英语高级语法

英语高级语法 第一章 名 词 第一节 可数名词与不可数名词 英语的名词分为可数名词与不可数名词。英语中的专有名词(人名、地名„„)、物质名词(如copper, water)及抽象名词为不可数名词。此外，还有一些词并非根据其词义而是根据其本身属性为不可数名词，如:advice, baggage, clothing, equipment, evidence, garbage, information, litter, luggage, machinery, news progress, traffic, ware等。 有些名词作物质名词时，是不可数名词;也可作个体名词，而且这时则为可数名词。注意其意义上的变化，并注意他们作主语时，其谓语动词的单复数形式。 不可数名词 可数名词 不可数名词 可数名词 iron 铁 熨斗 business 商业、事务 企业、商店 rubber 橡皮 橡皮擦 capital 资本 首都 wood 木头 森林 brick 砖 砖块 beauty 美丽 美人 glass 玻璃 玻璃杯 copper 铜 铜币 room 空间、余地 房间 cork 软木 软木塞 chicken 鸡肉 鸡 tin 锡 罐 cloth 布料 抹布，桌布 paper 纸 试卷，文件，论文等 power 权力 强国 第二节 可数名词有单、复数之分。 1. 一般情况下在单数名词后加-s或-es即构成复数形式，如:desk—desks; girl—girls; brush—brushes; box—boxes. 2. 复合名词变复数时，有中心词时将中心词变为复数。 如:fortune-tellers( 算命人);lookers-on(旁观者);comings in (收入);girl friends(女朋友，girl在这里表性别，friend 是中心词);passers-by(过程人);editors-in-chief(总编，主编)。 如果复合名词中无中心词，则复数加在词尾。如:forget-me-nots(勿忘我);grown-ups(成人);set-backs(挫折);break-throughs(突破)。 如果复合名词是以woman, man为前缀构成，则合成的两个名词都变为复数。 如:women teachers(女教师);men doctors(男医生)。 当两个由’s构成的所有格名词修饰同一个事物时，前一个名词的’s省略;若它们所修饰的是互不相同的事物时，则两个所有格名词必须’s。如:Brown and Catherine’s villa(两人共同拥有的别墅)Brown’s and Catherine’s villa (分别指布朗的别墅和凯瑟琳的别墅)。 单数 复数 单数 复数 等级、刻度 scale 规模 天平 advice 忠告 通知，消息 Short 短的 短裤 arm 武装 武器 surrounding 包围 环境 air 空气 架子，神气 content 内容 财务内部控制制度的内容财务内部控制制度的内容人员招聘与配置的内容项目成本控制的内容消防安全演练内容 目录 good 好 货物 necessity 需要 必需品 remain 仍然(是) 遗体，废墟 color 颜色 旗，绶带子 rich 富裕 财富 一刻钟， quarter 营房 spirit 精神 情绪 四分之一 effect 效果 财产，动产 due 应得权益 应付款 humanity 人类 人文科学 manner 方式 礼貌 custom 风俗 海关 pain 痛 努力 4.下列名词常以复数形式出现: scissors(剪刀);savings(积蓄);ashes(灰烬，骨灰);belongs(所有物);earnings(收入);lodgings(租住的房子);minutes(会议 记录 混凝土 养护记录下载土方回填监理旁站记录免费下载集备记录下载集备记录下载集备记录下载 );outskirts(郊区);slums(贫民窟);at one’s finger’s ends(了如指掌);make both ends meet(收支相抵)等。 5.下列名词单数形式相同: deer(鹿);sheep(绵羊);craft(小船;飞船);score(二十);species(种，种类);series(系列);means(方式，方法);works(工厂);aircraft(飞机，飞船);headquarters(总部);Burmese(缅旬人，以-ese和-ss结尾的民族名称指人时单复数同形)。 Exercise 1 1.Folk art is a spontaneous expression of the feelings, attitudes, and the lower classes of a society. A. need B. need of C. needs D. needs of 2. He bought for his father in a drugstore. A. some medicine B. some medicines C. many medicines D. enough medicines 3.It requires a certain of preparation. A. number B. lot C. amount D. deal 4. I have to get about the subject before I write the paper. A. a few more informations B. a little more information C. a few more information D. a little more informations 5. Although a great number of house in that area are still in need of repair. There been much improvement in their appearance. A. has B. have C. will have D. would have 6. Every means been tried since then. A. have B. are C. has D. is 7. He couldn’t remember . A. what was the formula B. what the formula was C. what were the formula D. what the formula were 8. He went to the to buy a pair of shoes. A. shoes store B. shoe store C. shoes’ store D. shoe’s store 9.I will give you to finish it. A. two weeks time B. two week’s time C. two-weeks time D. two weeks’ time 10. He gave me several good . A. piece of advice B. pieces of advices C. piece of advices D. pieces of advice 答案:1.D 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.C 7.B 8.B 9.A 10.D 第二章 代词 英语中的代词可分为下列八类:人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，指示代词，不定代词，疑问代词，连接代词和关系代词。英语专业四级考试中这部分测试的分量不重，稍加注意即可。 第一节 人称代词、不定代词 1.人称代词要注意主格和宾格的用法。 2.物主代词则需要着区分名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词,要记住:名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+相应名词;名词性物主代词相当于名词的句法功能，在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语等;而形容词性物主代词不能独立来表达一个完整的含义，它充当名词的定语，总是与名词连用来表达一完整概念。 3.英语中不定代词有:all, each, everyone, everybody, both, enough, many , much, few, less, little, either, neither, other, another, some thing, anything, nothing等。而anybody, something, no thing 等不定词被形容词或限定词修饰时，该形容词或限定词应该后置，即:something(anything, nothing, anybody, somebody)+形容词或限定词，如:somebody old(某个老人);something new (某个事物);anything unknown(任何尚未知晓的事)等。 另外，不定代词有许多习惯搭配，表示特定的含义;nothing but(只不过，就是，只有)，anything but(根本不，并不)，something of (表示“略有”)，none other than(就是)。 4.英语中的相互代词只有两个:each other和one another。通常each other 用来指两个以上人或事物相互之间的关系。 第二节 one和ones, it 和them, that 和those的用法 在英语中，one和ones, it和them, that those 可用来代替上文出现过的名词(人或物)，其中，one, it, that代替上文出现过的不可数名词或单数可数名词，而ones, them, those代替上文出现过的可数名词。 而one/ones, it/them及that/those这三组替代词用法的区别主要在于其是否带有前置和后置修饰语。 例: 1)I don’t like these shirts. Take them away, please. 2)Please show me the red ones(in the shop window). 3)Ok, I’d like to take those with bronze buttons. 句1)中的them代替上文出现过的复数可数名词shirts, 且既不带前置修饰 词，也无后置修饰词。 句2)中的ones也代替上文出现过的复数可数名词shirts,在ones前有前置修 饰词“the red”,而其后的修饰语“in the shop window”是否出现并不影响本句语 法结构的正确及句意的完整，属可有可无。 句3)中的those 仍代替shirts, 但它不能有前置修饰语，却一定要带后置修 饰语。 Exercise 2 1. It was who did that. A. he and I B. him and me C. he and I D. he and me 2. This bicycle is his, not . A. their B. hers C. her D. your 3. Each man and woman must sign full name before entering the examination. A. their B. its C. her D. his 4. The members of the two groups often help . A. each other B. one another C. one and the other D. one and another 5. “May I help you with some shoes, Sir?” “Yes, I’d like to try on those brown .” A. one B. ones C. pair D. shoe 6.He has two blue pens and a red . A. it B. one C. ones D. that 7. After a long walk, I wanted to drink . A. cold something B. something cold C. something to make cold D. anything cold 8. The man over there is our principal. A. no other but B. no other than C. no one than D. none other than 9. Our department is monitored by two supervisors, Bill and . A. I B. mine C. me D. my 10. I did not choose any of the three offerings, because I found satisfactory. A. neither of them B. none of it C. either of them D. none of them 答案:1.A 2.B 3.D 4.B 5.B 6.B 7.B 8.D 9.C 10.D 第三章 动 词 动词是英语中涉及语法范畴最广、用法最为复杂、测试中出现频率最高、考生也感觉最难掌握的部分，它包括动词的时态、动词的语气，情态动词，主、谓数的一致，非限定动词等的用法与区别。 第一节 英语专业四级测试中常考虑的时态用法有一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在进行时，现在完成时，过去完成时的用法与区别。 一、一般现在时 1.表示普遍真理和客观事实。如: Our teacher told us that anything that is dropped falls towards the center of the earth because of the pull of gravity. 2.在I’ll see to it that…,I’ll make sure that…, see(to it)that…结构的从句里用一般现在时表示将来含义。 如:1)I’ll see to it that you don’t get lost. 2) See(to it )that you are here punctually tomorrow morning. 3)在when ,while, as, the moment 等连词引导的时间状语从句中及if引导的条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来含义。 如:1)I’ll tell him your address when he comes back. 2) He will be glad if he passes the examination. 但注意:3) I don’t know when he will come back. 4)I am not sure if he will come. 句3)中when引导的从句中用将来时没错，因为when在本句中不引导时间状语从句，而引导宾语从句。 句4)中if引导的从句用将来时也对，因为if在此引导的不是条件状语从句。 4. come go, begin, end, leave, start, arrive, return, depart, stop等瞬间性动词常用一般现在时表示按 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 、安排、时刻表将发生的动作。如: 1)The film begins at seven in the evening 2) The plane leaves at ten thirty. 二、一般过去时 1.在有些谚语中用过去时而不用现在时。如: 1)Care killed a cat.(忧郁伤身。) 2)The course of true love never did run smooth.(好事多磨。) 2.表示过去经常、反复、习惯但现在已经不再如此的动作。 如:I went to visit him everyday. 3.用一般过去时代替一般现在时表示更加客气、婉转的语气。 如:1)Could you tell me the way to the Summer Palace? 2)Did you need my help? 三、一般将来时 1. 当shall 在陈述句中用于第二、第三人称时，它不是将来时的时态助动词，而是情态动词，表示说话者的允诺、意图、警告、命令等。 例:He shall not leave his post.他不是离开岗位。 2.be about to 接动词原形也可以表示将来，有“就要、即将”的意思。但它不能与表示将来的时间状语连用。 例:He is about to start for Beijing tomorrow morning.[误] 改正:去掉tomorrow morning即可。 3.Will 和be going to 接动词原形均可表将来，但will常表示说话人临时“打算做什么”，而be going to 则表示说话人在讲此话前已作好决定“将做什么”。 例:1)—Mary is in hospital. —Really? I will see her someday next week. 2)—John is in hospital. —I know it I am going to visit him on next Wednesday. 