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初中英语语法之名词和动词时态

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初中英语语法之名词和动词时态名词 可数名词有复数形式,如an apple,two apples。 不可数名词一般无复数形式,如wood,money,music。 可数名词的复数形式变换规则: 1. 一般情况加-s。如book—books,desk—desks 2. 以-s,-sh, -ch及-x结尾的名词加-es。如: kiss-kisses, watch-watches, box-boxes, bush-bushes 3. 以-o结尾的词,词尾为元音字母的词和某些外来词在词尾加-s,如 photo—photos,piano-pianos,s...

初中英语语法之名词和动词时态
名词 可数名词有复数形式,如an apple,two apples。 不可数名词一般无复数形式,如wood,money,music。 可数名词的复数形式变换规则: 1. 一般情况加-s。如book—books,desk—desks 2. 以-s,-sh, -ch及-x结尾的名词加-es。如: kiss-kisses, watch-watches, box-boxes, bush-bushes 3. 以-o结尾的词,词尾为元音字母的词和某些外来词在词尾加-s,如 photo—photos,piano-pianos,studio-studios 以o结尾的词,词尾为辅音加+o,则在词尾加-es,如tomato—tomatoes 4. 以-y结尾的词,且-y前是一个辅音字母,则把-y去掉,加-ies。如:baby-babies, university-universities, fly-flies 如果以-y结尾的名词,-y前是一个元音字母,则直接加-s。如:boy-boys, donkey-donkeys 5. 以-f或-fe结尾的名词,一般将-f,-fe去掉,加-ves。如:wife-wives, wolf-wolves, calf-calves. 6. 有些名词以改变元音构成其复数形式。如:man-men, woman-women,foot-feet, mouse-mice, tooth-teeth 7. 有些表示生物的名词,其复数形式与单数相同。如:fish-fish, sheep-sheep, deer-deer clothes衣服,trousers裤子,glasses眼镜,thanks谢谢,people人们等为复数形式。 有些物质名词和抽象名词的单复数形式表达不同含义。如: cloth布——clothes衣服 glass玻璃——glasses眼镜 letter信,字母——letters文学 time时间——times时代 work工作——works著作,作品 练习: 1.piece_______ shoe_______ lake________ bag________ eye________ shirt_______ road________ month__________ tree________ war________ daughter___________ 2. bus________ wish_______ match________ watch________ class________ brush________ 3. zoo________ piano_______ photo________ 4. body________ city_________ baby________ family__________ party________ story​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​________ boy_________ key_________ way_________ toy_________ monkey​​​​​​​​​​​_________ day__________ diary_________ 5. life_________ leaf_________ wife_________ 6. German________ Chinese_________ Japanese_________ child________ sheep_________ fishman_________ policeman_________ 动词 一.动词的形式 第三人称单数形式 1. 主语是第三人称单数时,动词形式有如下变化: 一般动词在词尾加-s。如help—helps,like—likes,listen—listens,find—finds 以字母以-s,-sh, -ch及-x结尾的动词加-es,如果动词原形词尾已有-e,则加s。以o结尾的动词也加-es。如teach—teaches,go—goes,do—does,pass—passes,finish—finishes 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,先变y为i,再加-es。如study—studies,cry—cries,try—tries,fly—flies 2. 动词be和have各人称的单数形式: 人称 第一人称单数 第二人称单数 第三人称单数 be am are is have have have has 动词现在分词形式 1. 一般在动词原形末尾加-ing。如ask—asking,study—studying,go—going,be—being 2. 以不发音字母e结尾的动词,先去掉e再加-ing,如come—coming,live—living,have—having,close—closing 3. 以重读闭音节结尾的动词,末尾是一个辅音字母,它的前面是单个元音字母,应先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ing。如 cut—cutting run—running stop—stopping sit—sitting get—getting begin—beginning swim—swimming forget—forgetting 4. 以ie结尾的动词,变ie为y,再加-ing。如die—dying,lie—lying,tie—tying 动词的过去式和过去分词 1. 一般在动词原形末尾加-ed。如answer—answered,look—looked,play—played,open—opened,clean—cleaned。 2. 以不发音字母e结尾的动词加-d。如hope—hoped,live—lived,use—used,change—changed。 3. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,先变y为i,再加-ed。如carry—carried,cry—cried,try—tried。 4. 以一个重读闭音节结尾的动词,应先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ed。如plan—planned,stop—stopped,fit—fitted。 5. 不规则动词的过去式和过去分词形式。 二.动词的时态 1.一般现在时的用法 1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语: every…, at…, on Sunday,sometimes ,often,usually, always,never,once a week。例如: I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。 They always help each other.他们总是互相帮助。 2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如: The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 3) 表示格言或警句。例如: Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如: I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ross works hard.罗斯工作很努力(表示特征和性格)。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行(表示能力)。 5)表示计划,安排好的将来动作,也可用一般现在时。例如:go,come,leave,arrive,start,be等动词常可以这样用。 The train starts at six in the morning.火车早上六点开。 He comes back tonight.他今晚回来。 比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。 第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。 一般现在时的肯定式,否定式和疑问式以及简单回答形式(以study为例): 肯定式:I (You,We,They)study. He (She,It) studies. 否定式:I (You,We,They)do not/don’t study. He (She,It) does not/doesn’t study. 疑问式:Do I (you,we,they)study? Does he (she,it) study? 简单回答:Yes,you do. No, you don’t. Yes, I do. No, I don’t. Yes, he(she,it) does. No, he(she,it) doesn’t. 2.一般过去时的用法 1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week(上个星期),last year(去年),just now(刚才), an hour ago(一小时前), a moment ago(刚才,前一会),the other day(前几天), in 1982等。例如: Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了? Last week I met her in the street but we didn’t stop to talk.上周我在街上遇到她但我们没有停下来聊天。 2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如: When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。 Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。 3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"。例如:It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如:I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。 4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。 例如:I thought you might want some. 我以为你想要一些。 注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。 