Economy_of_the_UK

nullEconomy of the UKEconomy of the UKBefore WWIIBefore WWIIBritish economy became dominant(占支配地位的) in the world. —— industrial revolution Question: What made British economy became dominant in the world?null工业革命null 工业革命，是18世纪中期到19世纪，在欧美一些主要资本主义国家，先后发生的以机器生产代替手工劳动的重大变革。null “为什么工业革命首先在英国发生？” 1、前提：资产阶级统治在英国确立 2、条件：①资本 ②劳力 ③市场 ④资源、原料null一、“解放”手的发明1、背景： ①生产的发展，使原有的生产方式无法满足需要 ② 英国的棉纺织业发达 ③ 纺与织相联系2、发明： 珍妮机 1765年 哈格里夫斯null 在珍妮机之后，有更多的工作机被发明出来并得以应用，这就把人类直接参加劳动的“手”解放出来，从而完成了人类在物质生产领域中的一次巨大飞跃，即用机器生产代替手工劳动。珍妮机的发明和应用标志着工业革命的开始。或者：机器的发明和使用标志着工业革命的开始nullnullnull二、蒸汽的推动力 1、背景：纺织机的运用要求有推动它的动力 2、改进创新：改良蒸汽机 1783年 瓦特null 蒸汽机瓦特nullnullnull1、背景：生产的发展要求有发达的运输工具 三、呼啸而来的火车时代3、意义：使人类迈入了 火车时代，迅速地 扩大了人类的活动范围 null 航行时蒸汽机推动船两侧的明轮，所以这种船就被称为轮船。1807年，这艘汽船在内河试航成功，揭开了水上交通运输工具的新篇章。 nullnull 火车null5、工业时代严重的破坏了我们赖以生存 的自然环境四、出乎人们预料的后果1、创造了巨大的生产力，促使经济的迅速发展2、工业革命使资本主义社会日益分裂为两的大直接对立的阶级资产阶级和无产阶级4、率先完成工业革命的西方资本主义国家加紧了对外侵略，造成亚、非、拉美许多国家和地区的落后 使东方开始隶属于西方3、现代大工厂 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 也建立起来， 人类迅速地完成了从手工工场向大工厂时代的过渡null 这是英国棉花加工量增长表示意图。 棉纺织业中机器的发明和使用，大大加速了棉花加工量的增长，从这幅图中我们可以看到从1764年到1789年25年间，棉花加工量增长了8倍多。 阅读null 这是英国生铁产量增长表。 由于冶金、采矿行业中采用机器生产，大大提高了生铁产量。从表中可以看出，英国的生铁产量在60年间增长了15倍。 null阅读 新生的工业能够这样成 长起来，只是因为它用机器代替了手工工具，用工厂代替了作坊，从而把中等阶级中的劳动分子变成工人无产者，把从前的大商人变成了厂主；它排挤了小资产阶级，并把居民间的一切差别化为工人和资本家之间的对立。nullnullnull英 国 工 业 革 命纺织改良 蒸汽机采矿 冶金运输业十九世纪上半期基 本 完 成英国工业革命的进程nullThe factory of the world (the workshop of the world) a. 1/3 of the world’s manufactured goods. b. produced half its coal and iron; half its cotton c. shipping amount greater than that of the rest of the world put together However, since 1900, especially after civil WWII, Britain not only gave up its economic hegemony(霸权) but also lost its industrial leadership.     From 1900 to 1945 (the Pre-war era) only second to the U.S. in the international economy, this indicated some sort of decline. a. having been overtaken by the U.S. and Germany b. remains one of the Group of 8 large industrial economies c. steady economic growth and rapidly increasing living standards Postwar RecoveryPostwar RecoveryBy the end of 1947, the British economy returned to its pre-war levels. Between 1950s and 1970s, its GDP grew at an average annual rate lower than that of most of its trading partners. British Disease ——chronic(慢性的) balance of payments deficits（赤字） ——the British pound fell to its lowest levelnull3. During the 2nd world war and post-war era, the UK had experienced an economic decline since 1945. This is a relative decline rather than an absolute one. Britain is more wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945, but since other countries developed more rapidly. What is relative decline?null﹡ It has dropped from being the 2nd largest economy to being the 6th. Causes for relative declines after the 2nd World War : Causes for relative declines after the 2nd World War : i. Britain had gone heavily into debt in order to finance the 2nd World War. During the war, sold many of its accumulated overseas assets and borrowed large amount from U.S. and Canada. ii. British colonies which used to provide raw materials and big markets gained independence. iii. Britain was heavily burdened with the huge military expenditure during the process of decolonization. nulliv. Britain also lacked the investment in modern equipment and new products. Low output in old industries. v. long-standing economic problem ----- a lack of close relationship between banks and industries. nullRecent History The privatization in the 1980s --The British economy went through a particularly bad in the 1970s, with high rates of inflation and devaluation of the currency. nullnullTherefore, in the 1980s, when the Conservative party under Margaret Thatcher was in power, and extensive program