四、现在进行时 1(现在进行时表示到现在某一刻或某一阶段尚未完成，仍在进行的动作或 所处的状态。 例:The new library is still being built in our university. 2.现在进行时中有时用副词always, forever, constantly等，表示对某一经常发 生动作的厌烦、赞同等感情色彩。 例:1)He is constantly telling the story of his life. 2) He is always helping others. 3.静态动词不用现在时行时，若用进行时则词义会有所变化。 例:1)He is wealthy and has two cars. 2) We are having English lesson the whole morning. 4.表状态的动词一般不用现在时，而用一般现在时代替现在进行时。表状态 的动词常见的有:live, hate, like, wish, belong to, sound, taste, desire, understand, think(认为)，know, own, possess, have(有)，envy等。 5.感觉动词表示“被动感觉”意义时不用进行时态，表示“主动感觉”时可 以用进行时态度。 例:1)The wood is feeling very smooth.[误] 2) The wood feels very smooth.[正] 3)He is feeling his way in the dark.[正] 6.be 后接动态形容词时可用进行时态表示人的暂时行为和性格特征，若是 表态形容词，则不能用进行时态。 例:1)He is being modest.他显得谦虚[正] 2) She is being tall.[误](tall 是静态形容词，不能表示暂时行为)。 五、现在完成时。 现在完成时表示动作的延续、结果或经历，着重于过去时间和现在时间的综 观，因此，不能与表示单纯过去时间的状语(如two weeks ago, last year等)连 用，而常与下列状语连用;already, yet, ever, never, scarcely, lately, recently, up to the present, up till now in the past few years, so far, once, just, this week等。 例:Up to now the work has been easy. 1.瞬间性动词或词组go, come, become leave, start, die, begin, stop, join, get up, borrow, buy, come back 等可以用于现在完成时，但它们若用现在完成时，则不能 for，since等表示延续的时间状语连用。要表示瞬间性动作持续多久时可用它们 相应的系表结构或者换为持续性动词的完成时形式。 例:1)He has died. [正] 2) He has joined the army for 14 years. [误] 3)He has been in the army for 14 years. [正] 4)He has bought the TV set for 10 years. [误] 5)He has had the TV set for years. [正] 2.在It (That, This )is the first(second…)time, It is the most(best)…结构后通常 要用现在完成时态。若be动词为"was"，则从句用过去完成时。 例:1)This is the second time I have visited your beautiful country. 2) It was the most interesting novel I had ever read. 3.瞬间性动词不与延续性时间状语同时用于现在完成时中，但若句子是否定 结构则没有这个限制。 例:1)He has gone home for two weeks. [正] 2) He hasn’t gone home for two weeks. [误] 4.在“it is +时间段+过去时”结构中，since后面接终止性动词表示该动作开 始;后面接延续性动词则表示该动的终止。 例:1)It is five years since I began to study English. 我已经学了五年的英语 了。 2) It is five years since I studied English.我已经五年没有学英语了。 六、过去完成时 1.用动词hope, mean, suppose, intend, think, plan等的过去完成时表示过去未 能实现的愿望等。 例:1)I had intended to come ten minutes earlier, but I was caught in a traffic jam. 2) by the end of后接过去时间，句子用过去完成时;by the end of 后接 将来时间，句子用将来完成时。 例:1)By the end of last weekend all the papers had been checked. 2) By the end of next month we will have been in the United States for two weeks. 3.过去完成时不能单独使用，它所表示的动作必须是“过去的过去”，即表 示在过去某一时间或作(或用从句表示出，或可从上下文看出)之前的动作。 例:1)The instructor had gone over the problems many times before the students took the final examination. 2) Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial produced. beings were portrayed had been Exercise 3—1 1.Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about compliments to his political leaders. A. paying B. having paid C. to pay D. to have paid 2.By the time she is 50 years old, she an inmate of the prison for over half of her life. A. would have been B. will be C. will have been D. would be 3.There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone me that evening. A. to have interrupted B. would have interrupted C. had interrupted D. to interrupt 4.Whatever the cause, English at the end of the 20th of the 20th century is more widely spoken and written than any other language . A. ever was B. had ever been C. has ever been D. would ever be 5.The ambassador heard that at his post a year longer. A. he be staying B. him to stay C. he would he staying D. he will have stayed 6.Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage avoided. A. is to be B. can be C. will be D. has been 7. In this experiment, they are wakened several times during the night, and asked to report what they . A. had just been dreaming B. have just been dreaming C. are just dreaming D. had just dreamt 8."What do you think of the boxing match last night?" “I really think Jackson .” A. don’t…has won B. didn’t…would win has D. don’t …wins C. didn’t … 9.It for over a month and the down pour had damaged many houses. A. rained heavily B. had been raining cats and dogs C. has been raining heavily D. has rained cats and dogs 10. The Managing Director said that improving relations with the association would not be easy, but that they to try. A. would have decided B. decide C. have decided D. had decided 答案:1.C 2.C 3.C 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.D 9.D 10.D 第二节 主谓一致 英语中句子的谓语动词和主语在人称和数上必须保持一致，这叫主谓一致， 首先应注意三大主谓一致原则，即语法一致、意念一致及就近一致原则。 一、语法一致原则 语法一致原则即确定谓语人称和数的形式时，只考虑主语的语法形式，不考 虑其含意。 1.and 与with, together with, along with, as well as, besides, in addition to, including, accompanied by, combined with连接并列主语结构的区别。and 是并列 连词，可连接并列成分，包括并列主语，而其余的词和词组均属介词，只能连接 介词短语，作方式伴随状语。 例1)Mr. Wang and his wife are go to visit Canada. (“and his wife”作并列主语) 2)Mr. Wang with his wife is going to visit Canada. (“with his wife”是介词短语，作方式伴随状语，主语是Mr. Wang,单数) 2.Many a+单数可数名词，More than one +单数可数名词作主语时，谓语用单 数形式。 例:1)Many a student sits in TEM-4 each year. 2) Many students sit in TEM-4 each year. 3)More than one question has been raised at the meeting. 二、意念一致原则 意念一致原则即确定谓语的人称和数的形式时，只考虑主语的含义，而不管 其语法形式。 1.常用集合名词committee, family, audience, team, crowd, crew, staff, government, faculty, group, board, jury等意指整体时，谓语用单数;意指个体成员 时，谓语用复数。 例:1)My family love classic music. 2) My family lives in a beautiful block. 2.表示时间、距离重量、价值等的复数名词作主语，表示整体概念，谓语用 单数。 例:1)Seventy miles is a long way to drive. 2) Three thousand years is very short in the long history of the development of the universe. 3) Five hundred dollars is too much for me. 三、就近一致原则 就近一致原则即谓语的单、复数形式与靠近谓语的主语的数保持一致。 1.由并列连词neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also…等连接两个主语 时，其谓语的单复数形式由贴近谓语的主语确定。 例:1)Either the teacher or the students have made a mistake. 2) Either the students or the teacher has made a mistake. 2.当关系代词作关系分句(即定语从句)的主语时，从句的谓语的数由靠近 从句的名词的形式确定。 例:John is working with his friends who were his classmates in his middle school days. 但当关系分句的先行项被one of the 修饰，且one of the…又被the great, the only, the right, the very等强调时，关系分句的谓语是单数形式。 例:1)Luxun is one of the great writer who have made contributions to Chinese literature. 2)Peter is the (only) one of the boys who is disobedient to the teachers. 3. 在表存在的“there be+名词”句型中，若名词主语是由“and”连接的并列 主语，谓语“be” 的形式由靠近“be”的名词形式确定。 1)There is a bed and several chairs in the room. 例: 2)There are several pear trees and an apple tree in the courtyard. 除了这三大原则以外，还有很多其他形式的词、词组作主语时谓语的数也值 得我们注意。 1.单个的名词性从句，动名词(或动名词短语)以及不定式(或不定式短语)作主语，谓语用单数形式。 例:1)Doing morning exercises is good for your health. 2) What interests the workers most is better wages and working conditions. 2.表示群岛、山脉、瀑布等以-s结尾的专有名词作主语时，谓语用复数。 例:The Andes are rich in minerals, especially copper, gold and silver. 3. 以-ics结尾的许多名词表示某个学科名称时谓语用单数;而指该学科的实 践和具体运用时，谓语用复数。如: politics政治学(单数) 政治见解(复数) statistics统计学(单数) 统计数据(复数) mathematics 数学(单数) 数学能力(复数) economics经济学(单数) 经济效益(复数) 4.某些名词形式上是单数，意义上是复数概念，谓语用复数。如:police, people, clergy, youth, folk, cattle, militia等。 5.用and 连接的两个单数名词时，若and 后面的名词没有有冠词，则表示同 一个人、同一物或同一概念，谓语用单数。如: The wheel and axle轮轴，a knife and fork刀叉，the bread and butter 涂黄油的 面包。 例:The secretary and dean is giving a speech. 书记兼系主任正在讲话。 6.and 连接数个单数名词作主语，若名词前有every, each 或no 修饰，则谓 语用单数。 例:No boy and no girl is permitted to enter the room. 7.当most of, the rest of, all, half(of), the majority of, last, enough, the remainder 和分数、+百分数+名词作主语时，其谓语由名词的形式决定，名词为不可数名 词或单数可数名词时，谓语用单数，当名词为可数名词复数时，谓语用复数。 例:1).Most of this book is interesting. 2) Most of these books are helpful. 8.以-ings结尾的名词，如beginnings , bookings, clippings, diggings, earnings, lodgings, surroundings, sweepings等作主语时，谓语用复数。 