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life cycle assessment sample Assignment #4: Life Cycle Assessment CONSTRUCT A LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT MODEL TO ASSESS THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF A PRODUCT OF YOUR CHOICE The goal of this report is to evaluate life cycle direct and indirect environmental impacts of Biofera Micro/1...

life cycle assessment sample
Assignment #4: Life Cycle Assessment CONSTRUCT A LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT MODEL TO ASSESS THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF A PRODUCT OF YOUR CHOICE The goal of this report is to evaluate life cycle direct and indirect environmental impacts of Biofera Micro/1m2. The minimum reference service life (RSL) for the purpose of the Early Practical Date (EPD) is 10 years.The technical data comes from Product Information System. The testing product, Biosfera Micro, is produced in the manufacturing site Scherpenzeel and owned by Interface Europe. The table below illustrates more details about proportion of different materials used during manufacturing. The Carpet tiles have 3 layers. Surface pile is made of 100% recycled solution-dyed polyamide 6. Backing system, of which 25% is recycled, contains glass-fleece reinforcement and polypropylene covering fleece. Recycled content (post and pre-consumer) occupies 52% out of total weight. In order to draw life cycle flow and measure environmental impacts form every step, report divides the whole lifecycle into A, B, C, and D modules (table 2). LC starts from material and end to recycling as well as selling to cement company. Unfortunately, LC of Carpet couldn’t close the loop totally because parts of material are difficult to 3R. Table 1: Base Materials/ Ancillary Materials Material PA 6 PES PP Limestone Bitumen AL(OH) 3 Latex Glass fiber Additi ves Value 8.3 2.9 1.2 52.6 18.4 3.7 11.2 0.8 0.9 Unit % % % % % % % % % Table 2: Type of the Early Practical Date (Cradle to grave) Number Name Task A A1-A3 PRODUCTION Energy supply and production of materials, waste treatment. Credits for electricity and steam (ES) from the incineration of production waste are aggregated A4 TRANSPORT Transport packed textile floorcovering to installation A5 INSTALLATION Installation, waste treatment Credit for ES form the incineration of packaging and installation waste leave the product system B B1 USE Indoor emission during EPD (10 years) B2 MAINTENANCE Cleaning, Vacuum cleaning, Wet cleaning B3-B7 NOT RELEVANT C C1 DE-CONSTRUCTION Handcraft no impact C2 TRANSPORT Transport waste to landfill, municipal waste incineration (WMI), waste collection C3 WASTE POCESSING Landfill, waste incineration-no waste need processing Collection-Granulating C4 DISPOSAL Landfilling, incineration-leave the system boundaries Processed carpet waste leaves the system boundaries D D REUSE/RECOVERY/RECYCLING POTENTIAL Energy credits from landfill Energy credits from waste incineration (processing with < 60% efficiency) Transport, substitution of material, fuel input The life-cycle-flow (Figure 1) begins at the input of materials and energy carriers from suppliers and nature, respectively. Last stage is to dispose waste including 3 ways: send to landfill, incineration and transport to cement industry. During LC, it may generate emission, leak of fuel, material loss, water consumption, electricity consumption, heat loss and etc. In order to reduce impacts, Interface use PA 6 SD as the key material (100% recycled) and transport the organic material to cement kiln as secondary fuel and integrate inorganic material in the cement clinker then substitute original material input. However, during the LC of PV, the most impact is energy need, especially solar electricity. Figure 1: Life-cycle Flow of Biospera Micro/1M2 In the period of Carpet LC, there are variable impacts on air, water, fossil, etc. From conclusion below (Table 2), A1-A3 has the most environmental effect. Table 2: Most significant effective process on variable aspects Parameter CWP ODP AP EP POCP ADPE ADPF Unit Kg co2-Äq. Kg CFC11 Äq. Kg so2 Äq. Kg po43 Äq. Kg Ethen Äq. Kg Sb Äq. Kg Mj Äq. Most significant impact C4/1 B2 B2 C4/1 B2 A1-A3 A1-A3 Caption GWP = Global warming potential; ODP = Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; AP = Acidification potential of land and water; EP = Eutrophication potential; POCP = Formation potential of tropospheric ozone photochemical oxidants; ADPE = Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil resources; ADPF = Abiotic depletion potential for fossil resources Parameter PERE PERM PERT PENRE PENRM PENRT SM RSF NRSF FW Unit [MJ] [MJ] [MJ] [MJ] [MJ] [MJ] [KG] [MJ] [MJ] [M3] Most significant impact A1-A3 NONE A1-A3 A1-A3 A1-A3 A1-A3 A1-A3 NONE NONE A1-A3 Caption PERE = Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERM = Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERT = Total use of renewable primary energy resources; PENRE = Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRM = Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRT = Total use of non-renewable primary energy resources; SM = Use of secondary material; RSF = Use of renewable secondary fuels; NRSF = Use of non-renewable secondary fuels; FW = Use of net fresh water Parameter HWD NHWD RWD MFR MER EEE EET Unit [Kg] [Kg] [Kg] [Kg] [Kg] [MJ] [MJ] Most significant impact A1-A3 B2 A1-A3 C4/2 C4/2 C4/1 C4/1 Caption HWD = Hazardous waste disposed; NHWD = Non-hazardous waste disposed; RWD = Radioactive waste disposed; CRU = Components for re-use; MFR = Materials for recycling; MER = Materials for energy recovery; EEE = Exported electrical energy; EET = Exported thermal energy In all, Lifecycle framework focuses on sustainability and environmental impacts of a product but ignore the social effect, profitability and technical effect during lifecycle which are still significant. Sometimes, technical breakthrough will redesign inventory, boundaries of LCA. For example, CTA Bus is committed to the goal of cleaner air in the Chicago region. CTA have changed fuel sources adding hybrid bus to reduce carbon footprint. However, LCA assumes that development will follow common or theoretical tendency based on existing data rather than forecasts huge changes caused by technology or policy within reference service life. Unfortunately, however, not all entrepreneurs could estimate that happens. Nevertheless, another effect, social effect, can be predicted before shrivel. Social effect, in fact, is kind of tricky to definite. But thorough research can totally solve relative problem by learning local culture, consumption, purchasing preference, rite taboos, and etc. Then company could know the social magnitude of these impacts. For example, European countries create much more serious policies controlling emission, disposal, and waste treatment, so even identical productions generated in different areas will relatively have different incidences on social impacts. In contrast, some factors outside the existing boundaries of Biofera Micro life cycle have obvious influences. For example, different consumption habits almost decide market location of carpet. In China, only companies, hotel or some public buildings use carpet while residents prefer choosing wood floor or tile. Yet demands in USA or European countries are considerable. Reference: Interface, Environmental Product Declaration (Biosfera Micro); 19.06.2012 Stand Interface Flooring Systems Group: Interface Corporation http://pdf.archiexpo.com/pdf/interface-flooring-systems/biosfera/4250-106125-_3.h tml More about LCA http://www.dantes.info/Tools&Methods/Environmentalassessment/enviro_asse_lca_detail.html D. Beloin-Saint-Pierre, I. Blanc, J. Payet, P. Jacquin, N. Adra, D. Mayer; Environmental Impact of PV Systems: Effects of Energy Sources Used in Production of Solor Panels http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/48/73/49/PDF/Beloin-Saint-Pierre_Blanc_EU_PV_Hambu rg_2009.pdf Masaru Nakano, Shigetoshi Noritake, Toshio Ohashi; A lifecycle Simulation Framework for Production Systems, Toyota Central R&D Laboratories., Inc., Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1192 A Greener CTA-Clean Air Buses http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELmiHd5yZhw
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