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印尼石油(Indonesian oil)印尼石油(Indonesian oil) 印尼石油(Indonesian oil) The oil of thousand island country 09-03-19 Author: Editor: oil light editor Indonesia (Indonesia) is a "thousand island country" in Southeast Asia, and there are more than 17000 islands in china. The three largest...

印尼石油(Indonesian oil)
印尼石油(Indonesian oil) 印尼石油(Indonesian oil) The oil of thousand island country 09-03-19 Author: Editor: oil light editor Indonesia (Indonesia) is a "thousand island country" in Southeast Asia, and there are more than 17000 islands in china. The three largest island, one is on the west of the Malacca Strait in Sumatra; one is south of the main island of Java, Jakarta, the capital city of Surabaya, the famous Bandung on the island; the other is on the north side of the island of Kalimantan, formerly called the island of Borneo, is the northwest coast two, the Sultan of Brunei and Malaysia in Sarawak, Sabah. As early as the eighth Century, Indonesians living near the Strait of Sumatra had used oil as a weapon. In sixteenth Century, the man with the oil soaked Arsene "fireball" fight against the Portuguese invasion fleet, hit two warships. Oil discovery in Indonesia started in Sumatra and Kalimantan. Before the Second World War, the area was called the Dutch (blue) family of the East Indies, and it was a colony. Indonesia became independent after the Second World War in 1945. Start Finding oil in Sumatra started in 1880. One day, a plantation manager Eko Jens Chickel, the Dutch East Sumatra tobacco companies (A.Y.Zijlker) to visit a seaside botanical garden, was caught in a storm, just to spend the night in an abandoned tobacco barn. A native overseer's bright bamboo torch caught his attention. Obviously, there's a good burn on the torch. The man told him that the torch was dipped in a wax, and that a nearby pond was filled with this black wax. The natives took it as a torch and fuel, and used it to sew a wooden boat. The morning of the second day, After rain the sky looks blue. Qi Kerr was led by the native overseer to see the pond. The black water emits a kind of kerosene - and the island has imported some of the American lights that smell of kerosene. Qi Kerr took some samples, sent to the capital of tawiah (now Jakarta) to test. The test report told him that this is oil, which contains 59% ~ 62% lamps kerosene. Qi Kerr moved, he had heard of the Americans to develop oil, Rockefeller became the king of oil story, and resolutely resigned from the plantation manager's position, determined to oil here. First of all, from the place he Lankate Azerbaijan Sultan got called Toraja (Telaga Said) said a loan, is located in the northeast coast of Sumatra, 6 miles from the Balaban River (about 9.7 km). The pond is filled with crude oil a could in the land lease. In 1884 Kerr to raise funds to hire a drilling crew, in a nearby oil drilling wells, but no gain. Second years, he hired the drilling crew at the oil near Karan Pang Bo LAN Dancun the (when the local people are using this oil against the Portuguese Army invasion) to drill a well. This time he paid off, and oil flowed out of the well in June 15, 1885. This called Tailaga a tan Gore No. 1 oil wells, is the symbol of the birth of the oil industry in indonesia. So Kerr started the Sumatran oil company. 1890, approved by King William Sans of Holland, allowing him as the word "Royal" in the name of the company, and the company was renamed as "Holland in the Dutch Indies drilling oil company Royal", referred to as the Royal Holland oil company. In 1892, it established Indonesia's first refinery in North sumatra. It first exported kerosene to the Far East in 1895. In 1887, Qi Kerr a former employee, Adeline Tientup Sura in the Dutch Sumatra Baya established a company, found two oil, immediately on 1890 in Warnock Luo Ying built a refinery, and then to expand our business in Java in 1894, and built a refinery in sepu. On the other hand, in 1895, the British Markus Samuel, the British Shell Transport Trading Company, In the island of Kalimantan's Kurdish regions obtained an oil concession. The leased area is about 80 kilometers east of the coast and extends westward to the Inland jungle. This place is far more closed and backward than Sumatra, and supplies need to be purchased by ships to Singapore. There are only two flights a week. The path leading to the transformation of the jungle into the road after a few weeks were flooded overgrown shrubs. The labor force is mainly labor from china. Disease spread. Tropical rain from time to time. Under this condition, the first VI well struck oil in February 1897. In April second became the first export flowing well drilling. However, the crude oil density is relatively large, which contains less kerosene, which is suitable for direct use as fuel oil. This oil field in Kalimantan is on the Sangasan gas belt. It extends 130 kilometers. Pre-war