1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如: Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗? I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。 2)情态动词 could, would。例如: Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗? used to / be used to used to + do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。例如: Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。 Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。 be used to + doing:对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。例如: He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。 典型例题 ---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it. ---- It's 69568442. A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't 答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。 3.一般将来时的用法 1) shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如: Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢? Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗? 2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。 a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢? b. 计划,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。 c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。 3) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如: We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 。 4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。例如: He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。 注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。 5) be going to / will 用于条件句时,be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如: If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. 还可以用一般现在时表将来: 1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如: The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。 When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。 2)以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如: Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。 There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。 3)在时间或条件句中。例如: When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。 I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。 4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如: I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。 还可以用现在进行时表示将来: 下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如: I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。 Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗? 4.现在完成时的用法 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:have(has) +过去分词。 1. 比较一般过去时与现在完成时 1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。 2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。现在完成时不能和明确表示过去时间的状语连用。 一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语。 现在完成时的时间状语:already,for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语。 共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。 3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如: I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了) I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了) Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了) Who hasn't handed in his paper? (强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争) He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续) He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续) 句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。 (错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. (对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 2.用于现在完成时的句型 1)It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如: It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。 This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。 2)This is +形容词最高级+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。例如: This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 典型例题 (1) ---Do you know our town at all? ---No, this is the first time I ___ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B。 (2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before? ---No, it's the first time I ___ here. A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。 注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 (错)I have received his letter for a month. (对)I haven't received his letter for almost a month. 11.12 比较since和for Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如: I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。 I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。 注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。) I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。) 注意:用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。 1)(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2)(错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. 11.13 since的四种用法 1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。例如: I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在这儿。 2) since +一段时间+ ago。例如: I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿,已经有五个月了。 3) since +从句。例如: Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后,变化可大了。 Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后,变化可大了。 4) It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如: It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。 