联想记忆法_联想意指我们在记忆英语单词时不要孤立的记¸¸

联想记忆法_联想意指我们在记忆英语单词时不要孤立的记¸¸ Unit 15 Learning Warm-up In this unit you will… ?Read magazine articles. ?Talk about different experiences. ?Listen to dialogues about school experiences and a song. ?Write a personal essay for a school magazine. ?Learn more about conditional sentences; learn about wish and should have. Tapescript Daver: I write down new words several times on paper. This helps my spelling, too. Oh, and I also draw little pictures in my vocabulary book, you know, for “fur” I’d maybe draw a fur coat. And I also imagine the pages of the textbook in my head, you know, photos might help me remember a few words, or even grammar structures. Luning: I can’t remember vocabulary very well. If I have to learn a list of words, I just repeat them aloud to myself, again and again, till I can remember them. Sometimes one word makes me think of another, in the list. I also go over the corrections that my teacher makes in my schoolwork. Tonghuan: Mm, It’s hard to say. It depends on the words, but I often sort of simplify a work by breaking a word up into different parts, you know, like “ entertain-ment”, and this helps me understand how they fit together. Sometimes a word sounds similar to another word in Chinese, which helps me remember it. Xiaofang: This may sound silly, but I have a jar in my room. I write translations of new words on bits of paper and put them in the jar. After a week, I open the jar and see if I can remember the words in English. And I write translations in my vocabulary book and ask my mum to test me. And sometimes I test myself on my way to school. You know, I say things in English to myself! Introduce some means of memories 联想记忆法:联想意指我们在记忆英语单词时不要孤立的记忆，要发挥思维潜能，一并记忆与之 相关的词汇,联想可以是由部分联想到整体，以及其它事物，也可以是由某一特征联想到一类事物， 还可以是读音、词形、词义方面的扩充联想等等。 如 result ,insult等，这样就会记忆一个单词的同时又复习了其它的单词，而且不至于混淆。再 1 如，学习fetch的时候，就应该想到它和take ,bring ,carry 等单词在用法上的区别。当然，很简单的单词(已经掌握的)就不必如此。 (音同词)bye, buy, by;tail, tale;steal, steel„ (音近词):bed, bad;good, god„ 语境记忆法:一个单词脱离了实际使用的语境，想记牢会用是难以做到的。将词汇置身于语境之中，通过反复阅读，提高认知能力，最后可以达到记忆的目的。语境记忆是国内外语言教学专家和心理学家较为推崇的词汇记忆策略。 分类记忆法:分类记忆法是按主 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 ，所属范围等条件对词汇进行分门别类汇总，然后综合记忆的方法。从医疗，购物外贸等方面归类，也可以按时间、决心、态度等主题进行汇总，然后根据记忆原则记忆。 love hatred sorrow joy grief feelings delight despair pleasure fear jealousy anger 词根词缀记忆法:通过记住词根词缀，并据此推测含此类词根词缀的新词的意思，加以强化记忆。 Prefixes co --- withtogether: 2 cooperation ex --- former: ex-wife, ex -president mini --- small: miniskirt, minibus un --- not, opposite: uncertain, unsure, undress uni --- one: uniform Suffixes 3 -age --- to make nouns: shortage, storage -al --- to make adjectives: experimental, accidental, environmental -er --- to make nouns, a person who does sth.: rider, painter, baker, builder, teacher -ify --- to make verbs: 4 beautify, simplify -less --- to make adjectives not have sth: hopeless, friendless -ness --- to make nouns a state or quality: sadness, happiness, weakness -ment -ship -ation -ful Prefix Example Meaning anti- anti-cloning, anticancer against, opposed to dis- disappear, disagree not, apposed of un- unfair, unwilling 5 in- incorrect, incomparable not, without il- illegal, illogical im- immoral, immodest ir- irresponsible, irregular pre- preview, preserve early, before pro- pro-cloning in favour of, supporting re- recreate, repeat, renew again co- cooperation with, together Some other commonly used prefixes Prefix Example Meaning de- decompose, declassify apart, from mal- maltreatment, malnutrition badly, ill non- non-smoker, non-alcoholic, non-profit not inter- international, interaction, interrupt between tele- telescope, telegram, telecommunication far off trans- transport, translate, transnational across mis- misunderstand, mislead, misdeed wrong sub- subtitle, subway, submarine under over- overeat, overwork, overact too much tri- triangle, tricycle, tricolor three auto- autobiography, autoalarm, automobile self Step V Suffixes Suffix Example Meaning -able comfortable, noticeable worthy of, able to be -ful cheerful, thoughtful full of, characterized by -ist scientist, novelist someone who does something -less hopeless, aimless without -ment agreement, treatment indicate a state or condition -ness dryness, madness indicate a quality, state or character Step VI Adding information Some other commonly used suffixes -al cultural, national, original of or concerning -ion invitation, competition, protection action or condition of… -ship hardship, scholarship, relationship state of being, skill -dom freedom, kingdom condition or state of… -ish childish, selfish of the nature of… -proof waterproof, fireproof, soundproof protect against -en widen, sharpen, shorten make or become -ward eastward, homeward, backward in the direction of -like womanlike, childlike similar to 6 根义记忆法:词根有两种，一种是可以引申出许多同根词的词根，同时它也是一个独立的单词， 例如ease作为独立单词，它又是easy，easily，easiness的词根。利用根义代替记忆多义，可 以解决“没有生词”却老读不懂的问题。 例如:immediate(ly) a) The woman immediately behind the car. b) She is my immediate neighbour. c) the immediate cause 比较记忆法:把同义词或形似词放在一起，加以区别、说明来掌握单词的方法。记忆的过程是一 组组，一对对单词 同时记忆。这种记忆方法可以记住单词拼写的同时，还掌握了词与词的区别和 各自特殊的用法，于是将平时极易混淆的单词清楚地区别开。例如: 1) 单复数的比较 如:good-goods, spirit-spirits wood-woods 2) 同音词的比较 如:right-write, eye-I 3) 词的阴阳性的比较 如:actor-actress host-hostess 4) 近义词的比较 如: way-road-path-route-street way: Wherever there is room for an object to proceed, there is a way. road: A road is a prepared way for traveling with horses or vehicles. path: A way suitable to be traveled only by foot passengers or by animals. route: A route is a line of travel, and may be over many roads. street: A street is in some centre of habitation, as a city town or village, when it passes between houses of dwellings. Lesson 1 Life-long Learning Teaching aims: To develop and practice the strategies for prediction, working out meanings and making inference. To review First and Second conditional sentences. To practice using Third Conditional Sentences. Teaching difficulties: To practice using Third Conditional Sentences. 7 Teaching procedures: I. Analysis and understand T: The article is made up of paragraphs and each paragraph shows a certain meaning. Now let’s analysis what is the meaning of each paragraph? Para1 How to learn more effective Para2 The good learning place –school Para3 The social situation Para4 Why is life-long learning important Para5 Study habits and attitudes II. Effective life-long learning: collect formal qualifications form habits develop attitudes Habit is second nature. 习惯成自然。 Habit is very important for a person, which not only makes you successful but also destroys your career. What does habit refer to? Habits: time management note taking analysis and writing right attitude / open-minded:Challenging the ideas you already hold needs open-minded. school also helps you successful: School is the ideal place to gain life-long learning skills because you have support and resources. III. Language points 1. from time to time 有时，偶尔，时不时地 From time to time he turned his head and talked with me. 他偶尔转过身来和我说话。 They come to see me from time to time. 他们有时来看我。 2. keep up with 跟上 I had to run to keep up with the children. 我得跑步跟上孩子们。 We must keep learning to keep up with the changing. „不断地学习以跟上变化的形势。 3. be scared of doing sth / be scared to do sth / be scared that 害怕/不敢做某事 She is scared of going out alone. 她不敢一个人外出。 People are scared to use the buses late at night. 人们害怕在深夜乘公共汽车。 I’m scared that I’m going to fall. 我担心自己快掉下去了。 8 Ex: Translate these sentences into Chinese, paying attention to the bold words. 1. a) That’s not a problem. It’s simply a matter of letting people know in time. 这没问题，只不过是及时通知大家的问题。 b) The book mainly talks about energy of matter. 这本书主要谈论的是物质的能量。 c) I suppose you will be leaving soon then? No , as a matter of fact, I’ll be staying for another two years. 我想，你快要离开了吧。 不，事实上，我还要再待两年呢。 d) It doesn’t matter to me what you do. 你做什么我无所谓。 2. a) Learning something new often means challenging the ideas you already hold. 学习新东西常常意味着挑战你固有的想法。 [持有，怀有(观念)] b) Employees hold 30%of the shares. 雇员持有30,的股份。 c) The girl held her father’s hand tightly. 女孩紧紧拉着父亲的手。 d) He was holding the baby in the arms. 他抱着婴儿。 e) I don’t think that branch will hold your weight. 我觉得那根树枝撑不住你的重量。 f) The plane holds about 300 passengers. 这架飞机能容纳300名乘客。 g) There wasn’t much in the museum to hold my attention.