In 1907, Holland Royal Petroleum Company, together with the British Shell Transport Trading Company, formed the Royal Holland Shell Companies group. It is divided into three branches, engaged in Indonesia exploration, mining and refining, called BPM company. At the same time, develop two oil fields in Sumatra and Borneo (Kalimantan). Shell group attaches importance to geology. At the beginning of twentieth Century, 12 geologists had been hired. In 1906, Shell group in Kalimantan Sangjiasang to NATO 500 kilometers found talanca oilfield, 1911, this area oil 1 million 700 thousand tons, making Indonesia oil to become the world's fourth countries. In 1920, the oil field was discovered in the northwest of Kalimantan. So far, the reserves of several oil fields in Kalimantan have reached 36 million tons, which was quite impressive at that time. The rise of Shell and the rapid expansion of its market around the world have become the main competitors of Rockefeller, the Standard Oil Corporation of the United states. Standard oil company (NJ) first try to merger Shell Group, touch the nail, and then into the Dutch East Indies. In 1912, the Dutch colonial Standard Oil Corporation of New Jersey oil company NKMP was established in Sumatra, the oil concession in southern sumatra. I have a Et of its geological stancy Cruise home, later became a well-known scholar. NKMP drilled 66 wells in this area, and it was 800 meters deep, which was 6 million dollars, but it didn't work very well, and the annual output reached 6750 tons. In 1918, a Talange akar have been found in the nearby Shell oil oil. In 1920, the two companies produced 2 million 600 thousand tons of oil in Indonesia, accounting for only 2.7% of the world's total output, but mainly the output of the Shell group. 60% from Kalimantan sang Sanga sanga. In the 20 years before the outbreak of the Second World War in 1920---1940, Indonesia's exploration has achieved a series of new achievements. BPM, an Indonesian subsidiary of Shell group, focused on Sumatra in 20~30 in twentieth Century, and has made a series of discoveries. In 1928 1934 found that Mankechaya Niemann found oil, oil, oil was discovered in 1937 Talange a Qimaer, discovered in 1941 Geyi Tanzania Zhu base oil field. The largest oil field discovered during this period is the LAN Tai oilfield, which was discovered in 1929 and located in the middle of sumatra. In 1940, BPM produced 1 million tons of crude oil in all the Sumatra oilfields. In 1933, New Jersey Standard Oil Corporation and its sister company vacuum Oil Refinery Co merged their assets in Indonesia and other places, and formed a joint venture Stan Vic (Stanvac) company according to the proportion of 50:50. This is the name of the combination of Standard Oil and two names of VacUum Stanwyck two companies rely on the parent company's financial and technical ability, and actively carry out exploration in the Dutch East India. In late 1930s, the island of Sumatra (mainly in the South) first discovered several oil: 1933 found Yossi Carter oilfield, discovered in 1938 1941 found Tanzhugelacha sailo oil, oil in oil production, It has captured the entire Indochina. Shell group has prepared for the occupation of Borneo and other oilfields in Japan in the second half of 1940. It sent a man named H C Jansen manager arrived at balikpapan. Here it is the oil center, it is the main base in the Dutch East India. Arrange the withdrawal of personnel plan, build dugouts, Hong Kong is the mine staff practicing how to blow up oil refining facilities. The purpose is clear: never let the Japanese get oil from oil fields and refineries. All the family members of the staff were evacuated. In the middle of January 1941, the Japanese troops were approaching. Oil field workers began to demolish oil wells and pipelines. They pulled in the oil well tubing in rubbish, stone soil plug. Finally, a package of explosives was placed in each well, one by one, and all the oil wells were blown up. At the same time, Balikpapan refineries also began to destroy the action from distillation kettle to the boiler, pump. In January 20th, the Japanese sent an ultimatum to two captured Dutch people: surrender immediately, or die. Allied officers supervised refineries and ordered bombing plants. Jansen and others blew up the stores and other living facilities, then blew up the docks, ignited the flames with gasoline and kerosene, and finally exploded all kinds of refining facilities. The flames fly up to 50 meters. Finally, the exploding oil tank group opens the oil tank at the top of the terrain, and makes the oil flow to the lower level. The power supply, a loud noise, a barrage of explosions, the oil tank area has become a raging Flaming Mountains. Jansen led the more than 80 men out of the Bay and into the jungle. On the second night, two water planes picked up Jansen and others. The remaining 75 people before the withdrawal, the