Exercise 3—2 1. Either of the two pupil the examinations. A. have passed B. have been passed C. has passed` B. has been passed 2. The number of the students in the class small. A. are B. is C. have been D. were 3. were interested in the offer. A. None of a customer B. None of customer C. None of the customer D. None of the customers 4. Writing stories and articles what I enjoy most. A. is B. are C. have to be D. were 5. “The Arabian Nights” the story of Aladdin. A. to contain B. containing C. contains D. contain 6. A painter and decorator the walls of the house. A. were calcimining B. was calcimining C. were calcimined D. was calcimined 7.Either dye or paints to color cloth. A. is used B. be used C. are used D. was used 8. Every policeman and fireman to color cloth. A. have been B. are C. was D. were 9. Ten hours enough time for that paper. A. is B. are C. have been D. were 10. This department, along with three others the new method. A. is trying B. are trying C. is tried D. are tried 答案:1.C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.B 7.C 8.C 9.A 10.A 第三节 情态动动词 情态动词有一定词义，表示某种感情和语气，如能力、可能性和意愿等，但不能单独用作谓语，需和其他动词(原形)一起构成谓语。常用的情态动词can(could), may(might), must , shall, will(would), should, ought to , need, dare, 其中，need 和dare既可做情态动词，又可以做一般行为动语。 一、情态动词中，有些后面可跟完成时，即情态动词+have +V-ed，但意义各有不同。 1.can(could)have done是对过去事情肯定猜测，表示怀疑或不肯定的语气。 例:You can’t find your book and you can have left it at home.(可能) 2.can(could)not have done是对过去事情的否定猜测。 例:Now that he has not yet come, he can’t have caught the early bus.(不可能) 3.may(might)have done是对过去事情的猜测。 例:He may have lost his way.(也许已经) 4.must have done是对过去事情的肯定猜测，语气很强。 例:My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically, “Are you feeling all right?”(一定)。 5.should have done 与ought to have done都表示过去应该做但实际上并未做的事，是一种责备的语气;后者比前者语气更加。 例:You ought to have memorized all the words.(本应该已经记住而实际上没有记住) Should’t have done 表示过去不应该做但实际上却做了的事，也含责备的语气。 例:You shouldn’t have made such a mistake.(你不应该犯这样的错误的，但实际上已犯了) 6.need have done 表示过去需要做但实际上没做的事，needn’t have done则表 示过去无须做但实际上却做了的事。 例:1)You need have prepared all for the examination. 2)You needn’t have told him about it. 7.would rather have done表示一件事实上未做但希望已经做了。 例:I’d rather have been blamed for it.我宁愿为此受责备(实际上没有)。 二、“must”表示“必须”时，否定式用needn’t. 例:“ Must the be at the office that early?” “No, he needn’t.” “must”表示猜测时，否定式用can’t。 例:“It must be Prof. Li.” “It can’t be him. He has just gone to Beijing.” 三、有些情态动词组成了固定的词组。 1.may(might) well+动词原形，意为“有道理，大概”。 例:His appearance has changed so much that you might well not recognize him. 2.may(might)as well+ 动词原形，意为“不妨”。 例:Since this medicine doesn’t work, you might as well try another. 3.cannot but+动词原形(不得不)，can’t help+V-ing(情不自禁，忍不住)。 例:1)I can’t but wait for him. 2)When Jane fell off the bike, the other children could not help laughing. 4. had better+动词原形(最好是„„)，其否定形式:had better not+动词原形。 例:You’d better not take too much. It’s heavy. 5.Would rather+动词原形(宁愿不„„)。 例:I’d rather not tell him the news. 四、need 作情态动词时不用于肯定句，作行为动词时没有这个限制。 例:1)We need inform him of that matter. 2) We must inform him of that matter. 3)We needn’t worry about it. 4)We need to expand the parking lot. 五、could 与was/were able to的用法的区别。 could表示过去一般情况下能做的事。 was/were able to表示过去在某一具体情况下能做的事。 例:Before liberation, the bread-earner could not afford a big family, but my grandpa was able to. Exercise3—3 1.The librarian will tell Tom that he pay for the missing book. A. need not B. need not to C. needs not D. needs not to 2. I don’t believe him. What he has said be true. A. may not B. must not C. can not D. should not 3. Must I accompany him? No, you . A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. cant D. won’t 4.I’m sorry I couldn’t get in touch with him before he left. I him earlier. A. must have phoned B. might have phoned C. should have phoned D. would have phoned 5.She more embarrassed. A. couldn’t have looked B. needn’t have looked C. shouldn’t have looked D. wouldn’t have looked 6. John’s score on the test is the highest in the class. He . A. should study B. should have studied last night C. must have studied last night D. need study last night 7.I’d rather Shanghai by train. A. leave for B. left for C. leaving for D. to leave for 8.When the lost of money is reported to him, the security officer interviews all those people who the opportunity to go into the Sales office. A. might have had B. would have had C. will have had D. should have had 9.I’d rather you about it. A. don’t tell B. not to tell C. not tell D. tell not 10.You’d better it right now, otherwise you can’t finish it in time. A. to do B. do C. will do D. did 答案:1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.C 7.A 8.A 9.C 10.B 第四节 虚拟语气 虚拟语气表示说话人所说的话是某种愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测或可能，虚拟 语气较多地用于条件句，也可见于其他从句。 一、虚拟语气的三种常见结构见下表。 假设 If从句的谓语形式 主句的谓语形式 与现在事实相反 一般过去时 Would(could, might, should)+动 be 动词用were 词原形 与过去事实相反 Had+过去分词 Would(could, might, should)+have +过去分词 与将来事实相反 should(were to)+动词原形 Would(could, might, should)+动 词原形 例:1)If I had more time , I would study German. 2) I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday’s examination. 3)If the sun were to rise in the west, I would marry you. 二、虚拟语气的混合式:条件从句的动作和主句动作发生的时间不一致时， 动词的形式决定于要表示的具体时间。 例:If she hadn’t trained so hard, she wouldn’t be able to run so fast. 三、虚拟语气条件从句的倒装与省略:在书面语中，如果条件从句中的谓语 含有were, had或should等词，要将were, had或should与从句的主语交换位置， 从布满省略if,条件从句形成倒装和省略。 例:1)Were I you, I Would get up early every morning. 2) Had you arrived at the station ten minutes earlier yesterday, you could have caught the train. 3)Should you change your mind, let me know. 四、含蓄虚拟:当虚拟句中的虚拟条件不用if引导的条件从句表示，而是 对过介词短语或but 连接的转折分句来表示，即含蓄虚拟条件。 1.用“but for”,“without”来代替“if…not”。 fail. 例:But for your help, I would Have failed. 2.用“otherwise”, “but that+ 从句”或“but” 分句代替if引导的条件句。 例:1)He worked very hard, otherwise he might have failed.(主句有陈述语气，分句用虚拟语气) 2)But that he saw it with his own eyes he could not have believed it.要不是他亲眼所见，他就不会相信那事。(从句用陈述语气，主句用虚拟语气) 3)I would have gone to visit you, but I was fully occupied last week.我早已经想去看你了，但上周我完全没空。(主句用虚拟语气，分句用陈述语气) 五、虚拟语气用于宾语从句。 宾语从句的谓语动词是否用虚拟语气由主句的谓语动词确定。 1.当主句的谓语动词是表示“建议、命令、要求、欲望、想法”等意义的词，如:suggest, propose, recommend, move(提议)，advise, order, command, decide, agree, insist, maintain, urge, desire, prefer, require, request, demand, resolve, rule, stipulate(规定)等，宾语从句中虚拟表达形式:should+动词原形(美国英语中常省掉should)。 例:I recommended that he, my best student, (should)be admitted to the postgraduate’s college. 2.当主句的谓语动词是would rather, had rather, would as soon时，后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，这种虚拟语气用过去时表示一种未实现的愿望。 例:I would rather you stayed here. 3. 动词wish 后跟由that 引导的宾语从句(that 经常省略)要用虚拟语气，这种虚拟语气用过去时表示一种不可实现的愿望;用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。 例:1)She wishes she had more money. 2)She wished she had more money at that time. 4.在expect, believe, think, suspect等+动词的否定式或疑问形式后面的宾语从句中，谓语常用“should+动词原形(或完成时)”，表示怀疑、惊奇和不满等。 例:I never expected that he should be so generous. 六、虚拟语气用于主语从句。 1.在It is/was+形容词+that…从句的句型中，“it”是形式主语，而“that…从 句”是主语从句，主语从句是否要用虚拟语气由形容表语决定。当形容词是表示 “必须，重要”等概念的词时，that…从句的谓语动词常用有:“should+动词原 形”表示虚拟，should常省略， 这类形容词有:necessary, essential, vital, important, urgent, imperative, obligatory, strange等。 例:1)It is necessary that you should clean the workshop after work. 2)It is very strange that he should have left without saying good-bye. 2.当形容词是由上述表示主张、要求、命令等概念的动词加-ed或加-able 构成的时候，主玉器从句也须用should+ 动词原形表示虚拟，should可省。 例:1)It was recommended that his best student (should)be admitted to the postgraduate’s college. 2)It was advisable that he(should)not stay up the whole night before examination. 注意下面这个句子: I thought it imperative that we(should)take immediate actions to prevent the event from spreading. 