博物馆没有让我感兴趣的东西。 h) The meeting will be hold in the community center. 会议将在社区活动中心举行。 i) He holds strange views on education. 他对教育的看法不同。 3. a) She’s determined to put her new ideas into practice. 她决心把新想法付诸实践。 b) Changing jobs has also become common practice for many people. 调换工作对许多人来说已成为家常便饭。( 通常的做法，习惯，惯例 ) c) It takes a lot of practice to play the violin well. 拉好小提琴需要多加练习。 d) It is his practice to read several books a week. 他习惯于每周读几本书。( 习惯，习俗 ) 1. secure adj. 安全的;牢固的;稳当的 形容词比较级: securer 最高级: securest safe; firm; that will not easily move or fall Don’t climb that ladder ---it s not secure. 别爬上那个梯子，梯子不牢靠。 v. 把„„弄牢;关紧;系牢 make something safe; lock or fasten (something) 9 We must secure the doors and windows before we go out. 我们出去之前得把门窗关好。 security n. , public security in security , with security 安心地,放心地 feel great security 觉得很放心 Security is the greatest enemy. (谚)高枕无忧是最大的敌人。 n. (对危险、灾害等的)防卫( 措施 《全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观软件质量保证措施下载工地伤害及预防措施下载关于贯彻落实的具体措施 )，戒备，安全保障(against, for) Tight security is in force. 采取严密的戒备措施。 Is our security against theft adequate? 我们对窃盗的防备工作做得充分吗? n. (对偿债的)保证，担保，抵押(物品) 10 on (the) security of 以„„为担保(抵押) He has given his house as security for the loan. 他以抵押自己的房屋作为贷款的担保。 n. 保证人 go security for 做„„的保证人 adj. 安全的，保安的，安全保障的 security measures 安全(保安)措施 a security company 保安公司 for security reasons 为了(基于)安全的理由 secret adj. 隐秘的 kept from the knowledge or sight of others; hidden He kept the matter secret from his family. 他把这件事瞒着家人。 adj. 秘密的 done, made, or carried out without the knowledge of others I've hidden the letter in a secret place. 我把信藏在一个秘密的地方了。 secret agent 特务 a secret agreement 秘密协议 secret ballot 无记名投票 a secret drawer 暗抽屉 a secret hiding place 秘密的躲藏处 secret ink 隐显墨水 a secret room 隐秘的房间 secret valley 幽谷 11 secret police 秘密警察 secret process 秘密制造方法 secret society 秘密社团 a secret door in the wall 墙上的一扇暗门 the secret of success 成功的秘诀 secret service (政府的)特务机关;(美国)联 邦经济情报局 n. 秘密 something only very few people know I mustn’t tell you that, it s a secret. 我可不能告诉你，这是一个秘密。 I have a secret which I mustn’t tell anyone. 我有一个绝对不能告诉任何人的秘密。 n. 秘诀 a hidden cause or reason; the true method The secret of health is moderation in all things. 健康秘诀是凡事都要适度。 n. 玄妙;奥秘 something not widely known; a mystery the secrets of nature 2. lay off 解雇;停止工作或活动;休息;使停工 discharge; discontinue work or activity, take a rest; halt or suspend operation of The doctor told him to lay off a couple of days. 医生叫他休息几天。 12 This plant laid off 4000 workers last year. 去年这个工厂解雇了四千工人。 停止，放弃 cease, stop, quit He has decided to lay off smoking. 他已决心戒烟了。 Would you lay off that! 请停止做那件事～ 脱下，把搁在一边 take off, put aside He laid off his sweat suit on a bench and went into the shower room. 他把球衫裤往长凳上一放就到淋浴室去了。 3. suspect n. 嫌疑犯;可疑分子 someone who has probably done wrong When the man was found dead, the police arrested two suspects. 当发现那个人死后，警察逮捕了两名可疑分子。 vt. 猜想;怀疑 think that something is true, likely or possible I suspect that she is ill, but I’m not sure. 我猜想她病了，但不敢肯定。 suspect sb. of sth. 怀疑某人犯有过错 think that someone has probably done something wrong I suspect that girl of taking my book. 我怀疑那个女孩子把我的书拿 走了。 4. chief n.[C] 领袖;统治者;头子 leader or ruler; head of a group of people an Indian chief 印第安人酋长 a branch chief 支店主 the feudal chiefs 封建主 an intelligence chief 情报部长 13 a laboratory chief 实验室主任 a party chief 政党首领 a pirate chief 海盗头子 a lowborn chief 出身低微的首领 as chief to 作为„„的首领 an editor in chief 总编辑 the chief of a family 家长 the chief of a police station 警察局长 the chief of staff 参谋长 the chief of a tribe 酋长 adj. 主要的;首要的;最重要的 most important That’s the chief thing to remember. 这是首先要记住的事。 Glasgow is one of the chief cities of Scotland. 格拉斯哥是苏格兰的主要城市之一。 The chief reason I’m not taking a holiday is that I have too much work to do. 我不休假的主要原因是我有太多的工作要做。 What are the chief rivers of China? 中国的主要河流是什么, Is he a chief engineer? 他是总工程师吗, to teach, to give information to 5. instruct vt. 教;教育;指导 My uncle instructs people how to drive cars. 我叔叔教别人开汽车。 She instructed him how to do it. 她教给他怎么做。 The teacher instructed us in geography. 这老师教我们的地理课。 vt. 指示;告诉 tell someone what he must do The teacher instructed the class to prepare for a test. 