孤儿院的孩子可以领养吗

孤儿院的孩子可以领养吗 孤儿院的孩子可以领养吗?需不需要办什么?领养的孩子到时候能是自己的吗? 收养人具备以下条件: 没有子女;有抚养教育被收养人的能力;没有患在医学上认为不应当收养子女的疾病;年满30周岁.收养人有配偶的须由夫妻双方共同决定.其次,收养人收养三代以内旁系血亲的子女,可以不受收养法第4条第3项\第5条第3项\第9条和被收养人不满14周岁的限制;华侨收养三代以内旁系血亲的子女的,还可以不受收养法第6条第1项的限制.再次收养人收养子女的数量,一般只能收养一名子女;但若是孤儿\残疾儿童或者社会福利机构抚养查找不到生父母的弃婴和儿童,可以不受无子女和收养一名的限制. 被收养人的条件: 须为未满14周岁的未成年人;为丧失父母的孤儿\查找不到生父母的弃婴和儿童或父母有特殊困难抚养能力的儿童. 一、收养的概念 收养 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 是亲属制度的组成部分。在亲属法学中，除收养制度的含义外，往往从以下两种角度使用收养一词:第一，收养是指根据法定的条件和程序领养他人子女为自己子女，使原本没有父母子女关系的当事人之间产生法律拟制的父母子女关系的民事法律行为。收养行为涉及三方面当事人:领养他人子女的人为收养人(养父母)，被他人收养的人为被收养人(养子女)，将子女或儿童送给他人领养的人或机构为送养人。第二，收养是指收养关系即拟制血亲的亲子关系。收养行为是收养关系产生的法律事实。 收养具有以下法律特征: 1、收养是一种民事法律行为。收养行为是通过收养关系的当事人的意思 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示一致，在收养人和被收养人之间创设父母子女关系的民事法律行为，因此，它属于确立民事法律关系的行为，其目的在于产生拟制的父母子女之间的民事权利义务关系，终止原有的父母子女关系。收养行为不仅涉及到收养关系当事人的人身关系和财产关系的变化，而且也关系到社会的整体利益。各国法律对于收养行为都规定了一定的条件和程序，收养人、被收养人、送养人只有符合法定条件，履行法定手续，才能产生收养行为的预期法律效果。 2、收养是设立或变更亲属身份和民事权利义务关系的行为。收养是当事人按照法定条件和程序在没有自然血亲关系的收养人与被收养人之间产生类似自然血亲间的权利义务关系的行为，它导致亲属身份关系以及基于亲属身份所产生的民事权利义务的变更和转移。同时，随着收养行为的建立，被收养人与其亲生父母之间的民事权利义务消灭。收养行为属于身份法上的行为，具有拟制和解销效力。 3、收养是成立法律拟制血亲关系的行为，可依法予以解除。收养所建立的收养人与被收养人之间的父母子女关系是法律拟制的血亲关系，既可依法律行为而产生，也可依法律行为而人为地解除。 4、收养只能发生在无直接血缘关系或非直系血亲关系的自然人之间。收养在于设立父母子女关系，只能发生在原本没有直接血缘关系或非直系血亲的亲属关系的人们之间，直系血亲之间的收养和被收养，既不符合收养的宗旨，也无实strengthen the sense of responsibility, work to solve the lack of decent occupation explain away, conduct problems. To establish the overall concept, eliminate departmentalism. Strict assessment and accountability, to solve the spiritual slack, nianqingpazhong, status quo, and other issues. To establish and perfect the muddle along Bureau staff conduct work regulations, standardize the behavior of personnel. 2. To strengthen the responsibility system. One is the in-depth study and implement the "Hunan provincial Party and government leading cadres Interim Provisions on the work safety of a pair of > (Hunan Office issued 2013 No. 5)," Hunan province safety supervision and management responsibilities of the provisions on the production (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4) And resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is to establish risk self correction self reporting system for safety in production enterprises, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety is introduced. Four strengthen the county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the" who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must be safe, Guan Sheng production and operation must be safe, pipe business must control security "principle, the implementation of safety The production of "cure." stagnation supervision and leadership responsible system. The safety production of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strictly implement the safety production of the "one vote veto" and the reward system, strengthen the safety incentive and restraint mechanism. (six) the implementation of the work force is not strong. The documents, meeting, long work arrangement, check and supervise the implementation of small, poor implementation of the system, the work is not effective. Some leading cadres sense of purpose, consciousness of the masses is not strong, the ruling " For the people "," the interests of the masses no matter "concept understanding is not in place. The specific work treats with the deployment, a few leading cadres complain that work is too complicated, too much responsibility, the pressure is too large, too much emphasis on the difficulty of the work, such as underground mines to avoid the disaster of" six systems "construction and construction of mechanical ventilation to file the form, forwarding arrangements work, no in-depth mining enterprises to promote the specific work, the increase in the number of files, but the effect is not good, not according to the actual situation of non coal mines in the county, to engage in" across the board ", and the quality 际意义。1同时，收养属于亲属身份变更的行为，也只能发生在自然人之间，自然人以外的权利主体，不具有收养人和被收养人的身份。 收养不同于寄养。寄养是指因父母工作、生活条件等限制而无法直接履行抚养子女的义务时，将子女委托他人代为抚养的一种方式。寄养与收养行为的主要区别在于:(1)收养是法律拟制父母子女关系的行为。收养的成立，在养父母与养子女之间产生法律拟制的自然血亲关系，同时又消除养子女与生父母之间的权利义务关系。