Japanese had occupied balikpapan. Of these 75 people, only 35 were rescued, the other 40 were captured, some were killed, and some died in the jungle. By March 1942, all the Japanese islands have occupied the Dutch East Indies, occupies the southeast was all petroleum resources. They expect damage to oil fields and refineries. The Japanese government has concentrated Japan 4000 oil workers and technical personnel -- Japan Petroleum industry accounted for about 70% of the employees, to the south of Borneo and Sumatra, raids in oilfields and refineries, re drilling, reconstruction of oil refineries, oil pipelines, oil recovery and the terminal equipment are shipped by sea from japan. In 1942, the Dutch East Indies recover crude oil production to 25 million 900 thousand barrels (about 3 million 530 thousand tons), accounting for 1940 of the annual output of the level of 40%t in 1943, oil production recovered to 49 million 600 thousand barrels (about 6 million 770 thousand tons), reached the prewar level 75%. In the first quarter of 1943, Japan's oil imports have recovered to 80% of the pre British oil embargo imposed by the United Kingdom, the United States and the Netherlands on 1941. The East Indies became the most important oil supply base in japan. Not only that, Japanese in the Minas area is very easy to use without being left Caltex glass broken drill, 1943 ready for oil wells in Caltex, successfully drilled a discovery well, found a very important Minas (Minas) oil. Japan's political and military immensely proud. Prime Minister Tojo E announced that the oil problem has been resolved. They believe that with such abundant oil resources, they can compete with the United States and Britain for a long time, dominating Asia and the pacific. Postwar Japan surrendered, after the Second World War, the people of Indonesia achieved national independence, beginning: Pakistan oil resources and oil industry to grasp their own hands. In August 1945, Indonesia declared independence, and promulgated a new constitution in September. The thirty-third article of the constitution shows that they want to develop their own oil and gas industry and set up PTMN RI, a national oil company. At the same time, independent fighters in southern Sumatra controlled the oil assets there and established their three state-owned company PERMIRI; the independent warriors of Java set up PTMN. In 1948, Holland colonists invaded Indonesia for the second time. The soldiers fought indonesia, Defend their victory. Burning oil fields in North Sumatra battle. Exploration of PTMN suspended in central java. East Sumatra's crude exports to Singapore have also stopped. In the late World War Second, allied forces liberated Indonesia, most of the oil fields and refineries were bombed, so that the Japanese army did not get sufficient oil supply. And in the fight against the colonial army in Holland, the oil industry suffered new damage. In 1949, the Indonesian people defeated the Holland colonists, won the final victory, officially gained independence. The task facing the new government is, first, to step up the repair of oil production, refining, storage and transportation facilities and restore oil production. Second is to study and formulate policies to treat foreign oil companies. In January 1951, the Oil Mining Company of the Republic of Indonesia () was established. The scope of the operation includes the middle claw and the North sumatra. For second years, has generated controversy in North Sumatra oil assets is returned to the Shell group on the issue, the committee decided to set up the national mining, petroleum industry research and put forward the policy draft oil law; postpone new loan granted to foreign oil companies. However, stanvick company loan in 1951, Christie's concession in 1955 to expire, how to do? In 1954, the Indonesian government reached an agreement with Stan vick. Leasing rights are no longer extended. The company will invest $7000-8000 in the next four years for the recovery and development of the oil industry. In return, all of the capital goods imported by Stan is free of duty. It pays Indonesian government tax, which is half the income (50:50 scheme). It is required that the agency in Indonesia gradually implement Indonesian, that is, to employ Indonesian people as much as possible. The contract is valid for four years. Then, two with Caltex shell reached a similar agreement. In April 1954, the merger of the two oil field in North Sumatra blue Kate and langsa, from North Sumatra oil mining company (TMSU) business. In October 1956, the government officially announced, North Sumatra formerly Shell group's assets by the central government to take over. In 1957, TMSU for the military control, the property of the central government, renamed the exploration company (ETMSU), Sumatra oil - General sutowo Yilong military appointed president of the company. At the end of this year, PT ETMSU