教师通知这一班学生准备测验。 I instructed my lawyer that I wanted to sell the house. 我通知我的律师我想卖掉这所房子。 My boss instructed me to type the letters quickly. 我的老板指示我赶快打好这些信件。 vt. 下令;指挥;命令 give orders to; direct; command We were instructed not to tell about it. 我们受到指示不得说出那件事。 6. aside from aside from: apart from; except for; besides 离开;除了;此外 Aside from money, he works for the people. 除了金钱，他为人民而工作。 This is aside from the subject under discussion. 这离开了所讨论的问题。 aside adv. 到(向)一边;离开 on or to one side; away 14 I tried to stop him, but he pushed me aside. 我想拦住他，可是他把我推到一边去。 Clive put the book aside while he ate his meal. 克莱夫吃饭时把书放在一边。 Please put the book aside and answer my question. 请把书放在一旁，回答我的问题。 The plan was set aside. 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 被搁置起来。 Please put this aside for me. 请把这个给我留起来。 lay aside 把„„留作特别用途或留待后用;积蓄，储藏 put aside for special or future use; save; store The people’s commune laid aside some money for welfare funds. 人民公社积聚了一部分钱作为福利基金。 This room is laid aside for reading. 这个房间留作阅览室。 放弃;丢开 give up; use no more Lay aside bad habits. 丢掉坏习 惯。 He lays his book aside. 他把书丢开。 Lesson 2 Different School Teaching aims: 15 To prepare questions for a listening exercise and to predict contents. To practise using vocabulary of school and education. To practise disagreeing and contradicting politely To practise using phrasal verbs Teaching difficulties: To practise disagreeing and contradicting politely To practise using phrasal verbs Teaching procedures: 7. conservative adj. 保守的;守旧的 not wanting to change things She is very conservative and does not like modern fashions. 她很守旧，不喜欢时髦。 He belongs to the Conservative Party. 他属于 (英国)保守党。 n. 保守的人;保守党人 a conservative person Aunt Mary’s a real conservative. 玛丽姑妈是个真正的保守派。 16 8. alternative adj.(无比较级、最高级)(二者之间)只能选其一的，二者任择其一的 We have two alternative courses, surrender or death. 我们只有两条路,投降或死亡。 adj. 可替换的，代替的，另一可供选择的，选择性的; 相反的; 除此之外的 an alternative plan 代替方案 We have no alternative other. 我们毫无选择余地。 n.[C](常 the ~)二者之间的选择，二者选一 You have the alternative of riding or walking. 你可以在座车和步行中选择一种。 n.[C](二者间)可选择之事物，选择之事物 The alternatives of liberty or death. 死或自由只能择其一。 n.[C](替换„„的)(另外)可采用的方法，(„„)替换物(to) I had no alternative but to accept the offer. 我除了接受该项提议之外,别无选择。 That’s the only alternative. 那是唯一可行的方法。 9. select vt. 选择;挑选 choose (someone or something) Hilary always selects the best fruit in the market. 希拉里总是挑选市场上最好的水果。 We must select the best players for the school team. 我们一定要挑选最好的运动员组成校队。 He selected the cheapest one for me. 他挑选了最便宜的给我。 Why didn’t you select a better subject for your composition? 你为什么不选一个更好的作文题, He taught us how to select seeds. 他教我们怎样选种。 to select a book for reading 选定阅读的书籍 selected works 选集 selected poems 诗选 10. extent n. 长度、区域、范围 length, area, range Looking out of the window, we are able to see the full of extent of the park. 从窗户向外看，我们能够看到公园的全景。 We are building a new racing track ten miles in extent. 我们正在建一条10里长的新跑道。 n. 程度 degree To a certain extent his ideas are valuable. 他的想法在一定程度上是有价值的。 to a certain extend / degree Lesson 3 Teachers Teaching aims: To practise using “wish” and “should” to express regret To practise disagreeing and contradicting Teaching difficulties: To practise using “wish” and “should” to express regret Teaching procedures: I. Language points 1. a bit 有点儿，稍微 17 We need a bit more time for the work. 我们这项工作还需多一点时间。 Could you turn the radio down a bit? 你能把收音机的音量调低一些吗, 2. be full of 充满 His heat was full of curiosity. 他的心里充满了好奇。 The house was full of smoke and shouts. 房间里充满了烟雾和喊叫声。 3.wish 经常用来表示现时或任何时候都不能实现的愿望，从句中常用虚拟语气。 You lucky dog! I wish I were you! 你这个运气鬼～我真希望是你～ The party was awful, and we all wished we had never been there. 聚会糟透了，我们都希望自己没去。 4. fun乐趣，快乐， 享乐的事(不可数) Sailing is good fun. 帆船运动很有乐趣。 We had a lot of fun at Sarah’s party. 我们在萨拉的聚会上玩得很开心。 II. Grammar wish We use wish express regrets: ? wish +past tense express regrets about the present. I wish I had more free time. (=I’d like to have more free time at present) ? wish + past perfect express regrets about the past. 18 I wish we had gone rock climbing last weekend. (= I regret we didn’t go back climbing last weekend). should ?We use should (n’t)+ infinitive without to to suggest changes in the present. The class should be smaller. ?We use shouldn’t +perfect infinitive to express regrets about the past. I shouldn’t have gone to that school. 