虽然在句中that引导的是一个宾语从句，似乎不符合虚拟语气用于主玉器从 句的语示 规则 编码规则下载淘宝规则下载天猫规则下载麻将竞赛规则pdf麻将竞赛规则pdf ，但这个句子可以扩充为: I thought that it was imperative that we should take immediate actions to prevent the event form spreading. 扩充后，“that we should…”部分就充当宾语从句中的主语从句了。这是目前 常测试的语法知识。 七、虚拟语气用于表语从句和同位语从句:在suggestion, proposal, recommendation, motion, advice, order, commend, decision, insistence, desire, requirement, request, demand, resolution, rule, stipulation(即由上述表示“建议”、命 令、要求、欲望、想法”的动词构成的名词)等名词后接的表语从句和同位语从 句用should+动词原形(should可省)表示虚拟。 例:1)My advice is that every testee (should)concentrate much upon improving their ability of reading comprehension. 2)His suggestion that we(should)start early was adopted. 八、虚拟语气用于关系句中，在It is (high, about)time…后接的关系分句中用 过去时表示虚拟语气。其含义是“早该做„„而实际上未做”。注意: 1)该句型中可以用过去时，或者“should+动词原形”表示虚拟语气，should 不能省略。 例:It is high time the work was(或should be)started. )在“It is the second time we’ve net in the street”中，关系分句不用虚拟语2 气，因为“time”的意义由“„„的时候”，变成了“第„„次”。 九、虚拟语气用于其他从句。当 as if , as though, even if, even though, lest, for fear, in case等引导的状语从句(或表语从句)且从句的内容不是真实情况时，必 须用虚拟语气。 例:1)Nothing could have saved him even if he had been tended without delay. 2)The driver looked over the engine carefully lest it (should)go wrong on the way. 十、If only句型中的虚拟语气表达一种愿望。现在未实现的愿望用过去时表 示;过去未实现的愿望用过去完成时表示，通常译作“要是„„(就好了～)”， 主句可省略。 例:1)If only I had enough money, I would buy that PC. 2) If only I were a bird! 3)If only we had gone to the cinema last night! Exercise 3-4 1. I’d rather you anything about in for the time being. A. do B. didn’t do C. don’t do D. not do 2. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our Chairman now. A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. would be 3. I wish I to the movies with you last night. A. went B. could go C. go D. had gone 4. It is high time that this wrong spending . A. checks B. is to be checked C. was checked D. is checked 5. The judge assented to the suggestion that . A. both of the criminals will soon be set free B. some of the criminals are of guilt only C. the prisoner be sentenced to death D. the girl was to be paroled in the custody of a welfare society 6. The committee recommends that the matter at the next A. would be discussed B. will be discussed C. be discussed D. may be discussed 7. ,I should have caught the train. A. Had my car not broken down B. Hadn’t my car broken down C. If my car were not broken down D. Wouldn’t my car have broken down 8. If only we the manager’s advice yesterday. A. had followed B. would follow C. follow D. followed 9. My uncle always talks as though he a public meeting. A. addresses B. is addressing C. were addressing D. addressed 10. Providing you the opportunity to go abroad, where would you go? A. have B. had C. will D. would have 答案:1.B 2.D 3.D 4.C 5.C 6.C 7.B 8.A 9.C 10.D 第五节 非限定动词 英语中非限定动词有三种:动词不定式、分词和动名词。 非限定动词在句中能充当谓语的一部分，但不能单独充当谓语，故又称非谓语动 词。它们的形式不随主语的人称和数的变化而变化，但仍具有动词的一般特征， 可以带宾语。 非谓语动词有以下几种变化形式。 语态 主动 被动 时态 一般时 to write 进行时 to be writing to be written 不定式 完成时 to have written to have been written 完成进行时 to have been writing 动名词 一般时 writing Being written 和现在 完成时 having written Having been written 分词 过去 一般时 written 分词 一、非谓语动词时态、语态变化形式及其用法 二、当非谓语动词所表示动作发生在谓语动词表示动作之前时，非谓语动词完成时形式。 例:1)Having finished my homework, I listened to music for relaxation. 当非谓语动词所表示动作与谓语动词所表示动作同时发生时，非谓语动词用进行时或一般时形式。 例:2)He pretended to be working hard when his mother entered his room. 当非谓语动词所表示动作与谓语动词所表示动作之后时，非谓语动词用一般时形式。 例:3)I expect you to write to me. 二、非限定动词的句法功能比较 动词不定式(或不定式短语)具有名词、形容词和副词的性质，在句中能充当主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语或状语。 动名词(或动名词短语)具有名词形质，在句中常作主语、表语、宾语或定语。 分词(或分词短语)具有形容词和副词的性质，在句中可作表语、定语、补语或状语。 非限定动词的句法功能列表如下: 句子成句 主语 表语 宾语 定语 补语 状语 非限定动词形式 ? ? ? ? ? ? 不定式 ? ? ? ? 动名词 ? ? ? ? 分词 1.动词不定式(短语)、和动名词(短语)作主语的区别 1)当主语和表语都是非限定动词形式时，主语和表语的非限定形式要求一致。 例:?To live is to struggle. [正] ?To live is struggling. . [误] ?Living is to struggle. . [误] ?Living is struggling. . [正] 2)当主语为非限定动词，而表语不是的时候，不定式和动名词作主语都可 以，意义有区别，但区别很少，可忽略。 区别在于:不定式强调动作性，常表示一次性、短暂的动作;而动名词倾向于名词性，常指多次重复的动作。 例:1)To live is not easy要活着不容易。 )Living is not easy.生活不容易。 2 2.动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)和分词短语作表语的区别 1)当主语是非限动词时，表语的非限定形式与主语的一致。 2)当主语不是非限定动词形式时，不定式作表语表示一次性、短暂的动作，而动名词表示多次重复、习惯性动作，且类似于名词作表语时的用法，即常用来说明主语的身份、地位、职业等。 Her job is to type this letter.她要做的是打完这封信。 例:? ?Her job is typing.她是个打字员。 而分词作表语时，类似于形容词作表语的用法，即说明主语的性质、特征或所处状态。 例:?This book is interesting. ?He felt exhausted. 3.不定式(短语)和动名词短语作宾语的区别 1)在remember，forget，mean，try，stop等动词后，接不定式和动名词都可以，但意义不同:用不定式时，往往表示将来的动作或过去未做的动作，用动名词往往表示已经发生过的动作。 remember to do sth. 记住要去做某事。 remember doing sth. 记得已经做过某事。 forget to do sth. 忘了要去做某事。 forget doing sth. 忘了已经做过某事。 regret to do sth. 对尚未做或将要做的事表示遗憾。 regret doing sth. 对已经做过的事表示后悔。 mean to do sth. 打算、想要做某事。 meaning doing sth. 意味着、意思是要做某事。 try to do sth. 设法去做某事。 try doing sht. 尝试做过某事。 2)有些动词后只能接动名词作宾语，不能带不定式作宾语。复习的关键是要记住只能接动名词作宾语的这些动词。英语中许多以字母m、e、p、s、c、k、a、r、f、i、d开头的动词只能接动名词作宾语，记住这些动词首字母的译音，即“妹不食咖啡的”可帮助你有效地记住这些动词。 m:mind，miss escape，excuse，enjoy，encourage e: p:permit，practice，postpone，put off s:suggest c:consider，can’t help，can’t stand k:keep(on) a:avoid，anticipate，appreciate，allow，acknowledge，admit resist，risk，resent，recommend r: f:finish，fancy，favor，feel like(想要) i:insist on，imagine，include，involve d:deny，delay，dislike 3)有些动词后只能接不定式作宾语。 4.不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)和分词短语作定语的区别 1)不定式(短语)作定语时与被修饰限定的名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，且不定式常用主动形式，而很少用被动形式，不定式作定语时常表示一个尚未发生、将要发生的动作。 例:I have some books to read. 2)动名词(短语)作定语时，表示被修饰名词的种类或用途。 例:a reading room 阅览室 a dining hall 餐厅 3)分词(短语)作定语时，表示被修饰名语正进行的动作或正处的状态。 例:a reading boy 一个正在读书的男孩 a broken hall 一个破烂的大厅 5.不定式(短语)和分词(短语)作宾补的区别 1)不定式(短语)作宾补，表示由宾语所发出的动作整个过程已过去，已完成，重点在于这一已完成的过程带来的结果。 例:I saw him come downstairs. 我看见他下楼了。 (“下楼”的动作已完成，结果是“他现在不在楼上”。) 2)分词(短语)作宾补，则强调动作的过程，表示一个正在进行，尚未完 成的动作。 例:I saw him coming downstairs. 3)在使役动词，如:have，make，let，bid(吩咐)及感官动词，如:see， hear，watch，observe等后的不定式宾补，其不定式符号“to”要省去，但当这 些句子变成被动句时，不定式符号“to”要补加上。 例:?I heard her sing the song over and over again. ?He bade me copy the composition again. ?They were seen to play badminton in the stadium. 6.不定式短语和分词短语作状语的区别 1)不定式短语常作目的状语和补充说明形容词表语的状语。 例:?To master the English language，one needs a great deal of practice. ?I am glad to have had a chance to visit your country. 2)分词短语常作原因状语、时间状语和方式伴随状语。 例:?Being ill，I had to take a day’s leave. ?Having finished my homework，I listened to music for relaxation. ?Class being over，the girls went out of the classroom，talking and laughing. ?The teacher entered the classroom，followed by a large group of students. 3)不定式短语和分词短语都可以作结果状语。 不定式短语作结果状语，表示“出人意料”或“反而”的意思，指预料 之外的结果，且修饰词能用“only”。 例:They hurried to the station，(only)to find that the train had left. 分词短语作结果状语，表示理所当然、顺理成章的结果。 例:He dropped the vase on the ground，breaking it into pieces. 三、非限定动词主语“悬垂”的问题 一般情况下，非限定动词的逻辑主动和句子的主语一致，当非限定动词的逻 辑主动和句子的主语不致，且非限定动词的逻辑主语又没有以某种形式表达时， 非限定动词的逻辑主语“悬垂”，这是应避免的，非限定动词中不定式、动名词和分词的逻辑主语的表达方式各不相同。 1.不定式的逻辑主语的表达形式为: for，人称代词宾格或名词，不定式 例:It is difficult for a three-year-old child to answer this question. 2.动名词的逻辑主语的表达形式为: 形容词性物主代词或名词所有格，动名词 例:His being late for work annoyed the manager very much. 3.分词的逻辑主语的表达形式为: 人称代语主格或名词，分词 例:He being ill，I had to take his place to give the lecture. 四、疑问词，不定式的结构 “疑问词，不定式”的结构在句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语，作宾语时常出现在tell，teach，know，wonder，learn，show，find out，ask，understand等动语的后面。 例:?Who to attend the meeting hasn’t been decided yet. ?I don’t know how to answer his question. ?The problem is how to get there，by train or by bus. 五、现在分词和过去分词的区别 1.分词运用的困难主要表现为现在分词与过去分词运用混淆。遇到分词时，可用下面4条法则去 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 和检验其运用是否正确。 1)及物动词的现在分词表示主动意义;作表语、宾补或定语时可理解为“令人„„的”。如: Climbing is exhausting.