changed its name to PT PERMINA. It's the largest oil refinery in Pangalan Brendan, located 83 kilometers northwest of Medan, 1892 is the construction of the Shell group, this time has been destroyed. The refinery to the north of the pan Karan Susu is a port, was built in 1898, but also by the injury, even the oil pump are damaged, only a few tanks can also be used. The main area of the blue color, oil field is located in the map, leaving 55 km Brandan pan garland. Most of the eight pipelines connecting oil fields and refineries are damaged, and only one is intact. Therefore, Indonesia's National Petroleum Corporation (Permina)'s primary task is to restore reconstruction. The first thing is to catch his sutowo oil exports, foreign exchange to buy new equipment. He with the Canadian oil company Refican Harold Hooton and the United States of California Aolunqi company some experienced experts who signed a service contract. With the help of Hooton, in May 24, 1958, Shozui Maru tanker shipped the first export of crude oil, a total of 1700 tons, worth 30 thousand U. S. dollars. In June 1958, a Japanese businessman named S.Nishijima came to Indonesia to develop oil. He once lived in Indonesia during the war years, with some Indonesian leaders personally, he brought a group of Japanese businessmen. At the same time, some Japanese businessmen came to national oil company (Permina), met with sutowo. In order to avoid competition and they both combined in Kobayashi group. Let's start with a team. In September 1960, Indonesia National Petroleum reached a new agreement with credit and product sharing. It opens up a contract for the products of the world to be divided into a brand new foreign cooperation and development of oil. The agreement stipulates that the Japanese side loans 53 million dollars to the Indonesian national oil company for the purchase of equipment, machinery, materials and technical assistance; the Indonesian National Petroleum Company uses the crude oil produced to repay it. Et was founded in North Sumatra oil development company in Jakarta; the Indonesian national oil companies to set up offices in Tokyo. On this basis, Canadian Petroleum Corp, Refican, Asamera and other companies have signed a product sharing contract. This is a hit, the state oil company into sutowo shipping industry. 1959 from the hands of Caltex bought two tankers, from the pan Karan Sue crude oil shipped to Malacca strait. In 1962, the national oil company set up a technical cadre school in the pan Karan Brandan; in Bandung, established Petroleum Institute; built a communication system that connects between Jakarta and Pankaj Lamb Lan Dan. In 1963, the government approved it to buy a new tanker. In 1964, the National Petroleum Company had 11 tankers, with a total tonnage of 55000 tons, an increase of 15000 tons in 1965, plus 7 leased tankers. The national oil company has a very strong capacity to transport oil, which is adapted to the needs of the thousand island country of indonesia. In 1966, a group of American businessmen formed Indonesia American independent oil company (IIAPCA), accepted the five principles proposed by sutowo, reached a production sharing agreement: (1) the management of Indonesia's national oil company; (2) the two sides to implement the product into, rather than profit; (3) the United States bear the risk of exploration, find oil and put into the development, product return exploration cost, but not more than 40% of production (4) the remaining 60% of the yield, the two sides are divided into 65% aspects, Indonesia, the United States 35%l (5) the United States bought the equipment into Indonesian territory, became Indonesian oil company assets, the cost of not more than the total output the 40% part of the cost. Thus, the independent oil company became the first Western oil company to accept the production sharing contract. In 1961, the number of oil fields produced by the national oil company increased from 3 to 9 in, and the daily output reached 21000 barrels (about 1 million 50 thousand tons) in 1965. In 1965, the Indonesian government signed an agreement with Shell Companies to buy Shell's assets in Indonesia, priced at $10 million, and paid off within five years from January 1966. Centralization With the development of the national oil company Permina, two local state-owned oil companies have been reorganized. PT Peramin is the original Dutch East India oil company NIAM, is a joint venture company, half of the shares, accounting for BPM of Shell company as manager; the Dutch East India colonial government for the other half. It has an oil lease in South Sumatra and East Kalimantan. It was founded in 1921, the original capital of 15 million Holland shield. The contract should expire in 1960. In January 1, 1959, NIAM changed its name to PT Permindo (Indonesian petroleum mineral company). In December 31, 1960, the government set up a new company, PT