11. powder n. 尘土;粉末 dust, very small pieces of something together 19 Flour is a powder made from wheat. 面粉是小麦做的粉。 baking powder 焙粉;发酵粉 soap powder 肥皂粉 powder for bleaching 漂白粉 to put on powder 搽粉;抹粉 v. 搽粉;撒粉 put powder on someone or something The barber powdered the man's face after shaving him. 理发师给那个人刮过脸后，在他脸上扑粉。 v. 使成粉末 to make into powder In the flour mill, wheat grains are powdered. 麦粒在磨坊被磨成粉末。 powdered milk 12. set off 启程;出发 begin a journey; start It's time to set off (leave). 该动身了。 We set off at dawn. 我们黎明时动身了。 They set off by car and made for the station. 他们动身乘车前往火车站。 点燃;使爆炸;发射 cause to become ignited; explode; discharge The village members set off firecrackers to celebrate the successful completion of the reservoir. 为庆祝水库的胜利建成，村民们放了鞭炮。 The fire in the engine sets off a series of explosions. 引擎中的火花引起一连串的爆炸。 使开始;使行动 cause to start; set in motion The boy mimicked his father’s voice and set everyone off laughing. 男孩模仿他父亲的嗓音，使大家都大笑起来。 His advice set me off doing morning exercises every day. 他的劝告使我开始每天做早操了。 13. lack v. 缺乏;欠缺 not have something important or necessary In the hot summer the plants lacked water. 炎热的夏天，植物缺水。 We lacked both time and money. 我们缺少时间和金钱。 Our football team has only ten men--we lack one player.我们的足球队只有十个人——还缺一个队员。 It lacks ten minutes of eight. 八点差十分。 n.[U] 不在;不足 not be there, not be enough I haven’t finished the painting for lack of time. 由于时间不够，我的画还没有完成。 There has been a lack of rain and the ground is very dry. 缺少雨水，地面非常干燥。 The hare died for lack of air. 野兔因缺乏空气而死。 He cannot do the work for lack of skill. 由于缺乏技术，他不能做这项工作。 be lacking „„欠缺，缺„„ Money was lacking for the plan. 实施这项计划经费不足。 be lacking in 缺乏，不足 not having enough She is lacking in experience. 她缺少经验。 He was lacking in mathematical training. 他数学方面训练不够。 20 have no lack of 不缺乏 14. access n.(向场所、人等的)接近，进入;( 资料 新概念英语资料下载李居明饿命改运学pdf成本会计期末资料社会工作导论资料工程结算所需资料清单 等的)取得，利用(to) easy (hard, difficult) of access 容易(不易)接近 within easy access of Hong Kong 容易到达香港的地方 Few men have direct access to the King. 很少人能接近国王。 n. 接近(取得)的方法，门路，使用(参加)的权利(to) gain (obtain) access to„„ 得以接近(进入，会见)„„ give access to„„ 使能接近„„ I have access to his office. 我可以进出他的办公室。 n. 通路，入口(to) an access to the bus station 通往巴士站的路 15. worthwhile adj. 值得(花时间或精力)的 good enough for the time, effort, etc. that you spend The hard work was worthwhile because I passed the exam. 我考试通过了，所以刻苦努力还是值得的。 It was a worthwhile attempt even though it failed to achieve its aim. 这个尝试即使没有达到目的还是值得的。 worth one’s while (时间，精力等花得)值得 good enough for the time, effort, etc. that you spend How much will you give 21 me to make it worth my while to do(doing) it? 如果我做这件事，你会给我多少酬劳, It will be worth your while, I think, to go and see him. 我认为你去看他是值得的。 It is worth your while to see the museum. 博物馆值得你一看。 Lesson 4 Understanding Objectives To practise using linking and reference words to help understand a text. To practise using adverbs. Language points: 1. She felt her heart beating fast as she opened the mailbox.她打开信箱时感到自己的心跳 得很快。 feel后面可以跟各种复合结构。如: 22 I could feel a gentle breeze brushing my face, which was so nice.我能感到一阵微风拂面，惬意极了。 Never before had he felt himself so powerfully attracted by these scientific ideas.他如此倾心于这些科学思想，这是他过去从未有过的感觉。 We felt the house shake. He suddenly felt himself a person of great importance. 2. It is like watching a magic trick.这好像在看一场魔术表演。 句型It is like+名词(动名词)的意思是“像，好像”。如: It is like the sound of a baby crying.好像是婴儿啼哭声。 It is like swimming in the air.让人感觉好像是在云里雾里。 3. In the case of the rabbit, we know the magician has tricked us. 变兔子这种，我们明白是魔术师在耍把戏。 in the case of 在某种情况下。如: Poverty depressed most people; in the case of my father it was otherwise. 贫穷击垮了许多人，但我父亲的情况却不是这样。 Jane’s bad results were partly due to illness, but in the case of John, no such excuse is possible. 简成绩不好，部分原因是由于她生病，但就约翰的情况而言，这样的理由却不能成立。 4. But when it comes to the world and life, it is very different. 但说到世界和生命，„„。 come to 谈到，涉及到。如: When it comes to mathematics, I am completely at sea. 说到数学，我就晕了。 