月的“葬安陵”和十一月的“神主祔太庙”。至此，整个国丧才告完结。所以，从宽泛的意义上说，六月初二至十一月初四，也可视为国丧期。就这一角度而言，论者将国丧期定为“六月初至七月初”，同样是没有根据的，不过是人为地截短而已(因为在《长编》中，该年八月、十一月均有太祖宴饮群臣的明显记载，故只有将国丧期人为地截止到“七月初”，才不致于与这些明显的记载相冲突)。 总之，无论从哪一角度看，把杜太后的丧期说成是“六月初至七月初”，都是没有依据的。严格意义上的丧期，至脱下丧服之日，即六月二十五日已完结;宽泛意义上的丧期，则至太后入土为安和灵牌入太庙即十一月间完结。换言之，我们可以说，杜太后的丧期是从六月二日至六月二十五日，这是严格意义上的丧期;也可以说是从六月二日至十一月四日，这是宽泛意义上的丧期。但独独不可以说，杜太后的丧期是“从六月初至七月初”，因为当时并不存在这样的“丧期概念”。 在严格意义上的丧期内(六月二日至六月二十五日)，禁止作乐、宴饮。六月二十五日释丧服后，至十一月四日太后下葬安灵，虽仍在丧事中，但除特别隆 ?重的国家“大宴”外，已不禁止一般的宴饮、娱乐，前引“释服(丧服)之后，勿禁作乐”即是此意。《宋会要辑稿》礼四五之一中的一些重要记载，更可为明证: (建隆)二年正月二十日宴群臣于广政殿，„„七月十九日，十月十二日，十二月二十四日并宴群臣于广政殿。 可见，自六月二十五日释丧服后，七月、十月均有宴群臣于广政殿的活动。广政殿宴饮是场面较大的国宴，仅次于“大宴”。此等国宴倘频频举行，那么，像七月“杯酒释兵权”时的那种带有君臣叙旧性质的私宴，又有何不可呢, ?宋代的国宴包括大宴、次宴、小宴、特旨(曲宴)。其中大宴最为隆重喜庆。 for acetylene 2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-re vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T47352005 vertical cylindrical steel pressu-98 2 GB50128-ing 1 GB1502000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineer-welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744Department of the company. (3) personal injurying administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel 10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5ent. (sibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Departm) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding respones (1cordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penaltithe responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in ac aken,es, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been tcylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measur 7 论者否定“杯酒”一事的第二个理由是:“有关太祖‘杯酒释兵权’之记载，经历了从无到有，从简到详的过程„„丁谓的《谈录》(《丁晋公谈录》)可谓最早记载太祖、赵普商量解除石守信、王审琦兵权的书册，但在这册书中，没有涉及‘杯酒释兵权’的事。至王曾《笔录》(《王文正公笔录》)，始有“杯酒释兵权”的记载，且较详细。至神、哲宗时，司马光在他的《涑水纪闻》中，则在王曾《笔录》的基础上，又作了新的详细的撰述„„至南宋一代，人们又互相抄袭了《记闻》中的内容，有的还擅自增加情节„„经过这一系列的转摘补充，‘杯酒释兵权’，俨然成了一种历史事实了。” 应当承认，有关“杯酒释兵权”的记载中，某些细节的夸张和渲染肯定是存在的。如在王曾的《笔录》中，“杯酒释兵权”的过程和双方的言谈都较为简单，而到后来的《涑水纪闻》中，则“大事铺张设宴道旧的情节，绘声绘影，恍如身历其境，距离当事人的时代愈远，记载却愈详，此中显有缘饰。”(徐规先生语)所以，说“杯酒释兵权”的记载“经历了一个从简到详的过程”，是可以成立的。但是，这显然不应该成为否定此事真实性的一个理由。因为《笔录》再简，毕竟已经道出了“杯酒释兵权”的基本情节。 至于说有关“杯酒释兵权”的记载还“经历了一个从无(丁谓《谈录》中无)到有(王曾《笔录》中有)的过程”，认为王曾《笔录》中有关“杯酒释兵权”的记载是“擅增情节”，“无中生有”，则颇值得商讨。 其一，丁谓《谈录》中的确只记载了“释兵权”，而没有王曾《笔录》中的“杯酒释兵权”的情节。但是，王曾(公元978?1038年)只比丁谓(公元966?1037年)晚生十一年，二人基本是同代人，故丁、王之书孰后实难遽断(其实恰恰是王氏成书在先，详后)。论者以丁氏《谈录》“早出”为由，指责王氏《笔录》所载为“擅增情节”，似非稳妥之论。 其二，王曾一生两拜参知政事，两次出任宰相，又提任过枢密使，出帅入相，遍历二府，故其对宋代高层军政史必知之甚详;王曾为人忠直刚正，抨击真宗制造天书，裁抑太后姻亲而遭黜，素有直臣贤相之誉。书以人重，王曾的经历和为人决定了其《笔录》所叙必多实录而少缘饰。