Pertamin. It took over all the assets of the government in Permindo. PT Pertamin with three foreign companies -- Stanwyck, Caltex, Shell reached an agreement within five years of receiving them all in Indonesia sales system, so as to control the domestic market. To pay 12 million 946 thousand dollars to three companies. Pertamin's crude oil production is declining, producing 30 thousand barrels per day (about 1 million 500 thousand tons / year) in 1960, only half in 1965. It signed a contract with the Japanese Mitsubishi Co in 1963 to purchase all of the crude oil produced by the MITSUBISHI oilfield. On the other hand, in 1961, the government established the National Petroleum and natural gas mineral company (PNI Permigan), and put in a former PTMRI. It operates in the eastern region (including Java). In 1962, the government reached an agreement with the Shell Companies, Buy Shell facilities in Central Java and oil refinery by Permigan, including office buildings and other assets, the tank and the terminal facilities and color cloth of a Sura pipe and Sura Baia gbaya. To that end, Shell will pay 1 million 500 thousand pounds in five years. In August 1964, the leadership of Permigan was all communists. This year, it signed a cooperation agreement with Romania and the former Soviet Union. Romania provided 300 Railway Tankers and imported lubricating oil. The former Soviet Union gained bulldozers, drilling rigs and other equipment. However, its oil field production is still declining, producing 2700 barrels per day (about 135 thousand tons / year) in 1933, and only 1800 barrels (about 90 thousand tons / year) in the two quarter of 1965. In 1966, Suharto launched a coup to overthrow the Sukarno regime and suppress the Communist party. Permigan was disbanded. In 1968, the Indonesian central government decided to establish a national unified national oil company, PN Pertamina, Ppertamin and Permina. The board of directors of the new National Petroleum Corporation consists of the chairman of the board and five directors in charge of the board of directors. The central government established the Management Committee of the National Petroleum Corporation, the chairman is the Minister of mineral resources, the vice chairman is the Minister of finance, the director of the National Development Agency, the Minister of national defense and the Minister of industry are all members of the committee. Natural gas Indonesia's natural gas development started in 1971. This year, Bob Glevs is the manager of the Mobil (mobile) oil company of Indonesia branch in North Sumatra, Aceh (Aceh) Aaron in the northwest city of Medan autonomous construction of 225 kilometers of oil and gas prospecting. This is a bulge between two depressions in the North Sumatra basin. The ground is paddy fields, coconut trees and ponds. The Mobil Oil Corp here in a series of 140 dry well. In the case of "further effort", 150th exploration wells have oil and gas display, and the industrial airflow is obtained by drilling rod test. Alex Mashad, head of exploration company's exploration and development department, immediately deployed an assessment plan to invest $400 thousand. Sure enough, Aaron 2, Aaron 3, two evaluation wells have been successful, confirmed that this is a large gas field. Development started in 1973. Aaron (Arun) gas field is a large gas field with reef traps, and the original recoverable reserves are 459 billion cubic meters. In 1972, Hu Fuke (Huffco), a company based in Houston, USA, found a gas field in Western Kalimantan, which contracted with Virginia international. This is a palm swamp on the Makassar Strait on the verge of the sea. They first use the aeromagnetic and ground geological investigation found Bardac (Badak) structure, seismic survey done in June 1970, found the company Fuke anticline, Hu cloth No. 1 wells here, in 1972 successfully obtained industrial oil and gas flow, discovered a large oil and gas fields. The original recoverable reserves are 196 billion cubic meters of natural gas and 27 million tons of condensate and crude oil. They take the method of gas recovery after oil production, and then the oil well is converted into gas well after the oil production drops to a certain extent. And Aaron had two large gas field discovery, the Indonesian state oil company encouraged. As Indonesia is an island country, it is advisable to develop natural gas liquefaction and export liquefied natural gas (LNG) to other countries. To this end, it established the Liquefied Natural Gas Ltd, Baban Bramono served as manager. With two Mobil Oil Corp and the Hu Fuke company respectively reached an agreement by the United States management field, natural gas production, and cooperation in the construction of LNG facilities by the Indonesian national oil company to the world market. Indonesia soon figured out that Japan would be the main user of its LNG. Since 1972, it has signed a contract with Japan's major power companies for long-term purchase of liquefied natural gas in indonesia. Then signed a 20 year gas supply contract with a company in California, USA. And then MITSUBISHI became a big buyer. The national oil company immediately started attracting foreign investment to build a natural gas liquefaction plant. 