If it comes to building, Austins are the firm you should trust. 谈到建筑，奥斯汀公司是可信赖的。 5. “Well, isn’t it? More or less, anyway”. “难道不是吗,多少是这样的。” more or less 多多少少，或多或少。如: It’s an hour’s journey, more or less. 大约是一小时的路程。 The work is more or less finished. 工作差不多要完成了。 6. What on earth are you talking about? 你究竟在说些什么, 23 on earth 究竟，到底。这个短语经常用在特殊疑问句中，以加强其语气。 Where on earth can he be? 他究竟到哪里去了, Who on earth did this? 7. Totally dim, in other words. 换句话说，完全是愚钝的。 in other words 换句话说。 如: I soon found that the work I was doing had already been done by someone else- in other words, I was wasting my time.我很快发觉我正在进行的工作已经有人做过了，换句话说，我在浪费时间。 8. All right. I’ll put it another way. 好吧，让我来换个说法， put表达,叙述，说明。如: She is --- how shall I put it? Not exactly fat, but rather well-built. 我怎么说呢,她不算胖，但身体相当结实。 His ideas were cleverly put at the meeting.他在会上巧妙地表达了自己的想法。 16. acquire vt. (经由努力而)获得，学得(知识、学问等) acquire a foreign language 学会一种外国语言 vt. 养成,学会(习惯等) acquire a habit 养成一种习惯(习性) vt. 取得,获得(财产、权利等) acquire land 获得土地 acquire industrial secrets (非法地)取得产业秘密 acquire a target by radar 用雷达捕捉目标 17. accustomed adj. (无比较级、最高级)已习惯的;通常的;惯例的 her accustomed silence 她 (那) 惯常的沉默 adj. 习惯(于„„)的(to) I am not accustomed to walking long distances. 我不习惯于长距离的步行。 The young man soon became accustomed to hard work. 那青年很快就习惯于辛苦的工作了。 adj. 习惯(做„„)的 He was accustomed to sleep for an hour after his lunch. 他习惯于在午餐后睡一个小时。 18. defence n.[U] 保卫，防御 fighting against people who attack; keeping away dangerous things or people Attack is the best defence. 进攻是最好的防御。 He said that he killed the man in self defence. 他说是因自卫而杀死那个人的。 n.[U] 辩护 arguments used in defending oneself The prisoner’s defence was rather weak. 这犯人的辩护是相当无力的。 n.[C] 防御物;防御工事 something that keeps away dangerous things or people The Great Wall was strong defences. 长城曾经是坚固的防御工事。 24 This wall is a defence against the sea. 这堵墙是抵挡海水的。 National defence 国防 Coast defence 海防 Air defence 防空 Frontier defence 边防 the lawyer for the defence 被告的辩护律师 19. tend vi. 常做某事;可能做(是);倾向于 usually do something; be likely to do or be something We sometimes tend to think that the ocean bottom is made up of smooth plains. 我们往往误以为海底也由平坦的平原构成。 Boys tend to be bigger than girls. 男孩往往比女孩个子大。 vi. 转向 move or turn in a certain direction This phrase tends to become obsolete. 这个短语已渐渐成为废词。 Prices are tending downwards. 物价趋跌。 vi. 易造成 lead or be directed to a certain result Fresh fruit tend to decay. 鲜水果容易腐烂。 vt. 照料，看护，服侍 take care of; look after; attend to He has been tended without delay. 他得到了及时的救护。 The shepherds tended their flocks. 牧羊人在放羊。 to tend the children 照顾孩子们 to tend machine 照管机器 tend to 趋向，有„„的倾向 have an inclination to Modern camera design tends to simplicity. 现代照相机设计得越来越简单。 The world tends to socialism. 全世界向着社会主义。 Metals tend to creep when they are subjected to stress at high temperatures. 当金属在高温下受到应力时，就会发生蠕变。 tend on db. 伺候某人 tend to one’s affairs 照料事务 20. ignore vt. 忽视;不顾;不理睬 know about something but not do anything about it Dennis ignored the warning and put his hand into the lion’s cage. 丹尼斯不听警告把手放进了狮笼里。 Your suggestion has not been ignored. It is still under discussion. 你的建议没有被忽视，大家正在讨论它。 Try to judge what can be ignored. 要判断什么是可以放过去的。 ignore a danger sign 忽视危险的记号 ignore a person’s presence 忽视某人的存在 21. approve v. 赞许;赞成;满意 think or speak well of; be pleased with; give approval The teacher looked at John’s work and approved. 老师看了约翰的成绩表示赞许。 v. 认可;批准 consent to formally; confirm Congress approved the bill. 国会批准了这个方案。 approve of sth. 赞成某事 approve of sb. doing sth. 赞成某人做某事 22. urge n. 迫切的要求;冲动;驱策 strong wish I was afraid of the boy and I had an urge to run away from him. 我害怕那个男孩，我很想跑开。 vt. 力劝，敦促;驱策 try and make a person or animal do something We urge the equality of nations, big or small. 我们主张国家不分大小一律平等。 25 They urged him to action. 他们催促他采取行动。 He urged me to drive carefully on the icy roads. 他督促我在结冰的路上开车要谨慎。 They urged that the library be kept open during the vacation. 他们要求图书馆假期也开放。 He was urged by his conscience. 他受良心所驱策。 23. inspire vt. 激起;鼓舞 put ideas into someone's mind Such a development inspired us to work still harder. 这一发展鼓舞我们更努力地工作。 I was inspired to work harder. 我受到鼓舞而更加努力工作。 He inspired his pupils to work hard. 