爬山是令人疲劳的。 Surprising news. 令人惊讶的消息。 )及物动词的过去分词表被动意义;作表语、宾补或定语时可理解为“被„„2 (的)”或“感动„„(的)”，如: We are exhausted. 我们感到精疲力竭。 The boring story made them bored. 令人厌烦的故事使他们感到烦透了。 3)不及物动词的现在分词表示动作正在进行;通常译作“正在„„”。如: boiling water沸水(正在沸腾的水) 4)不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经完成，不表示被动意义。如:fallen leaves落叶(已凋落的树叶);不过，不及物动词的过去分词单独作定语的用法并不很多，常见的有: a retired worker 退休工人 an escaped prisoner 逃犯 withered flower 枯萎的花 the ristn sun 已升起的太阳 a returned student 学成归来的学子 a grown man 成人 an expired lease 已到期的契约 2.有些动词的过去分词有两种形式、两种形式在用法上有区别。如: 作定语的过去作表语的过去原形动词 词 义 过去分词 分词形式 分词形式 drink 饮，喝 drunk/drunken drunken drunk light 照亮 lit/lighted lighted lit melt 熔化 Melted/molten molten melted shave 刮脸 Shaved/shaven shaven shaved shrink 收缩 shrunk/shrunken shrunken shrunk sink 沉没 sunk/sunken sunken sunk 3.下列动词的形式易于混淆，应注意识别。 动词 词 义 过去式 过去分词 现在分词 wind 缠绕 wound wound winding wound 受伤 wounded wounded wounding find 发现 found found finding found 成立 founded founded founding lay 放置 laid laid laying lie 躺 lay lain lying lie 撒谎 lied lied lying fell 砍倒 felled felled felling fall 摔倒 fell fallen falling hang 悬挂 hung hung hanging hang 绞死 hanged hanged hanging die 死 died died dying dye 染色 dyed dyed dyeing 注意: 1.“too„to”本意为“太„„以至不能”，但当too前带有only或all等修饰 词时，或当表语是kind，ready，eager，apt，easy等形容词时，句子不含否定意 义。 例:?I shall be only too pleased to get home. (,I shall be very pleased to get home.) ?Your’ re too ready to find fault with others. (=You’re very fond of finding fault with others.) 2.动词need，require，demand，want，deserve等之后接动名词的主动形式 表示被动意义。在这种情况下接动词不定式应该用被动形式。 例:?The road needs mending(,The road needs to be mended.) ?This guy deserves shooting(=This guy deserves to be shot.) 3.there be结构的非限定动词形式: 1)在及物动词expect，mean，intend，want，like，prefer，hate等后接there to be结构作宾语;在不及物动词后接for there to be结构作宾语。 例:?Members like there to be plenty of choice. ?I don’t want there to be any mistake in it. ?They planned for there to be another meeting.(plan是不及物动词) 如果不及物动词后的介词不是for，宾语则用there being结构。 例:John was relying on there being another opportunity. 4.在介词but，except，than前面的顺子成分中若有实义动词do的任何形式， 其后用不带to的动词不定式。 例:?He could do nothing but cry all day. ?There is nothing left to do except sit there killing time. 在介词but，except，than前面的句子成分中若没有实义动词do的任何形式， 其后则用带to的动词不定式。 例:?We had no choice but to lie down to sleep. ?He likes no sport better than to swim. Exercise3-5 1. The local health organization is reported twenty-five years ago when Dr. Audon became its first president. A. to be set up B. to have been set up C. being set up D. having been set up 2. I haven’t decided which hotel . A. to stay B. is to stay at C. to stay at D. is for staving 3. Weather ，we’ll go sightseeing. A. permitted B. is permitted C. permitting D. is permitting 4. I have no objection the evening with them. A. to spend B. to spending C. to have spent D. to have to spend 5. The lecture ，he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker. A. began B. beginning C. begun D. having begun 6. He was heard in the wash room. A. to sing a song B. sing a song C. singing a song D. sang a song 7. The criminal wore dark glasses to avoid . A. being recognized B. to be recognized C. recognizing D. to recognize 8. Last night I did nothing but my lessons. A. prepare B. to prepare C. prepared D. preparing 9. These students are quick at learning. We’ll have them in new methods. A. train B. training C. trained D. to train 10. After a long walk on a hot day，one often feels . A. exhaustive B. exhausting C. exhaust D. exhausted 答案:1.B 2.C 3.C 4.B 5.D 6.C 7.A 8.A 9.C 10. 第 四 章 限定词 限定词是指对名词起泛指、特指、定量与不定量等限定作用的词，包括冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、数词以及量词。 第一节 某些限定词用法的区别 一、all，both，whole之间的区别 both表不“两者„„都”，用于修饰两个人或事物。all表示“所有的„„都”，可用于修饰三个或三个以上的人或事物。“all of”，“both of”后面可接复数可数名词或代词。当后面跟名词时，of通常省略，但若后面跟人称代词时，of不能省去。all在作定语时，不能接of，而whole后面可接of，并且whole of后面可接专有名词和复数名词，但whole后面没有of则不能接复数名词和专有名词。如: all the story;the whole story; the whole of England(不能说:whole England) the whole of books(不能说:whole books) 二、one„，the other;other，another;some，others，the others的用法 one„，the other:指两者之间的“一个„„，另一个”。 other，another:other表示“其他的，另外的”，有单复数之分(other，others)，“another”表示“另外一个，又一个”，这两个单词既是不定代词，又可作限定 词。 some„others:这是经常成对出现的两个词，表示“一些”，“另外一些”。 the others:指总体中“其余几个”。 三、a lot of ，plenty of，a quantity of，quantities of的用法 这四个词表示“许多的，大量的”，后面可跟复数可数名词或不可数名词。 a number of，a great many of 表示“许多的”，后接复数可数名词。a great many通常后面不接of，直接跟复数可数名词，但如果后面的名词前有定语，或者有定冠词修饰时，要带of。 如:a great many things;a great many of his books. a great deal of，an amount of只能修饰、限定不可数名词。 四、数词 1.数词与名词连用时，它们的表达形式为:名词，基数词或:the，序数词，名词。如:Chapter Four或the Fourth Chapter 2.数词还可以和其他词构成复合形容词，通常这种形容词由“数字，名词”或“数字，名词,ed”两种形式构成，它们中间一般都有连字符号，而且都只用 单数形式。如:five,cent(五分钱的)，eight-hundred-word(八百字的)，four-legged-table(四条腿的桌子)，seven-stored-house(7层楼的房屋)。 第二节 冠词的用法 一、类指 类指是指利用冠词，包括定冠词the，不定冠词a，an和零冠词zero加上名词的某种形式，可指一类人或物。 1.a，单数可数名词。 如:A horse was very useful in ancient wars. 2.zero+复数可数名词。 如:Men are created equal. 3.zero+不可数名词。如: Money is necessary but not almighty. 4.zero+单数可数名词。如: Dog is a kind of faithful animal. 另外，定冠词the加形容词也可表类指，这种表达中，形容词已名词化。如:the clever:聪明人。 二、定冠词的某些用法 1.定冠词最常见、最典型的用法是特指，即指上下文中已提及的人或物。如: I have a dog and a cat. The dog is white-black-dotted，while the cat is pure white. 2.在某些名词前一定要加定冠词the。 1)在指世界上、宇宙前独一无二的事物的名词前。如: the earth;the universe 2)在江河、湖泊、海洋、山脉、瀑布、岛屿的名称前。如: the Yangtze River 3)在乐器名称前。如: the flute;the violin 4)在由词组构成的专有名词前。如: the People’s Republic of China 3.在下列名词前不能加定冠词the。 1)在表示一年四季的名称前。如: in summer;in spring 2)在表示一年十二个月份的名称前。如: in January;in April 3)在表示一个星期七天的名称前。如: on Wednesday;on Sunday 4)在表示一日三餐的名词前。如: have breakfast;have dinner 5)在表示球类活动的名词前。如: play football;play soccer 6)在单个的名词表示的专有名词前。如: China 4.在某些名词加定冠词或不加定冠词，意义不同。如: in prison:坐牢 in the prison:在监狱里 in hospital:住院 in the hospital:在医院里 leave school:不上学 leave the school:放学离开学校 Exercise 4 1. Some students are playing basketball，while are playing table tennis. A. another B. the other C. the others D. some other 2. I have three sisters. One is a teacher，and are all accountants. A. another B. other C. the other D. the others 3. I got a letter yesterday，but there wasn’t news in it. A. some B. much C. many D. lots 4.We have plenty of paper，but ink. A. few B. a few C. not many D. not much 5. Hours we spent on the work was rather small. A. The amount of B. number of C. An amount of D. The number of 6. He wrote a novel. A. two-million-words B. two-million-word C. two-millions-word D. two-millions-words 7. Flight 453 from New Jersy is now arriving at . A. gate six B. the gate three C. third gate D. gate third 8. All silent.(大家都不吭声了) A. is B. was C. are D. be 9. All silent.(万籁俱寂) A. was B. are C. were D. be 10. Is busy celebrating the Spring Festival. A. Whole people B. The whole people C. Whole of people D. The whole of people 答案:1.C 2.D 3.B 4.D 5.D 6.B 7.A 8.C 9.A 10.D 第五章 形容词、副词 第一节 形容词 一、形容词在句中修饰、限制或说明名词、代词，担任表语、定语、补语等句子成分。 例:?Mary is really beautiful.(表语) ?Mary is really beautiful lady.(定语) ?Everybody considers Mary really beautiful.(宾补) ?The soldier lay on the ground motionless.(主补) 二、以字母a,开头的形容词通常只用作表语，不用作定语，这类形容词有asleep，alive，alone，afraid，alike，ashamed，awake，aware等。alive间或作定语，不过必须后置。 例:?He was awake late in the night yesterday. ?Who is the greatest man alive? 三、有些动词既可作连系动词，又可作行为动词，要根据意义判断。如果是连系动词，后接形容词作表语;如果是行为动词，则后面接副词。 动词 连系动词意义 行为动词意义 look 看起来„„觉得 看 sound 听起来觉得 发出声音 smell 闻起来觉得 发出气味 taste 尝起来觉得 品尝 feel 摸起来觉得 感到、摸索 get 变得 得到 Go 变得 走、去 turn 变得 翻、转 grow 变得 生长 stay 保持 停留 remain 维持 遗留 例:?It smells terrible. ?The eggs went bad. 四、当几个形容词并列修饰一个名词时，排列顺序如下: 限定词，一般性质特征形容词，大小、长短、新旧、高低形容词，表年龄词 ，颜色形容词，国别形容词，材料形容词，用途形容词，中心名词。 