1977 first built in East Kalimantan (Bontong) bontan natural gas liquefaction plants, two production lines, Daily processing of natural gas 5-3 cubic feet (about 15 million cubic meters) of natural gas. In 1978, Aaron (Arun) liquefaction plant was built in North Sumatra, with three production lines and 21 million 225 thousand cubic meters of natural gas per day. In 1982, the two natural gas liquefaction plants produced 7 million 500 thousand tons of LNG, and Indonesia became the world's largest exporter of liquefied natural gas. In 2000, the two factories produced 27 million 300 thousand tons of LNG, which accounted for 26.15% of the world's exports, creating a foreign exchange income of 6 billion 800 million US dollars. The construction of the two natural gas liquefaction plants cost 1 billion 637 million dollars. Where does this large amount of money come from?. Japan's several users constitute Japan and Indonesia LNG company, invested 1 billion 220 million U. s.dollars, accounting for about 75%. In addition, the Japanese government's Overseas Cooperation Fund provides 187 million dollars. Indonesia's self financed loan from the national bank is only 140 million dollars. In mid 1980s, Esso oil company in Riau province in southern Hainan, the northern end of the China was discovered in Natuna Islands gas field. The exploration has been 20 years of history of the Natuna waters, many oil companies have been working. There are two basins in East and west. In 1973, Agip, Phillips and the Tennessee division group in D - Alpha block AC No. 1 well first discovery of natural gas, due to technical and economic reasons, not to be developed. In 1980, Esso signed a production sharing contract with Indonesian National Petroleum corporation. Esso drilled 4 evaluation wells, which believe that the production of natural gas contains a large amount of carbon dioxide (71%), which is still a world-class gas field. The distance of 225 km island Natuna gas field, the water depth of 145 meters, is an isolated carbonate dome structure, production area of 320 square kilometers, the total gas reserves of 200 trillion cubic feet (about 56600 billion cubic meters) of hydrocarbon gas reserves, of which there are 12735 billion cubic meters. In January 1996, Esso and Indonesia national oil company signed a basic agreement to develop large gas fields in the Natuna, plans to build six natural gas liquefaction plant. LNG production is expected to reach 15 million tons. Steam injection mining Thermal recovery is an important method to improve recovery of heavy oil. It is a large oil field of heavy crude oil in Indonesia. It is located in the middle Sumatra, discovered in 1941. It's the second largest oil field in indonesia. Proven recoverable reserves of 790 million cubic meters (about 6.75 tons), the potential reserves of 1 billion 30 million cubic meters (about 8.8 tons). The viscosity of crude oil is large. In 1956, Chevron Co began to develop it with conventional methods (one oil recovery, natural energy), with a recovery rate of only 7%. That is to say, only 7% of the crude oil in the reservoir can be mined. In 1960, water injection was started in this oilfield, and water was injected into the reservoir to improve formation pressure. Since 1967, Chevron Co began to carry out thermal exploitation in Du Li oilfield. The first step is steam huff and puff. The steam is injected into some oil wells, and after a period of injection, the steam injection is stopped, the well shut in for a certain time, and the production of the second well is stopped. After a certain period of time, steam is injected again. Since 1975, Du Li oilfield has been partially transferred to steam flooding. Some of the oil wells have been changed into steam injection wells. Continuous injection of high pressure steam. The surrounding wells are producing wells, producing crude oil continuously. After 8 years of work, mastered the law, the recovery rate can reach 55%. Large area steam flooding started in 1984. Before 2001, for the first stage, 4445 new wells were drilled, of which 1270 were steam injection wells and 3175 were oil wells. The daily output of oil field reaches 48000 cubic meters, about 1 / 5 of which is used as fuel for steam boiler. In 1990, the amount of oil in the Nissan Du has risen to 24000 cubic meters (about 20520 tons), Kern River oil field more than the United States, to become the world's biggest oil steam flooding. It is estimated that the daily output of oil field will reach 48000 cubic meters (about 41040 tons) in 1994.
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