而丁谓虽也曾历官内外，但从未拜帅封相、入主二府，对宋代高层军政史所知不多;其为人又“憸狡”无德，真宗时的天书闹剧，即多发自他与王钦若，后因交通宦官，结党欺罔，被流放海南， 2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor-ing construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG2020198 compressor, fan and pump installation engineer-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-tion and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T47352005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construc-98 2 GB50128-ing 1 GB1502000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineer-sel NDT 9 JB/T4744welding procedures of steel pressure vesing administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-punishment 0.5irect strative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the don. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning adminimilli ned 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2n person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fiructio(7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, const, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders 8 朝野目之为奸佞。故丁氏之《谈录》，虽然不必因人而废，但其史料价值决不会在王氏《笔录》之上。这一点，前人其实早有定评，如《四库全书总目提要》论 ,,,王曾《笔录》时，即誉之为信史，谓“(王)曾练习掌故，所言多确凿可信”。而论丁谓《谈录》时，则语尽贬斥，俱为劣评(详下)。 其三，也是最重要的一点，《笔录》乃王曾亲笔所撰，成书实早，而《谈录》据《四库全书总目提要》卷一四三云: 《丁晋公谈录》一卷，不着撰人姓名，皆述丁谓所谈当代故事。晁公武《读书志》以其出于洪州潘延之家，疑即延之所作。延之，谓甥也。今观所记谓事，皆溢美，而叙澶渊之盟事，归之于天象，一字不及寇准。又载准挟嫌私改冯拯转官文字事，皆颠倒是非，有乖公论。即未必延之所作，其出于谓之余党，更无疑义也。 可见，所谓丁谓的《谈录》，其实并非丁氏亲撰，而是其后辈或余党对丁氏谈话的追述，至丁氏外甥潘延之时方才成书面世。如此说来，王曾《笔录》的成书面世必早于《谈录》无疑。按一般学术通则而言，不应以晚出的《谈录》来否定《笔录》中的相关内容，更没有理由认为，“杯酒释兵权”的记载，“经历了一个从无(《谈录》中无)到有(《笔录》中有)的编造过程”。 成效和意义 宋太祖即位后，曾对禁军的兵权进行了几次小规模的调整。“陈桥兵变”后一周进行过一次;建隆元年秋又进行过一次。通过这两次调整，禁军殿前、侍卫两司的九个最高军职全部为赵宋王朝的开国功臣所拥有。建隆二年三月，又进行了第三次调整。这次调整，撤罢了侍卫司的最高统帅韩令坤，而代之以石守信;撤罢了殿前司的最高统帅慕容延钊，并随之裁撤了殿前都点检这一最高军职。故此次调整，实为“杯酒释兵权”的先声。至七月“杯酒释兵权”，又解除了六名禁军将帅的兵权。《长编》卷二“建隆二年秋七月庚午条”，记载了其中的四名，即侍卫都指挥使石守信、殿前都指挥使王审琦、殿前副点检高怀德、侍卫都虞使张令铎。另据《宋史罗彦环传》和《长编》卷二“建隆二年七月壬午条”记载，侍卫步军都指挥使罗彦环、殿前都虞侯赵光义亦在此期间被解除了军职。 禁军殿前、侍卫两司，共九个高级职务，在“杯酒释兵权”以前，已有一个空缺(石守信由侍卫马步军副都指挥使升任都指挥使，所遗副都指挥使一职空 2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-re vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T47352005 vertical cylindrical steel pressu-98 2 GB50128-ing 1 GB1502000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineer-welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744Department of the company. (3) personal injurying administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel 10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5ent. (sibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Departm) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding respones (1cordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penaltithe responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in ac aken,es, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been tcylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measur for acetylene 9 缺)，一个裁撤(殿前都点检一职被裁撤)。而七月“杯酒释兵权”后，不到半个月，又解除了六位禁军将帅的兵权。至此，原来禁军中的九位高级将帅已有八人被解除了兵权(只有侍卫步军都指挥使韩重继续留在禁军当中，改任殿前都指挥使)，“杯酒释兵权”的成效是十分明显的。 “杯酒释兵权”后，为了兑现当时酒席上的承诺，也是为了安抚失去军权的禁军将帅，宋太祖寡居在家的妹妹燕国长公主嫁给了高怀德，女儿延庆公主、昭庆公主则分别下嫁石守信之子、王审琦之子。太祖当时只有一妹三女，她们中竟有三人嫁往释去兵权的将帅之家，说明这种婚姻是有着强烈政治色彩的。这种安排，不但使石守信等人在一失(失去兵权)一得(与皇室联姻)中获得了某种心理平衡，更重要的是，使他们消除了“弓藏狗烹”之类的疑惧，进而以愉快而又积极的态度，主动地调整各自的社会角色，与时进退，以适应新的社会环境。如王审琦为太祖义社十兄弟之一，“陈桥兵变”中因“翊戴之功”而升任殿前都指挥使。建隆元年。又两度统领大军，平息二李之乱，可谓功勋显赫。但其有功不居，“杯酒释兵权”后心态平和愉快，在地方节度使的岗位上创造出令人瞩目的 ,,,政绩。其余被解除兵权的将帅，虽然不是皆有政绩，但大致都能淡化权欲，安然处世。如石守信“积财巨万，尤信奉释氏”，高怀德“自为新声，度曲极精妙， ?好射猎，尝三五日露宿野次”，都在新的政治环境中确定了适当的角色。 值得注意的是，这批将帅虽然在“杯酒释兵权”中被解除了军权，调往各地为节度使，但在后来的统一战争中，他们当中又有不少人根据需要被临时调回军队。如开宝二年，王审琦任御营四面巡检使，统领禁军，随宋太祖出征太原。慕容延钊建隆二年闰三月罢去殿前都点检，出为山南西道节度使，乾德元年又调任湖南道行营前军都部署，率兵统一了湖南、荆南。韩令坤被解除侍卫马步军都指挥使后，出为成德军节度使，仍可统领沿边部分军队，“镇常山凡七年，北边以宁”。罗彦环“杯酒释兵权”时解除了侍卫步军都指挥使，出为彰德军节度使。乾德二年，又与李继勋统领军队，“大破契丹”，乾德四年春，“又与阁门使田钦 ?祚杀太原(北汉)军千余人于静阳，擒其将鹿英，获马三百匹”。这说明，“杯酒释兵权”这种宽缓的方式，既比较理性的解决了皇帝与开国功臣之间的矛盾，同时又使君臣之间保持了一种较为亲密的关系，留下了较为宽泛的合作余地。前 ?见《宋史》各本传。 ?见《宋史》各本传。 2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor-ing construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG2020198 compressor, fan and pump installation engineer-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-tion and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T47352005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construc-98 2 GB50128-ing 1 GB1502000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineer-sel NDT 9 JB/T4744welding procedures of steel pressure vesing administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-punishment 0.5irect strative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the don. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning adminimilli ned 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2n person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fiructio(7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, const, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders10 人对此颇多赞叹: 石守信而下(指石守信、王审琦、高怀德、韩重、张令铎、罗彦环等)皆显德旧臣，太祖开怀信任，获其忠力。一日以黄袍之喻，使自解其兵柄，以保其富贵，以遗其子孙„„石守信之积货巨万，怀德之驰逐饮度，岂非因以自晦者也。 ,,,至于审琦之政成蔡下，重之功宣广陵，卓乎可称。 太祖善御，诸臣知机„„与时进退，其名将之贤者欤～令坤、延钊素与太祖亲善，平荆湖则南服，镇常山则北边载宁，未尝恃旧与功以启嫌隙。创业君臣， ,？,有过人者类是夫。 “杯酒释兵权”，就其直接意义而言，一是预防了禁军将帅用兵权发动政变，重演“黄袍加身”的故事;二是解决了开国将帅居功自傲、偃蹇弄权的问题，“销跋扈之谋于杯觞流行之际”。所以，它的成功，极大地促成了宋初政局的稳定，使北宋避免了重蹈五代短命王朝的覆辙。正如后来明太祖朱元璋所言:“使诸将不早解兵柄，则宋之天下，未必五代若也。” 从较深的层次看，“杯酒释兵权”则意味着武人干政的结束，开启了偃武兴文之机。五代时期，是军阀的天下，“长枪大剑”指挥政治，形成了重武轻文的社会风尚，正如王安石所言:“唐既亡矣，陵夷以至五代，而武夫用事，贤者(文 ,,,,臣)伏匿消沮而不见，在位者无复有知君臣之义、上下之礼者也”。北宋立国之初，重武轻文的风气依然如旧:开国诸将“官爵勋阶并从超等”，位重势大，“意多骄蹇”;而同为开国功臣的赵普，却屈居四品，“以枢密直学士立朝”。“杯酒释兵权”后，第一代开国将帅调出京城，“各守外藩”，武人干预中央政治的局面为之改变。此后，新提拔的第二代将帅，资浅功薄，自然无法与赵普等开国文臣相抗衡了。故“杯酒释兵权”后不久，赵普即出任枢密使，开始执掌军国实权，后又“独相十年”，总揽朝政，文盛武消之势已是明若观火。《宋史》卷四三九《赞论》曰:“艺祖革命，首用文吏而夺武臣之权，宋之尚文，端本乎此。”元代史学 ,,,,名家袁桷亦云:“杯酒释兵权，此启运立基之机也。然文盛武衰，亦自此始。”二者立论的角度虽各有不同，但均道出了“杯酒”一事的深意所在。 从更深的意义上看，“杯酒释兵权”所解决的，又是中国封建政治中的一个最为棘手的问题??如何处理皇帝与开国功臣之间的矛盾。