他鼓励学生们积极努力。 It inspired him with courage. 这件事鼓起了他的勇气。 He inspired his audience with patriotism. 他鼓起听众的爱国热忱。 He inspires self-confidence in (into) his pupils. 他鼓励他的学生要有自信心。 vt. 给予灵感 make someone want to write or paint, etc. The islands of Scotland inspired Mendelssohn to write some lovely music. 苏格兰的岛屿给门德尔松灵感，使他写出了一些优美的乐曲。 The good weather inspired me to work in the garden. 美好的天气使我想起在花园里干点活儿。 This article in today's paper seems to be inspired by the government. 今天报纸上的这篇文章似乎是政府授意写的。 We should inspire the children to think. 我们应启发儿童思考。 The scene inspired his painting “The Sunflowers”. 这一场面启发他画出“向阳花”。 inspiration n.[U] 灵感;启示 thought or idea that helps someone to write a book or music, paint etc. An artist often draws his inspiration from natural beauty. 艺术家常从自然美中得到启发。 Many artists get their inspiration from nature. 许多艺术家从大自然中获得灵感。 n.[C] 灵机;妙想 sudden good idea Suddenly he had an inspiration. 他突然灵机一动。 n.[U] 启发灵感的人或物 a thing or a person that gives such influence His heroic deeds will always be an inspiration to us. 他的英雄事迹对我们将永远是一个鼓舞。 Teacher’s inspiration lived on after her death. 老师去世了，但她的激动人心的事迹长存。 24. shadow n. 阴暗;阴影 darkness The north side of the mountain was in shadow. 山北处在背阴之中。 The earth’s shadow sometimes falls on the moon. 地球的阴影有时落在月球上。 n. 影子 area of shade where the sunlight cannot fall because someone or something is standing in the way Shadows get longer as the sun sets. 太阳落山时，影子越来越长。 She saw her shadow in the water. 她看见了映在水中的影子。 Our shadows get shorter as the sun goes higher. 太阳升高，我们的影子就变短。 26 25. vital adj.(无比较级、最高级)生命的，对维持生命所必需的 vital energies (power) 生命力,活力 the vital force (principle) (与物理、化学无关的)生命力，活力，生命的根源 vital functions 生命机能 vital organs 生命器官(对维持生命所必需的器官) adj. (书)致命的;关系生命的 a vital wound 致命伤 adj. 极为重要的 a vital question 极为重要的问题 a matter of vital importance 极为重要的事情 It is absolutely vital that food supplies should be maintained. 维持食物的供给是绝对必要的。 adj. (对„„)极为重要的(to, for) Perseverance is vital to success. 毅力对于成功是不可或缺的。 His support is vital for our project. 他的支援对我们的计划是不可或缺的。 adj. 充满活力的，有活力的，强有力的 a vital style 生动的文体 26. beneficial adj.(物)有益的，有利的 a beneficial insect 益虫 adj. (对„„)有益的，有好处的(to) Sunshine and moisture are beneficial to living things. 阳光和水分有益于生物。 benefit vt. 获益;对„„有利 help someone or something; make someone better, happier, etc. The fresh air will benefit you. 新鲜空气对你有益。 I don't think your uncle will benefit us with his money. 我想你叔叔是不会给我们钱的。 vi. 获益;得益于 receive good; profit n.[U] 利益;益处;裨益;帮助 anything which is for the good of a person or thing; an advantage; profit He gave us the benefit of his advice. 他的劝告对我们很有好处。 We shall derive much benefit from reading good novels. 我们将从优秀小说中获得很大好处。 lasting benefit 永久利益 a practical benefit 实际利益 material benefit 物质利益 maximum benefit 最大利益 mutual benefit 共同利益 a national benefit 国家利益 for (=to)sb.’s benefit 为了某人的利益 by the benefit of 由于„„的恩惠 acquire(=get; have; receive)the benefit of 获得„„之益 give sb. the benefit 给予某人利益 lose the benefit of 丧失„„的利益 reap the full benefit of 收到„„的全部效益 27. assume vt. 假定;以为 take as true I assume that it is so. 我假定它是这样。 I assume that this is the best possible translation. 我认为这可能是最好的译文了。 vt. 担任;承当 take up; undertake I assumed the responsibility. 我承担这责任。 vt. 装作;擅用 take on; put on 27 She assumed an air of cheerfulness. 她装出快活的样子。 His look of happiness is only assumed. 他欢乐的样子是装出来的。 assumption n. (无确实根据之)认定，断定;假定，假想,臆说 a mere assumption 仅属臆说 His assumption that he would win proved wrong. 他假定自己会赢,结果错了。 on the assumption that... 在„„的假定之下，假想„„ n. (任务、责任等之)承担，担负，担任，就任 the assumption of office 就任 28. adapt vt. 使适合 make to fit in a new place; make fit for He adapted his old car engine to the boat. 他把他的旧汽车上的引擎用到那只船上。 adapt sth. for a particular use 使某物适合某一特殊用途 adapt oneself to a new job 使自己适应新的工作 adapt one’s thinking to the new situation 使思想适应新形势 29. as a whole 整个来说;作为一个整体(来看) We should analyse the problem as a whole. 我们应该把这个问题作为一个整体来分析。 As a whole, the relocation seems to have been beneficial. 整个看来，这次迁移似乎是有益的。 We must consider these matters as a whole, not one by one. 我们必须从整体上，而不是孤立地一个个地来考虑这些问题。 This book as a whole is a good one. 整个来说，这本书是好的。 30. conventional adj. 依照(符合)社会习惯的，传统的;因袭的 conventional morality 传统的道德 adj. 