气象灾害防护常识(台风龙卷风雷电)（Common knowledge of meteorological disaster (typhoon, tornado, lightning)）

气象灾害防护常识(台风龙卷风雷电)（Common knowledge of meteorological disaster (typhoon, tornado, lightning)） 气象灾害防护常识(台风龙卷风雷电)(Common knowledge of meteorological disaster (typhoon, tornado, lightning)) Common knowledge of meteorological disaster protection Typhoon The typhoon we usually speak of is a tropical cyclone. The tropical cyclone is rapidly rotating low pressure vortex in tropical or sub tropical oceans, often accompanied by strong winds, heavy rain and storm surge. The World Meteorological Organization in accordance with the tropical cyclone near the center of the largest wind average size is divided into 4 grades: 6 - 7 level wind called "tropical depression", the 8 - level 9 is called "tropical storm", 10 - 11 class called "strong tropical storm", 12 and 12 above the level of the typhoon is the. The maximum wind speed near the center of typhoon is more than 32.6 meters per second. Typhoon prevention: typhoon's violent wind and storm, storm surge and so on, have strong destructive power, and seriously threaten the life and property safety of the people in coastal areas. Therefore, when typhoon comes, we must improve our awareness of prevention, avoid personal injury, and reduce property losses. Specific measures are: 1, urban residents preventive measures (1) according to the meteorological effects of typhoon may arise, in the forecast, "news", "alert" and "emergency alarm" three forms issued to the society; at the same time, according to the influence degree of the typhoon may cause the light to heavy release of blue, yellow and orange and red typhoon warning signal to the society. The public should pay close attention to media reports about typhoons and take preventive measures in a timely manner. (2) before the typhoon comes, we should prepare flashlights, radios, food, drinking water and common medicines, so as to be urgently needed. (3) close the doors and windows, check whether the doors and windows are firm; remove the hanging things; check the circuit, fire, gas and other facilities are safe. (4) animals and plants also in outdoor and other goods to the interior, particularly to the roof of the debris is easily moved; outdoor blowing things to reinforce. (5) don't go to the area where the typhoon is passing, and don't go to the beach to swim or sail the boat during the typhoon. (6) persons living in low-lying areas and dangerous buildings should be transferred to safe accommodation in a timely manner. (7) clean the drainage pipe in time to keep the drainage smooth. (8) the departments concerned should strengthen the reinforcement of outdoor billboards; the construction site should do a good job of temporary housing reinforcement, and tidy up and pile up construction equipment and tools; the garden departments should reinforce the street trees in the urban areas. (9) when you are in danger, please call the local government for disaster prevention calls. 2, coastal residents preventive measures (1) the typhoon storm surge caused by easily destroyed facilities, culvert, wharf, seawall revetment, or even directly away people nearby. Before the typhoon, mudflat aquaculture personnel, reservoir downstream personnel, temporary sheds and other dangerous areas should be timely transfer of personnel. (2) in the coastal towns before the typhoon comes to reinforce all kinds of dangerous old houses, factories, sheds, temporary construction, in the construction of municipal public facilities (such as lighting, etc.), crane, construction elevator, scaffolding, poles, trees, billboards, tower, never in place to hide the wind and rain. (3) when typhoon comes, do not walk on the embankment or bridge on the river, lake and sea, and don't drive in the strong wind area. (4) rainstorm caused by typhoon can easily cause floods, landslides, mudslides and other disasters. We should have this string in our hearts, and we should find that dangerous signs should be shifted as soon as possible. 3, maritime vessels preventive measures (1) the ship should return to Hong Kong in time and anchor firmly; the ship's personnel must disembark and shelter from the wind. (2) when a ship encounters typhoon in its voyage, it should take the initiative to take emergency measures. ? must be in touch with the coast station to find out the relative position of the ship and typhoon. When you cannot contact the ground, you can use the following methods to determine the approximate location and distance of the typhoon center: the ship is in the northern hemisphere, you are on the lee side, and the typhoon center should be on the left side of the ship. If the pressure measured on the ship is lower than the normal value of 500 PA, then the typhoon center is not more than 300 kilometers away from the ship; if the measured wind has reached 8, then the typhoon center is about 150 kilometers away from the ship. With these judgments, immediately decided to sail away from the typhoon. Two tornadoes A tornado is from the funnel cloud, small convective cumulonimbus clouds toward the surface of the rapid rotation of the. It is connected with the upper end of the lower end of cumulonimbus, some hanging in the air, some directly extends to the ground or water, the side of rotation, while moving forward. When tornadoes occur, one or even a few funnel-shaped funnel like elephant nose extends downward from the bottom of the cloud, accompanied by wind, rainstorm, lightning or hail. The tornado passes through the surface of the water and can absorb water into the air to form a water column, commonly called "dragon water absorption."". Tornadoes occur in spring, summer and autumn in the three quarter of the afternoon to the evening: (1) the moving path is mostly straight line, the attack range is smaller, and the diameter is usually between ten meters to several hundred meters. (2) move speed is rapidder, average 40 - 50 kilometers / hour, the fastest can amount to 100 kilometers / hour. Moving distance is usually thousands of meters, a few also can reach tens of kilometers. (3) shorter duration, usually only a