例:?the very clever small 10-year-old colored American boy ? a very beautiful big grey Chinese cotton jacket 五、下列形容词词形接近、词义不同，应多加注意: Desirable 合意的 desirous 渴望的(表语形容词) Electrical 电学的 electric 电的 economical 节约的 economic 经济上的 Eminent 著名的 imminent 紧迫的 Confident 有信心的 confidential 机密的 considerate 体贴人的 considerable 相当大(多)的 exhaustive 彻底的 exhausting 令人精疲力竭的 Applicable 合适的 applied 实用的，应用的 Industrial 工业的 industrious 勤奋的 Secretive 不坦率的 secret 秘密的 Opposite 对面的 opposing 相对的，对立的 Weary 疲倦的 wearing 令人疲倦的 Historical 历史的 historic 历史上意义重大或著名的 Imaginary 想像中的 imaginative 富有想像力的 contemptuous 轻蔑的 contemptible 可鄙的 Sensitive 敏感的 sensible 明智的 Illegible (字迹)难辨认的 illegal 不合法的 Credulous 轻信的 credible 可信的 Respectful 对人有礼貌的 respectable 受人尊敬的 Respective 各自的 第二节 副词 一、副词在句中修饰、限制或说明动词(包括非限定动词)、形容词、副词、 介词短语或整个句子，担任各种状语。 例:?The students study quite diligently. ?The man kept waiting patiently for the shuttle bus. ?Tom is physically strong but mentally weak. ?The leg is exactly like a huge tree. ?Fortunately，I had my ID card with me. 二、注意区分以,ly结尾的形容词和副词，,ly加在形容词后(adj+ly)常是副词后缀，而,ly加在名词后(n+ly)，常是形容词后缀。如: easily(副)容易地 quickly(副)快捷地 friendly(形)友好的 brotherly(形)兄弟般的 cowardly(形)怯懦的 monthly(形)每月的 但也有adj+ly不是副词，而是形容词的。如: deadly 致命的 likely 可能的 另外，还有少量名词也是以-ly结尾的。如: assembly 装配线，集合 orderly 勤务兵 二、quite，rather等程度副词可修饰名词词组，注意冠词紧跟副词后。 例:?He is quite a clever boy. ?It was rather a chock to look into these matters and discover that the fault was solely mine 三、注意区分下列易混淆的副词 Deep 深地，迟地 deeply 深深地(修饰过去分词) especially 特别，尤其 specially 专门地(指专门用途) hardly 几乎不 hard 努力地 Low 低地 lowly 卑贱地，谦恭地 formerly 从前地 formally 正式地 high:作副词常构成的搭配:aim high，play high，run high，fly high，hold one’s head high。 highly:通常指抽象的“高”，如:speak highly of;也用来修饰过去分词变来的形容词，如highly skilled。 late:时间上的迟、晚。 lately:“最近”的意思，通常用于完成时态或过去时态。 clear:用作副词是“隔开”的意思。如:stand clear of the gate. 别靠门站。 clearly:表示“显然”，“清晰地”等其他意义时用clearly，不用clear。 close:作“近”解时，用close，如:He lives close to the school。 closely:紧密地，关注地。 direct:作“直线地”，“不绕圈子地”解。如:He goes there direct。directly:作“直接地”(“间接地”的反义词)解时，用directly。如:He looked directly at me。 easy:只用于某些固定搭配中。如:Easy come，easy go，Easier said than done，Take it easy。 easily:容易地 firm:在stand firm，hold firm搭配中用firm作副词。 firmly:牢牢地，稳固地 loud:loud与loudly一般情况下可以换用。但用比较形式时通常用louder，loudest。 right:修饰副词、介词短语和句子时用right作副词。 rightly:通常置于动词之前。试比较: He guessed right.(修饰句子) He rightly guessed that they are Americans.(修饰动词) rather:常用于修饰表示“不悦，令人不愉快地相当„„”的形容词或副词。 如:It’s rather cold. fairly:常用于修饰表示“愉悦地”形容词或副词。 如:He plays fairly well. too much:too修饰much，后面可以接不可数名词，也可以不接名词。如:He works too much. much too:是“太”的意思，与far too 意义相同，用来加强语气，修饰形容词。如:We are much too tired. free:作副词时意为“免除地”，“免费地”。 freely:不受约束地，自由自在地。 第三节 形容词、副词的比较级 一、形容词、副词比较级句型 1.as+adj. /adv. 原级，as表示相同的比较 注意:1)adj. 原级后面可以接名词。 例:I can drink as much alcohol as he does. 2)如果adj. 后的名词是单数，不定冠词要放在形容词后。 例:?He is as a good man as Lei Feng. [误] ?He is an as good man as Lei Feng. [误] ?He is as good a man as Lei Feng. [正] 2.not as (so)„as及less+形容词或副词原级表示否定的比较。 She doesn’t look so/as attractive as her elder sister. 例:? ?He studies less hard than he did last year. 注意:肯定句不用so„as搭配;less后不能接比较级。 例:?He is so eloquent as Churchill. [误] 应为:He is as eloquent as Churchill. ?This room is less brighter than the other.[误] 应为:This room is less bright than the other. 3.以-ior结尾的几个形容词本身含有比较意义，不再有加-er的比较级形式， 也不用“than”接比较对象，而是用“to”接比较对象，这样的形容词有prior(先 于)，anterior(前面的)，posterior(后面的)，superior(优越的)，inferior(劣等 的)，junior(年轻的)，senior(年长的)等。 例:Some whites think they are superior to the blacks. 4.„times the size(length，weight，height„)of,„times as big(long，weighty， high„)as，表示“„„是„„的多少倍，大(长、重、高等)”。 例:?The TV tower is 10 times the height of our teaching building=The TV tower is 10 times as high as our teaching building. ?The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half that of last year’s. (that=the number of registered participants) 5.the+形容词比较级，of the two表示两者之中的“更„„者”。 例:Bob is the more industrious of the two. Bob是两人中更勤奋者。 6.The+比较级，主语，谓语，表示“越„„，就越„„”的意义，此句型 中主语、谓语可省略。 例:The harder(you work)，the more progress(you’ll make). 7.more of a ，名词，than+ a+名词，意为“与其说„„不如说”。 He is more of a fool than a knave. 例: 与其说他是个无赖，不如说他是个傻子。 8.形容词、副词的原级比较形式的修饰词常用的有nearly，almost，just，exactly，twice，(three)times，not nearly，not half，nothing like，by no means，nowhere near，quite等。这些修饰词应置于as„as结构之前。 例:He is by no means as much of a poet as his brother. 9.形容词、副词比较级结构的修饰词常有far，even，many，much，still，a lot，a(little)bit，rather，slightly，not any等。这些修饰词应置于形容词、副词的比较级结构前。 例:?A delivery man can carry many more plastic containers than containers made of wood or glass. ?I can’t make it any better than this. 二、形容词、副词比较级中易犯的错误有: 1.比较级前面漏掉定冠词。 例:This river is longer of the two. [误] 应为:This river is the longer of the two. 2.在比较级形式表最高级意义的句型“than any other+单数可数名词”中，常多用或漏掉other，或用其他名词形式。 例:?Shanghai is more populated than any city in China. [误] 应为:Shanghai is more populated than any other city in China. (属于同一范畴的人或物进行比较时用any other。 而上海属于中国城市city in China这个范畴。) ?Shanghai is more populated than any other city in America. [误] 应为:Shanghai is ore populated than any city in America. (属于不同范畴的人或物进行比较时用any，而不用any other。上海 与美国城市city in America不属于同一范畴。) 3.比较对象不一致。 例:The volume of the earth is 49 times as large as the moon. [误] 应为:The volume of the earth is 49 times as large as that of the moon. 4.对于perfect，parallel，leading等没有比较级的形容词，容易误用比较级。 例:These two lines are more parallel than those two. [误] parallel是绝对形容词，要么是平行，要么是不平行，没有比较级。遇到这 类形容词可采用变通方式表示。 These two lines are more nearly parallel than those two. 三、注意下列固定但易混淆的比较级表达形式: more than 不仅只是 no more than 仅仅;与„„同样都不 no less than 有„„之多;与„„同样都 no less a person than 正好是 not more than 至多，不超过 nothing more than 没有别的，只是 know better than 很明白(而不至于) nothing less than 与„„一模一样 Exercise 5 1. He looks at us sadly with his eyes as his grandmother’s. A. a size as large B. so large C. of large size D. as large 2. The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have as the amount of money borrowed. A. as the same value B. the same value C. value as the same D. the value is the same 3. “Ralph seems to like this country.” “Yes, he is here as he was at home.” A. almost as happy B. as happy almost C. as almost happy D. almost happy as 4. He is older than officer in his company. A. other B. all C. any other D. any 5. The life expectancy of blacks in 1850 was shorter than . A. white Americans B. those of white Americans C. white American’s D. that of white Americans 6. Everyone agrees with the music critic’s judgment that Beethoven’s later symphonies were better than . A. Mozart B. Mozart’s C. that of Mozart D. ones of Mozart 7. The songs of Jackson are very popular among young people, who regard him as . A. more superior to other musicians B. superior than other musicians C. superior to other musicians D. superior as any other musician 8. Swimming is a more strenuous daily exercise than . A. to walk B. walking C. walk D. walks 9. Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf of the telephone. A. than inventing B. than as the inventor C. the invention D. as the inventor 10. , William Shakespeare is the most widely known. A. With all writers in English B. All of the writers in English C. All writers in English D. Of all writers in English 答案:1.D 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.D 6.B 7.C 8.B 9.B 10.D 第六章 简单句和复合句 第一节 五个基本句型 一、主语，谓语(SVvi) 例:?The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. ?The War Against Japanese Invasion broke out in the year 1937. 二、主语，系动词，表语(SVP) 例:?Ours is a unitary multi-national state. ?These apples really taste delicious. 三、主语，谓语，宾语(SVO) 例:?Polo players and their horses need vigorous training in order to be successful in competition. ?Can’t you get rid of your bad habit? 四、主语，谓语，间接宾语，直接宾语(SVOdOi) 例:?The doctor asked me many questions. ?It takes the earth 365 days to travel around the sun. 