缺乏独创性(个性)的;陈腐的 a conventional melodrama 老套的通俗剧 conventional phrases 常套语 exchange conventional greetings 互相客套地打招呼 adj. 约定的，协定(上)的 a conventional tariff 协定税率(费用) adj.(无比较级、最高级)(战争等)不用核子武器的;普通的，习用的，传统的 conventional weapons 传统性武器 a conventional warhead (对核子弹头而言的) 一般弹头 adj. 不使用原子能的 a conventional power plant 传统型发电厂 31. religion n. 宗教;宗教信仰 a belief in or worship of God or gods He doesn’t believe in religion. 他不信教。 the Buddhist religion 佛教 the Christian religion 基督教 the Islam religion 伊斯兰教 32. rank n. 一列或一行 a row or line The students are standing in two separate ranks. 学生们分两排站着。 n. 军队;军衔 the class of an officer in one of the armed forces What’s your rank? 你是什么军衔, He is below me in rank. 他军衔比我低。 28 In the army, a general is of a higher rank than a captain. 在陆军里将军的军衔比上尉高。 n. 社会阶层，等级 social class People of all ranks attended the meeting. 各阶层人民都参加了大会。 vt. 排列;使成行列 arrange in a row or line Don’t rank me among such people. 不要把我与这些人列在一起。 vi. 保持某地位或职业 hold a certain grade or position He ranks high as an author. 作为一个作家，他的身份很高。 Canada ranks fourth among the trading nations of the world. 在世界贸易国家中，加拿大名列第四。 the front rank 前排 close ranks 联合起来一致行动 join for united action The government call on the people to close ranks against the enemy. 政府号召人民联合起来反对敌人。 keep rank : remain in line 维持队伍的秩序 take rank with 和„„并列;和„„并肩 take one’s place among; be considered equal to He can never take rank with the great poets. 他决不能和伟大的诗人相提并论。 rank with 与„„并列 take one’s place among, be considered equal to His name will be ranked with the great names of history. 他的名字将与历史上伟大的名字并列。 a rank of shelves 一排书架 fall into rank 加入行列;整队 fall into line or orderly arrangement He fell into rank at sight of the company commander. 见到连长，他立即入列。 take rank of 职位在„„之上 be above in position In the army, the general takes rank of the colonel. 在军队里，将军的军衔居于上校之上。 rank and fashion 上流社会 high society They felt that at last they were people of rank and fashion. 他们觉得自己终于进了上流社会了。 33. fellow n. 人，家伙 a man What a nice fellow he is! 他是个多么好的人啊～ Poor fellow he was only twenty two and to be burdened with a family! 可怜的人哪，他还只有二十二岁，竟要担负起养家的重担～ n. 同类，伙伴，朋友 people of the same sort, friends We are fellows at school. 我们是同学。 Look at that young fellow. 你看那个小伙子。 Poor fellow! 可怜的家伙。 n. 学术团体，荣誉会员 an honoured member of a college or, learned society They are fellows of the Royal Society. 他们是英国皇家学会会员。 34. slight adj. 微小的;轻微的 small; not important or bad I have a slight headache. 我的头有点痛。 The difference is only very slight I can hardly see it. 差别实在太小了，我简直看不出来。 a slight mistake 小小的错误 vt. 轻视 treat (a person) without proper respect; ignore She felt slighted because no one spoke to her. 她感觉受到了轻视，因为没人对她说话。 vt. 忽略 pay too little attention to; neglect The ancient Greeks slighted scientific experiments. 古希腊人忽略了科学实验。 29 35. pace n.[C] 一步 step Take two paces forward! 向前两步走～ He stepped backward a pace or two. 他后退了一两步。 He hit the bull's eye at a hundred paces. 他在百步处射中靶心。 n.[C] the length or a step in walking There were perhaps ten paces between me and the bear. 我和熊的距离大约有十步之遥。 I can see a sparrow two hundred paces away. 两百步以外的麻雀我都能看得见。 n. 步法(尤指马的步调) a manner of walking, running, etc.(esp. of horse); a gait At last he quickened his pace but still failed to come up with us.他最后加快步伐，但仍旧追不上我们。 vi. 以普通步伐慢慢走 walk with slow regular steps He paced slowly toward the gate. 他慢慢地走向大门。 vt. 以 规则 编码规则下载淘宝规则下载天猫规则下载麻将竞赛规则pdf麻将竞赛规则pdf 的步伐走动 walk with slow regular steps in He paced the floor as he tried to find a solution to the problem. 他在屋子里踱来踱去，考虑解决问题的办法。 He paced up and down the corridor. 他在走廊里踱来踱去。 vt. 以步测量 measure by counting the number of paces If you want to know how far it is from the school to the post office, just pace it off. 要是你要知道从学校到邮局有多远，用脚步一量就行了。 quicken one’s pace 加快步速 slacken one's pace 放慢步速 at a walking pace 以步行的速度 to pace out a distance of thirty metres 用步子量出三十米的距离 keep pace with 和某人一样快地走;跟„„齐步前进 go as fast as someone The little boy can't keep pace with his big brothers. 这个小男孩跟不上他大哥哥们的步子。 We must keep pace with the new development of modern scientific researches. 我们必须跟上现代科学研究的新发展。 measure by pacing pace off 用脚步量 Pacing off the distance between the two poles, he found it to be five metres. 他用脚步量了两根杆子中间的距离，发现是五米。 30