few minutes to tens of minutes, the longest is not more than 1 hours. (4) the randomness is so large that it is difficult to predict. (5) the strong and weak points, weak can only roll up clothes and weeds, strong pull trees can lift room, destroying bridges and vehicles, can also put people and animals away. Tornado is dangerous, we must actively try to avoid, do not panic. (1) when you encounter tornadoes in the field, remember to run, but don't run around. You should flee at the fastest speed towards the vertical course of the tornado. Too late to escape, quickly find a low ground to get down. The correct position is: face down, close your mouth and eyes, protect your head with both hands and arms. (2) when tornadoes are encountered, be sure to keep away from big trees, telegraph poles, simple rooms and so on, so as not to be smashed, pressed or electrocuted. (3) in case of a pole or building collapsing, cut off the electric power as much as possible to prevent electric shock or fire. (4) the safest place to avoid tornadoes is the basement or semi basement of concrete buildings, and the simple houses are unsafe. Attention: never stay on top of the building. (5) if a person is indoors, avoid the windows, doors, and walls of the house and hide in a small room in the opposite direction of the tornado. At the same time, with a thick mattress or blanket cover on the body, in order to prevent falls by. Three, lightning Lightning is a kind of discharge in the atmosphere. During the formation of the storm clouds, some of them accumulate positive charges, while others accumulate negative charges. When these charges accumulate to a certain extent, a discharge is produced. Some of the discharges occur between clouds and clouds, while others occur between clouds and the earth. These two phenomena are commonly known as thunder. Thunder causes harm, also known as lightning strikes. Lightning strike is divided into direct lightning stroke and indirect lightning stroke. It can damage buildings, electrical equipment, and injure people and livestock. Thunder discharge time is very short, but the current is unusually strong. The bright light produced by discharge is lightning. The large amount of heat released by lightning can raise the local air temperature by an instant of 10 thousand - 20 thousand degrees celsius. Such a huge energy, with great destructive power, can cause poles, houses, etc., were split, collapsed, as well as casualties of people and animals, but also cause fire and explosive explosion. Lightning occurs all year round, while strong lightning occurs mostly during the spring and summer seasons. After entering the rainy season in Zhejiang Province, the frequency of lightning is very high due to the frequent activities of strong convective weather. 1, how can people in the room lightning? (1) during a thunderstorm, should pay attention to shut the doors and windows, to prevent thunder and lightning invading the ball. (2) in thunderstorm weather, it is better to cut off the power supply of household appliances and unplug the power supply; do not use radios and TV sets with external antennas; do not make fixed calls. (3) in case of thunderstorm, do not touch the aerial, gas pipe, wire mesh, metal window, building exterior wall, etc. away from the live equipment; do not stand barefoot on the mud or cement ground. (4) do not use in the shower nozzle when lighting accompanied by peals of thunder. 2, how can people be exposed to lightning in the open air? People are exposed to thunder and lightning in the open. In order to prevent being struck by lightning, the following principles should be observed: (1) seek the lightning protection spot immediately, choose the place that contains lightning rod, steel frame or reinforced concrete building, but pay attention not to be close to any part of the lightning protection device. If you can't find a suitable place for lightning protection, you can squat down, put your feet together, hold your knees in both hands, try to lower the center of gravity, and reduce the contact area between the body and the ground. If you can immediately put on waterproof raincoat, lightning protection effect is better. (2) don't stay in the open-air swimming pool, open water or boat; don't stop at the edge of the woods; don't stay in the vicinity of the wire rod, flagpole, haystacks, tents and other objects without lightning protection device; don't stay beside the rails, water pipes, gas pipes, power equipment, tractor, motorcycle etc. the exposed metal objects; don't stay at the top, roof height; not near the isolated tree or the chimney (the top edge of the isolated trees especially dangerous); don't hide into open lonely shack booth in. (3) in the wilderness or not an umbrella holding badminton racket, golf clubs, hoes and so on; should immediately stop playing golf, football, swimming, climbing, fishing and other outdoor activities. (4) avoid driving motorcycles or riding bicycles; you can't drive a motorcycle or a bicycle; run through a thunderstorm; you should close the door window in a car. (5) when many people are in the field together, they should be apart from each other a few meters apart. Do not crowd together. (6) when the high-voltage wire is struck by lightning, the people near by should be kept on high alert, and be careful of the electric shock of the "step voltage" on the ground. The correct way to escape is to hop your feet together and jump off the danger zone. (7) in an open area, you should turn off your cell phone. 3, how to rescue people injured by lightning? A person who burns or is severely shocked by a lightning stroke is not physically active. Don't worry when you save him. The fire should be put out quickly and emergency rescue will be carried out. If the victim loses consciousness, but has the breath and the palpitation, may restore by itself. Should let him quiet stretch prostrate, sending the hospital treatment after the break. If the injured have stopped breathing and heartbeat, should quickly and decisively alternate mouth to mouth breathing and heart extrusion, and promptly sent to hospital.