注意:在某些动词后直接宾语可放在间接宾语前，但间接宾语前要加介词。 如: buy John a bike=buy a bike for John give him a book=give a book to him 五、主语，谓语，宾语，宾补(SVOC) 例:?Heat makes gases expand. ?Everybody considers this problem a very tough one. 英语中的所有长、短句都是在这五个基本句型的基础上扩充而衍生的。 在英语中，两个或更式的有相对独立的主、谓结构——即常言的句子之间要 以某种方式接连起来，连接排布方式有并列排布和从属排布。 句子之间的接连排布关系: 1)独立排布(独立简单句) 2)并列排布(并列简单句) 3)从属排布(主从复合句) 第二节 名词性从句 一、名词性从句种类 名词性从句因其在句中担任的成分不同而分别被称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，这几种从句有很多共同点。 that he will come„ 如:„ ?That the will come is true.(主语从句) ?She says(that)he will come.(宾语从句) ?The news is that he will come.(表语从句) ?She tells me the news that he will come.(同位语从句) 二、引导名词性从句的从属连词 1. 所有的疑问代词和疑问副词都可转化用作引导名词性从句的连接代词(connective pronouns)和连接副词(connective adverbs)，此外，because和that也可用来引导名词性从句。连接代词除了引导名词性从句外，还在从句中充当名词和代词能充当的成分，即主语、宾语、表语、宾语;连接副词除引导名词性从句外，还在从句中担任副词能充当的成分，即各种状语，而that在引导名词性从句时，功能是单一的，即只能引导名词性从句。在名词性从句不担任何成分，这一特点有助于我们弄清楚that和what引导名词性从句时用法的区别，也能区分that引导名词性从句和引导形容词从句(即关系从句)的不同用法。 例:?What he said is absolutely wrong.(What引导主语从句，且在主语从句中作said的宾语) ?I don’t know where he lives.(where引导宾语从句，且在宾语从句中作地点状语) ?That theory comes from practice has long been proved.(that只引导主语从句，在主语从句中不作任何成分) 2. 除because和that以外，所有由疑问代词和疑问副词转化而来的连接代词和连接副词都带有原来的疑问意义，因而，我们应特别注意名词性从句的词序。如: She is no longer what she was. [正] She is no longer what was she. [误] What was she? She was a doctor. [正] 3. whose不能单独引导从句，只能和名词或名词词组连用构成一个整体，而这一整体相当于一个连接代词的作用。 例:Tell me whose handwriting is the best in your class.(whose与名词handwriting连用在一起，相当于一个关系代词，引导宾语从句，且在宾语从句中作主语。) 4. what和which既可单独作连接代词，引导名词性从句，也可和名词或名词词组一起连用。 例:?I wonder what(kind of help)I can offer you. ?I can’t determine which(subject)I should choose，science or art. 5. 当句子的主语是The reason„，其后的表语从句不能用because，on account that等含“因为”含义的连词引导，而用that引导;其后的表语也不能用because of，on account of，due to及有“因为”含义的短语引导而直接用名词或名词性短语作表语。 例:?The reason why I was absent from class was because I was ill. [误] 应为:The reason why I was absent from class was that I was ill. [正] ?The reason why I was late for work was because of the heavy traffic. [误] 应为:The reason why I was late for work was the heavy traffic. [正] 注意: 1. what引导的名词性从句与that引导的名词性从句的区别。 1)首先记住what不引导定语从句。若从句前面有名词或不定代词时则为定语从句，不能用what引导。 例:?That’s all what I saw. [误] (what不引导定语从句) ?That’s what I saw. [正](what引导表语从句) ?That’s all that I saw. [正](that引导定语从句) ?That’s all I saw. [正](定语从句关系代语作宾语时，关系代词可以省略) 2)what引导名词性从句时，在句中除充当引导词引导一个句子外，它还充分从句的成分(主语、宾语、表语或定语)。that引导名词性从句时，只起引导词的作用，不充当从句的任何成分。 例:?I never believe what he said.(what作said的宾语) ?I never believe that Maria was killed in a car accident.(that引导一个完 整的宾语从句，不充当从句的成分) ?Have you heard the news that our team won.(that引导同位语从句，解 释news的内容，不充当从句的成分) China is not what is used to be.(what引导表语从句，在从句中作表语) ? 2. whether与if引导名词性从句的区别。 1)在不定式前用whether，不用if。 例:I don’t know whether to go or stay. 2)连接两个句子时，用whether，不用if。 例:I don’t know whether he is a teacher or she is a teacher. )介词后面用whether，不用if。 3 例:I have not settled the question of whether I’ll go back. 4)引导同位语从句时用whether，不用if。 例:The question，whether we need it, has not yet been considered. 5)动词discuss后用whether引导宾语从句，不用if。 例:We discussed whether she should be fined. 3. whoever，whatever和whichever等除引导让步状语从句外，还可以引导名 词性从句。 例:?You can give the book to whoever likes it. ?Take whatever you want. 第三节 形容词性从句 形容词性从句是指关系分句或定语从句。 一、关系词 常用来引导关系分句的有关系代词(relative pronouns)(who，whom，whose， that，which，as和关系副词(relative adverbs)where，when，why，how。 先行项:被关系分句修饰、限定的名词、名词词组或代词即是先行项。 二、关系代词的用法 关系代词除了引导关系分句以外，还在关系分句中充当代词能充当的成分，即主语、宾语、表语和定语;关系代词在从句中没有词汇意义，先行项或主句的意义就是关系代词的意义。 1. 当先行项是指人的名词，且关系代词在从句中作主语时，用who，that来引导从句。 例:He is the person who/that will be our next president. 当主句谓语动词是be时，关系代词更多时候用that。 例:John is not the man that he was. 2. 当先行项是指人的名词，且关系代词在从句中作宾语时，用whom来引导从句。 例:Do you know the boy whom he is talking with? 3. 当whose引导定语从句时，一定要与名词或名词词组连用，whose作定语，修饰与之连用的名词或名词词组，而连用在一起的whose与名词或名词组相当于一个关系代词，引导从句，且在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。 例:This is the room whose floor needs a general cleaning. 4. 当先行项是指物的名词时，关系代词which和that都可用来引导从句，一般情况下，两者可互换，但当先行项是(或被)all，any，(a)few，no，only，some，little，much，the very，anything，something，nothing，everything等修饰时;当先行项被序数词和形容词最高级修饰时，关系代词只能用that，不能用which。 例:?He offered me the help that/which I needed. ?This is the very book that I was after.(不用which) ?Remove all the pumps that have been damaged.(不用which) 而当关系代词引导的是一个非限定性定语从句时，则只能which，不能用that。 例:The propelling force requires high current，which will cause explosive disintegration of the drive coil.(只能用which，不能用that) 在带介词的定语从句中，介词要以前置于关系代词前，也可以放在句末，当介词前置时，关系代词只能是which，不能是that。 例:?This is the house that/which I was born in. ?This is the house which I was born. 注意:并不是所有的介词都能前置。一般说来，若将介词移走，原来的短语发生意义上的根本改变，则该介词不可以前移。 例:?Who is the person with whom you were talking. [正] (talk谈话;talk with与„„谈话;talk词义未发生根本改变，则with可前置。) ?Who is the person on whom you called yesterday. [误] (call呼、叫、喊;call on拜访。移走介词on后，call的词义发生了根本变化，所以on不能前置。) 三、which引导定语从句与as引导定语从句的区别 1. 引导非限制性定语从句时，as只代替整个主句的内容，且既可置于主句前，也可放在主句后;而which能指代主句中的某个名词或名词词组(即先行项)，也能指代整个主句的内容，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句后。 例:?As was expected，he performed the task with success. [正] ?Which was expected, he performed the task with success. [误] ?He performed the task with success, as/which was expected. [正] 2. 先行项受such，same修饰时，关系代词用as，而不用which。 例:?Such women as knew Tom thought he was charming. [正] ?You must show my wife the same respect which you show me. [误] 四、定语从句是there be结构时，there be前的关系代词that通常要省略。 例:?She has read all the books there are on the bookshelf. ?No one would have time to read or listen to an account of everything there is going on in the world. 而当主句是there be句型时，作主语的关系代词可以省略。 例:There are many people live on that farm. 五、当先行项是time, day, place, distance, direction, times, way等名词时，关系代词that可以省略。 例:Dr. Bethune was much impressed by the way Chairman Mao spoke. Whose指具体事物与抽象概念时可与of which换用，词序通常是“名词词组 ，of which” 例:I saw some trees whose leaves were black with disease. =I saw some trees the leaves of which were black with disease. 第四节 副词性从句 副词怀从句即状语从句，包括时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、 条件状语从句、方式状语从句、程度状语从句、目的状语从句、让步状语从句和 结果状语从句。 一、the moment，the instant，the minute，every time，the year，the day，the second等，相当于when，可引导时间状语从句;而instantly，directly也可引导 时间状语从句，意为“as soon as”。 例:?The instant she saw him she knew he was her brother. ?He left Europe the year World War II broke out. ?Every time I passed his house in the morning I saw him doing shadow boxing. ?They rushed out of the room instantly they heard call for help. 二、由when，while，before，the moment，as soon as，until等引导的时间状 语从句，if引导的条件状语从句，unless等引导的让步状语从句用一般现在时表 示一般将来时。 例:?You will never succeed unless you exert yourself. ?I will inform you when/if he comes back. 三、In case表条件时，其后用一般现在时形式表示将来时意义;表“以免” 之意，从句要用虚拟语气should，动词原形。 例:?In case it rains(=If it rains)，we won’t be able to go there on foot.(表 示条件) ?He left early in case(,lest)he should miss the train.(表示“以免”，“惟 恐”之意) 四、引导原因状语从句常用的连词有because，as，since，now that(既然)， seeing that(既然)，considering that(既然)，in that(因为)，inasmuch as(因为)， not that„but that(不是因为„„而是因为„„) 例:?Man differs from brutes in that he can think and speak. ?I haven’t finished writing the report，not that I dislike the work，but that I have no time. ?Inasmuch as he has confessed and apologized，we’ll forgive him for the wrongs he had done us. 五、条件状语从句的引导词可分为两类: 1. if，provided，providing(如果)，suppose=supposing(假定)，assuming(假 定)，say(如果)，given that(如果)等。 例:?Say we paid them in advance，would they do it,(Say=If) ?I’ll do it again provided I have enough time. 2. 肯定形式的连接词带有否定意义:but(若不是)，save that(若不是，只 是)，unless(如果不，除非)。 例:?It never rains but it pours.不雨则已，一雨倾盆。 (若不是倾盆大雨，就从不下雨)。 ?But that you helped me I would not have succeeded. 