“鸟尽弓藏，兔死狗烹”，即诛杀功臣，是一些开国之君惯用的手法。这虽然也可以部分地解决功臣 for acetylene 2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-re vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T47352005 vertical cylindrical steel pressu-98 2 GB50128-ing 1 GB1502000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineer-welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744Department of the company. (3) personal injurying administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel 10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5ent. (sibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Departm) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding respones (1cordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penaltithe responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in ac aken,es, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been tcylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measur 11 对皇权的威胁，但伴随而来的腥风血雨，却会造成沉重的阴影，扭曲和戕害几代人的心智，从而对政治的昌明、经济的发展、文化的繁荣产生极为不利的影响。而宋初的“杯酒释兵权”，却选择了一种较为理性和文明的方式。“杯酒论心，大将解印”，谈笑之间，解决了一个历代深感棘手的问题。当然，实际过程不会如此简单。但自建隆二年七月后，绝大部分功高资深的禁军将帅，既被解除了兵权，又保持了同皇帝的亲密关系，却是无可置疑的事实。这表明，宋初皇帝与功臣宿将的矛盾已经化解在一种较为宽缓、平和的气氛之中了。 这种宽缓、平和的气氛，使得宋王朝在其诞生之际就蕴含了一种不同寻常的开国气象。远在四川的后蜀政治家，就曾以旁观者的清醒，觉察出几丝信息。宰 ,,,,相李昊曰:“臣观宋氏启运，不类汉周”。此后，随着时间的推移，人们对宋王朝的这种“不类汉周”的开国气象有了更明晰的体认。如邵雍、程颐、范仲淹等就将“祖宗以来，未尝轻杀大臣”作为“本朝超越古今五事者”之一;蔡确、吕大防、曾布等，则更把“不杀大臣”“不杀士人”，“不杀谏官”，“不以文字罪人”等等，统统指称为“祖宗家法”，以为“三代之后，惟本朝祖宗所立家法最 ?善”。南宋名臣留正则云: 本朝自古所无者三。艺祖皇帝受命之日，市不易肆，一也;祖宗以来，世传二厚，虽甚威怒，未尝妄杀，故论者谓不嗜杀人，惟本朝有之，二也;徽庙光尧 ,,,,两行内禅，皆出自睿断，三也。 “自古所无”云云，虽然不无夸耀，但也确实道出了宋代政治运作中值得注意的一些变化??“受命之日，市不易肆”，较之于喋血宫门，兵连祸结，无疑多了一些文明和理性;威怒有度，不诛大臣，不嗜杀人，较之于“天子之怒，伏尸百里”，无疑又少了一些蒙昧和野蛮;至于“内禅皆出自睿断”(即皇帝本人自愿退位)，较之于惯常的皇位争夺，也多少显示出理性与蒙昧的分野„„总之，在宋代的政治生活中，野蛮蒙昧的色彩在消褪，文明理性的色彩在增多，政治运作的文明化、理性化的程度大大提高。 这种变化，固然有其深刻的社会历史动因，但另一方面，“自古创业垂统之君，即其一时之好尚，而一代规模可豫知矣”。从这一角度看，宋初的“杯酒释 ?分见《邵氏闻见录》卷一八;《河南程氏遗书》卷一五;《范文正公文集》附录《年谱》;侯延庆:《退斋笔录》(高文虎《蓼花州闲谈》引);《宋史》卷三四?《吕大防传》;《长编》卷四九五，哲宗元符元年三月辛亥。参见徐规:《宋太祖誓约辨析》(载《历史研究》一九八六年第四期。) 2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor-ing construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG2020198 compressor, fan and pump installation engineer-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-tion and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T47352005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construc-98 2 GB50128-ing 1 GB1502000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineer-sel NDT 9 JB/T4744welding procedures of steel pressure vesing administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-punishment 0.5irect strative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the don. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning adminimilli ned 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2n person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fiructio(7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, const, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders12 兵权”，其最深刻的意义就在于营造了一种较为文明和理性的开国氛围，从而影响和带动着宋代的政治生活向着相对宽松和自由的方向发展，并最终形成了“未尝轻杀臣下”，“不以文字罪人”，“不杀士大夫及上书言事人”等值得肯定的政治传统。而政治上的这种变化，又必然会促进经济和文化的繁荣，“给社会各个方 ?面都带来勃勃生机”。 ?关于宋代政治的宽松和自由的问题，笔者曾聆听过刘祚昌先生的若干精闢论述，启益良多。漆侠先生最近在《宋学的发展和演变》(载《文史哲》一九九五年第一期)中，亦论述了宋代“经济领域”和“上层建筑领域”中的“某种宽松和自由”，认为这种宽松和自由“给社会各个方面都带来了勃勃生机”。 2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-re vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T47352005 vertical cylindrical steel pressu-98 2 GB50128-ing 1 GB1502000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineer-welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744Department of the company. (3) personal injurying administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel 10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5ent. (sibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Departm) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding respones (1cordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penaltithe responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in ac aken,es, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been tcylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measur for acetylene 13 参考文献 ,,, 张其凡(《五代禁军初探》[M](暨南大学出版社，一九九三年十一月(第一?三页( ,,,《长编》[M](卷一，建隆元年正月辛亥条( ,,, 张其凡(《赵普评传》[M](北京出版社(第五十页( ,,,《长编》[M](卷一?，开宝二年正;开宝二年十月(?《宋史纪事本末》[M](卷二《收 兵权》引胡一桂语( ,,,《宋史论》[M](卷一( ,,,《四库全书总目提要》[G](卷一四?( ,,,《宋史》[M](卷二五?《五审琦传》?《长编》[M](卷一一开宝三年三月条( ,,,《宋史》[M](卷二五?《赞曰》( ,？,《宋史》[M](卷二五一《赞曰》( ,,,,《上仁宗皇帝言事书》[M]( ,,,,《清容居士集》[M](卷四七《书艺祖皇帝十节度风云图》( ,,,,《长编》[M](卷四，乾德元年五月条( ,,,,《建炎以来系年要录》[M](卷二??( ——08历史3班 98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineer-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-tion and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T47352005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construc-98 2 GB50128-ing 1 GB1502000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineer-sel NDT 9 JB/T4744welding procedures of steel pressure vesing administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-punishment 0.5irect strative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the don. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning adminimilli ned 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2n person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fiructio(7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, const, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders 2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor-ing construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG2020114