11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词 1) 用于完成时的区别 延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如: He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果) I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历) 2) 用于till / until从句的差异 延续动词用于肯定句,表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示"到……,才……"。例如: He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。 He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。 典型例题 1. You don't need to describe her. I ___​​​​​​​ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet 答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,several times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。 2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting. ---Oh, not at all. I ___here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。 难点:have/has gone to 和have/has been to的区别 Have gone to表示“已经去了某地(还没有回来)”,have been to表示“曾到过某地(已经回来了)”。试比较: They have gone to London. 他们到伦敦去了。(他们可能在去伦敦的路上,或已经到达) They have been to London.他们到过伦敦。(现在已不在伦敦了) 现在完成时和一般过去时的比较: 1.I have seen him. 我已见过他(我了解他的情况) I saw him yesterday. 我昨天看到他的。(只说明我昨天看到他,并不涉及现在的情况) 2.I have been ill for a week。我已经病了一周了(现在还在生病) I was ill for a week。我病了一周(过去病了一周,暗示现在已好) 3.She has lived here since 1980. 自1980年以来,她一直住在这里。(她现在还住在这里) She lived here in 1980. 1980年她住在这里(不涉及现在是否还住在这里) 练习 用所给动词的现在完成时或者一般过去时填空: 1.The room is cold. Who_________________(open) the window? 2.”Where is Tom ?” “He___________​​​___(go) to the cinema .” 3.___________(you)____________(put) away my book? I can’t find it anywhere now. 4.I________________(read) the novel last year. 5.My friend __________________(live) in Beijing for ten years. He____________ (come) here in 1988. 6.I _______________(know) her since she came here. 7.We ________________(not finish) the work yet. 8.She ______________(study) English since 1990. 9.My aunt __________________ just __________________(buy) a new coat. She ___________________(but) it in Shanghai. 10.I’m sorry, I _________________(forget) your name. 11.Tom___________________(not find) his watch yet. 12.I ____________________(see) the play. I ___________________(see) it last month with my sister. 13.They __________________(go) to Europe(欧洲) last year. 14.I am not hungry. I______________________ just _______________have my dinner. 15.My father ____________________(be) to America many times. 5.过去完成时的用法 1) 概念:表示过去的过去 其构成是had +过去分词。had not 常省略为hadn’t. 2) 用法:过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前,已经发生或者已经完成了的动作,它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by,before等介词短语或者时间状语从句表示。 a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如: She said (that)she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。 b. 状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如: When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。 c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"。例如: We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来。 3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如: He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生。 By yesterday evening he had written that letter.到昨天晚上,他已经写完了那封信。 Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了。 典型例题 The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office. A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left 答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前,因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。 注意: had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如: I had hardly opened the door when he called me. 我刚打开门,他就打电话给我。 用一般过去时代替过去完成时 1) 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but 等连词时,多用一般过去时。例如: When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起来。 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了。 2 ) 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。例如: When I heard the news, I was very excited. 3) 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。例如: Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 6.将来完成时的用法 1) 构成will have done 2) 概念 a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如: They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。 b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如: You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时,你已经到达上海了。 7.过去将来时的用法 would+动词原形或was/ were going to+动词原形 过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将来要看发生的动作或存在的状态。具体分为: 1.主句为过去时,宾语从句常表示将要发生的事情。如: Nobody knew what would happen after a hundred years. 没有人知道一百年之后将会发生什么事。 We didn’t know whether she was going to speak at the meeting. 我们不知道她是否准备在会上发言。 2.在叙述过去的事情或事情发生的经过时,用过去将来时表示在当时看将来会发生的事。如: It was a Saturday afternoon. A young man named George had just left school. He was going to start to work the following week, so he decided to buy some new clothes and a new pair of shoes.一个星期六的下午,一位名叫乔治的年轻人刚离开学校。因为他准备下周开始工作,所以,决定买些新衣服和一双新鞋子。 过去将来时的其他表示法: 1.在时间或条件状语从句中,常用一般过去时表示在过去看将来要发生的动作。如: They said that they were going to West Hill Farm if it didn’t rain the next Sunday. 他们说如果下星期天不下雨他们就去西山农场。 The teacher asked Tom what he was going to be when he grew up. 老师问汤姆长大后准备干什么。 2.go, come, leave, fly, drive, arrive, start等表示位置移动的动词常用过去进行时表示一个当时按计划或安排近期将要发生的动作。如: She didn’t say when she was coming again next time. 她没说下一次什么时候会再来。 Jim decided they were flying to England next month. 吉姆决定他们下个月坐飞机去英国。 赞同
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