of privatization was carried out. Many state-owned businesses (such as steel, telecom, gas, aerospace) were turned into private companies. nullPrivatization was successful in controlling inflation but at the same time unemployment rate increased rapidly. Margaret ThatcherMargaret ThatcherMargaret Hilda Thatcher (born 13 October 1925) ,served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. nullShe came into power as Britain’s first woman Prime Minister in 1979 when her Conservative party won the general election. She advocated the idea of small government and free-market economics. During her term as the Prime Minister, she carried out policies to privatize the nationalized industry and to cut tax rate. As a result, many businesses boomed but unemployment rate increased. She was later replaced by John Major in 1990.nullThe Thatcher government adopted an economic programme known as Medium-Term Financial Strategy: privatisation deregulation(放松管制、解除管制) market liberalisation(自由市场) Till now, Britain remains one of Group of Eight(八国集团). It is second only to the US as a destination for international direct investment. null(1990---1992) -----recession衰退--- the economy shrunk by 2.3% (1992--- 1996)----- steady growth in1996 -----greatly affected by the ban on beef exports resulted from BSE Disease(疯牛病) in Cattle industry.The Current EconomyThe Current EconomyPrimary industriesAgriculture / fishing / miningSecondary industriesManufacturing complex goods from the primary productsTertiary industriesService industries: banking / insurance / selling of goodsnull Primary industries: 13% Secondary industries: 22% Tertiary industries:65%Primary industry: agriculturePrimary industry: agricultureAgriculture in the UK is intensive(密集的), highly-mechanised and efficient. Certain areas have specialised in one particular type of farming which is best suited to the local climate and soil. Three quarters of Britain’s land is used for agriculture-one quarter for crops and the rest for grazing animals of which sheep are the most numerous livestock. energyenergyCoal is a major source of energy for industry —— Industrial Revolution and growth of traditional heavy industries. In addition to its coal mining industry, Britain has become a major oil and gas producer. Today Britain is not only self-sufficient in oil but also has a surplus for export, making Britain a big exporter of energy.The offshore oil industries The offshore oil industries The technology required to extract oil from the difficult offshore conditions has given UK companies a strong position in the off shore oil industry around the world. 3 of the biggest ten companies in Britain are to be found. Shell (half Dutch), British Petroleum, and British Gas.Some big companies in Britain in the energy sectorSome big companies in Britain in the energy sectorShell British Petroleum British Gas RTZ(the world’s largest mining company) British SteelSecondary industry: Manufacturing industrySecondary industry: Manufacturing industryProducing 20% of national wealth. Pharmaceuticals (Wellcome), chemicals, aerospace, and food and drink. Britain is the forth largest in electronic industry. Scotland has Europe’s largest collection of foreign-owned chip factories.Tertiary industryTertiary industryTertiary industry produce over 2/3 of national wealth. Britain is a major trading power, the fifth largest trading nation in the world. Britain has had a deficit on visible trade and a surplus on invisible trade. Britain is the world’s leading trading power and financial centre. London is one of the top three financial centres in the world, also is also the world’s largest exchange market.London Stock ExchangeLondon Stock ExchangeIt is one of the busiest share-dealing centers in the world.