要不是你帮我，我就不能成功。(注意:but that从句不用虚拟语气，主 句用虚拟语气)。 ?I am well save that I have a cold. 我很好，只是有点感冒。 六、引导让步状语从句的连接有though，although，even if，even though， no matter how(=however)，no matter what(,whatever)，no matter who(=whoever)，no matter which(,whichever)，no matter when(,whoever)，no matter where(,wherever)等。 例:?Though/Although he is young，he is experienced. ?She thought of him as her own father even if/even though he was not. ?Whoever/No matter who comes，he will be warmly welcome. ?Wherever/No matter where you go，I’ll follow you. while引导让步状语从句，通常放于句首，意义上等于although。 例:While(,Although)he appreciated the honor，he could not accept the position。 用“某些介词，the fact that”等结构表示让步关系。这种结构有in spite of the despite the fact that，not with-standing the fact that(虽然)等。 fact that， 例:In spite of the fact that funds have been approved for the bridge，no contracts have been made for work on it. 七、用that单独引导结果状语从句不仅可用于肯定句，也可以用于疑问句和 否定句中。 例:?He never attended a meeting that he did not come late.他每次开会都迟 到。 ?What have I done that you should be so angry with me,我做了什么事 以至于你对我如此生气, Exercise 6 1. In her time, Isadora Duncan was today a liberated woman. A. calling what we would B. who would be calling C. what we would call D. she would call it 2. You see the lightening it happens, but you hear the thunder later. A. the instant B. for an instant C. on the instant D. in an instant 3. was not our concern. A. No matter how he might pass the examination B. Whether he passed the examination or not C. Though he might pass the examination D. While he passed the examination 4. makes it rather disturbing was arbitrary circumstances both of my arrest and my subsequent fate in court A. That B. What C. Which D. Where 5. The retiring teacher made a speech she thanked the class for the gift. A. in which B. for which C. of which D. with which 6. The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care. A. and B. as C. but D. rather than 7. the fact that his initial experiments had failed, Prof. White persisted in his research. A. Because of B. Though C. In spite of D. In view of 8. Noise in a room may be reduced by carpeting，draperies，and upholstered furniture， absorb sound. A. which they all B. of them all C. all of which D. of all with 9. It is a widely held theory the ancestral prototype of the flowering ，perhaps a small tree. Astereles was a woody plant A. where B. until C. while D. that 10. These facts suggested(表明)that women in opportunity for physical exercise by cultural taboos. A. should been limited B. be limited C. had been limited D. have been limited 答案:1.C 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.C 9.D 10.C 第七章 倒装结构 第一节 完全倒装结构 完全倒装结构即是所有谓语部分都提前到主语前面来。 一、Not，There，Here，Such位于句首，引导句子，当谓语动词是come，go或动词be时，句子主、谓语形成完全倒装。 例:?There goes the bell. ?Such would be the home in the future. 二、表运动方向的副词，如in，out，down，away，off位于句首，可使句子表达生动，句子主、谓语形成完全倒装。 注意:当句子主语是名词或名词词组时，能倒装，而当句子主语是人称代词时则不能形成完全倒装。 例:?Up went the arrow and down came the bird. [正] ?Away went all the boys. [正] ?Away went they.[误] ?Away they went.[正] 三、表方位的介词短语位于句首，也能使句子表达生动，句子主、谓语形成完全倒装。 例:Around the room are the books and clothes. 四、分词，介词短语位于首，句子主、谓语形成完全倒装。 例:?Lying beside the door is a lovely white cat. ?Buried under the floorboards is the body of the murdered. 第二节 部分倒装结构 部分倒装结构即是将谓语部分的操作词(operator)(谓语中位于第一位的情态动词或助动词)前置于主语前，或借助助动词do，does，did置于主语前，构成主、谓语部分倒装。 一、Only+状语，位于句首，句子形成部分倒装。 例:?Only after liberation did he receive some education. ?Only my brother has received a degree of PhD. 注意:only后所接成分不是状语则不倒装。 二、Neither，nor或so表示同样看法(也不„„或也„„)，位于句首，句子形成部分倒装。 例:?“My wife has never touched any wine.” “Neither has mine.” ?“I handed in the homework just now.” “So did I.” 注意:若第二句中的so只是重复前句的意思，不表示“也„„”的含义，则句子不倒装。 例:He was planning to buy an MPC，and so he did. 他想买台我媒体电脑，他确实买了。 三、含否定意义的副词和词组位于句首，句子形成部分倒装，这类词和词组有:never，not，little，seldom，hardly，rarely，nowhere，scarcely，in vain，under no circumstances，by no means等。 例:?Little did I know about this matter. ?In vain did the prisoners try to escape. 四、为了强调或使句子平衡将状语提前而形成部分倒装。表示频率的状语如:always，often，every other day，every day，many a time，now and then等;表示方位的状语如:thus，such，so等;表示地点的状语如:in front of等。 例:Many a time has he come to see me. 五、so„that或such„that句型中的so或such放于句首时，以及“to such，名词词组”放于句首时，句子形成部分倒装。 例:?Such a clear statement was it that it couldn’t be misunderstood. ?To such a degree did the temperature lower that the water froze. 六、Not only„but(also)引导并列分句时，Not only引导的分句要倒装。 例:Not only did the children have a wonderful time but we(also)learned a lot from the exhibition. 第三节 让步状语从句的倒装 一、“Though/Although+主语，系动词，表语，主句”的句子中，让步状语 从句可倒装成:表语，as，主语，系动词，主句。 例:Though he is young，he is sophisticated. 可倒装为:Young as he is，he is sophisticated. 二、“Though/Although+主语，动词，状语，主句”的句子中，让步状语从 句可倒装成:“状语，as，主语，动词，主句”。 例:Though he ran quickly，he lagged far behind. 可倒装为:Quickly as he ran，he lagged far behind. 三、“No matter，连词，主语，情态动词，主动词，主句”或“连词-ever+ 主语，情态动词，主动词，主句”的句型中，让步状语从句可倒装成:“主动词 ，连词，主语，情态动词，主句”。 例:?Whatever you might say，I won’t change my mind. 可倒装成:Say what you might，I won’t change my mind. ?No matter when you might come，you will find him staying at home. 可倒装成:Come when you might，you will find him staying at home. 四、在“Whether+主语，系动词，表语1，or，表语2，主句”的句型中， 让步状语从句意为“不管是„„还是„„”，可倒装为:“Be+主语，表语1+or ，表语2，主句”。 例:Whether it is import or export，everyday business goes smoothly. 可倒装为:Be it import or export，everyday business goes smoothly. 五、在“Whether+主语，系动词，表语，主句”的句型中，让步状语从句意 为“尽管„„”，可倒装为:“Be+主语，表语，主句。” 例:Whether he is a man ever so clever，he knows nothing if he refuses to learn. he knows nothing if he refuses to 可倒装为:Be he a man ever so clever， learn. 第四节 比较状语从句的倒装 一、在as，than引导的比较状语从句中，若比较对象是从句的表语，则从句 省略表语，从句的主语、谓语(系列词)形成倒装。 例:The success is more meaningful to them than is it to us.(=than it is meaningful to us) 二、在as，than引导的比较状语从句中，若比较对象是从句的宾语，则从句 的宾语省略，从句的主语、谓语形成倒装。 例:The success means more to them than does it to us.(=than it means much to us) 三、在as，than引导的比较状语从句中，若比较对象是从句的主语，则从句 的主语省略，从句的谓语的数由省略的主语确定，从句的时态视从句的具体时间 而定。 例:There should be less anxiety about AIDS in reality than exists in people’s mind. Exercise 7 1. that the pilot couldn’t fly through it. A. So the storm was severe B. So severe was the storm C. The storm so severe was D. Such was the storm severe 2. On no account borrow money from friends and still less dependent on the favors of rich relatives. A. I would„I would be B. Would I„I would be C. Would I„would I be D. I would„would I be 3.Only with a complete grasp of all the cues of social intercourse disappear. A. this strain will B. will this strain C. this strain should D. should this strain 4. In the eastern part of New Jersey ，a major shipping and manufacturing center. A. where the city of Elizabeth lies B. where lies the city of Elizabeth C. lies the city of Elizabeth D. the city of Elizabeth lies 5. Not only much bigger than any planet，but unlike the planets，it consists completely of gaseous material. A. the sun is B. the sun，which is C. is the sun D. that the sun 6. to speak when the audience interrupted him. A. Hardly had he begun B. No sooner had he begun C. Not until he begun D. Scarcely did he begin 7. devised to lessen the drudgery of washing clothes that the origin of the washing machine is unclear. A. Were the inventions so numerous B. The invention so numerous C. So numerous were the inventions D. The inventions that were so numerous 8. Humble it may be，there is no place like home. A. although B. as C. how D. that 9. what might，he persisted on conducting his experiments. A. Happens B. Happening C. Happen D. To happen 10. he friend or enemy，the law regards him as a criminal. A. Be B. Is C. Being D. To be 答案:1.B 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.B 9.C 10.A