寄养在被寄养人与代养人之间并不发生父母子女关系，被寄养人与生父母权利义务关系也没有消除，被寄养人的抚育费等仍由其生父母负担。(2)收养是设立或变更身份关系的行为，只有符合法定的形式条件和实质条件而建立的收养关系才发生预期的法律效力。寄养则是父母抚养方式的一种变通，法律对此一般不做限制。我国《收养法》第17条规定:“孤儿或者生父母无力抚养的子女，可以由生父母的亲属、朋友抚养。抚养人与被抚养人的关系不适用收养关系。” 二、收养的类型 按照不同的标准，收养可以分为不同的种类。 (一)完全收养和简单收养 以被收养人与生父母之间的权利义务关系是否终止为标准，收养可以分为完全收养和简单收养。完全收养是指收养关系成立后，被收养人解除与其生父母之间的权利义务关系，养父母养子女间发生等同于父母与婚生子女关系。简单收养也称不完全收养，是指被收养人在与收养人建立父母子女关系的同时，与其生父母之间仍然保持父母子女关系。我国古代的“兼祧”就是属于简单收养。当代国家中，法国、罗马尼亚等国家同时设立完全收养和不完全收养两种制度，允许当事人自由选择。 (二)共同收养和单独收养 以收养人的人数的标准，将收养分为共同收养和单独收养。共同收养是指夫妻双方收养子女的行为。如我国《收养法》规定，夫妻不得单方收养子女。单独收养是指收养人为一人的收养，主要是指无配偶的收养(即独身收养)。 (三)私法收养和公法收养 私法收养是指公民依照民事法律规定实施的收养行为，它直接发生亲属关系的改变或转移。这是各国普遍采用的收养形式。公法收养是指国家设立的儿童福利机构或社会慈善机构依法收留养育孤儿、弃儿，它不发生法律上的亲属关系转移。严格意义上讲，公法收养不是本章范围之内。 (四)法律收养和事实收养 以收养是否依法成立为依据，将收养分为法律收养和事实收养。依照法律规定的实质要件和形式要件而成立的收养为法律收养。符合法律规定的实质要件，当事人以父母子女关系长期共同生活，周围群众也认为是父母子女关系，但未办理收养手续的收养为事实收养。我国有条件地承认事实收养。 (五)有效收养和无效收养 以收养行为是否符合法律要件而产生法律效力为标准，将收养分为有效收养和无效收养。符合法律规定的要件，能够产生法律效力的收养为有效收养。不符合法律规定的要件，不能够产生法律效力的收养为无效收养。 (六)生前收养和遗嘱收养 strengthen the sense of responsibility, work to solve the lack of decent occupation explain away, conduct problems. To establish the overall concept, eliminate departmentalism. Strict assessment and accountability, to solve the spiritual slack, nianqingpazhong, status quo, and other issues. To establish and perfect the muddle along Bureau staff conduct work regulations, standardize the behavior of personnel. 2. To strengthen the responsibility system. One is the in-depth study and implement the "Hunan provincial Party and government leading cadres Interim Provisions on the work safety of a pair of > (Hunan Office issued 2013 No. 5)," Hunan province safety supervision and management responsibilities of the provisions on the production (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4) And resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is to establish risk self correction self reporting system for safety in production enterprises, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety is introduced. Four strengthen the county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the" who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must be safe, Guan Sheng production and operation must be safe, pipe business must control security "principle, the implementation of safety The production of "cure." stagnation supervision and leadership responsible system. The safety production of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strictly implement the safety production of the "one vote veto" and the reward system, strengthen the safety incentive and restraint mechanism. (six) the implementation of the work force is not strong. The documents, meeting, long work arrangement, check and supervise the implementation of small, poor implementation of the system, the work is not effective. Some leading cadres sense of purpose, consciousness of the masses is not strong, the ruling " For the people "," the interests of the masses no matter "concept understanding is not in place. The specific work treats with the deployment, a few leading cadres complain that work is too complicated, too much responsibility, the pressure is too large, too much emphasis on the difficulty of the work, such as underground mines to avoid the disaster of" six systems "construction and construction of mechanical ventilation to file the form, forwarding arrangements work, no in-depth mining enterprises to promote the specific work, the increase in the number of files, but the effect is not good, not according to the actual situation of non coal mines in the county, to engage in" across the board ", and the quality 生前收养是指收养人生存在世期间收养子女建立法律拟制血亲的行为。遗嘱收养是指收养人利用遗嘱方式确定其养子女的行为。由于遗嘱收养侧重于继承和传宗接代，不利于未成年人的养育和保护，各国收养法一般均采用生前收养。 三、新中国的收养制度的发展 新中国成立后，随着社会政治制度和经济制度的巨大变革，收养制度也必然发生变化。但这种变化是在建国以后的四十多年工作实践的基础上逐渐完成的。这一过程大致可以分为以下几个阶段: (一)建国初期阶段。新中国成立后，1950年的《婚姻法》第13条规定:“父母对于子女有抚养教育的义务;子女对于父母有赡养扶助的义务;双方均不得虐待或遗弃。养父母与养子女相互间的关系，适用前项规定。”这是该法对于收养问题的原则规定。对于收养的条件、程序、效力及其收养的解除等问题，该法均没有规定。在司法实践中，一般根据最高人民法院的批复进行处理，主要是:废止立嗣制度，根据具体情况处理立嗣人与嗣子的关系，如果立嗣人与嗣子长期共同生活、互相扶养，已形成养父母与养子女关系的，可确认收养关系的存在，如果立嗣人与嗣子没有共同生活、互相扶养的，不应确定收养关系的存在。收养既可采用书面形式，也可以口头形式。收养强调自愿原则，被收养人是否是近亲或其他人，没有限制。养父母与养子女关系同于生父母子女关系，不得相互歧视、虐待、遗弃。从建国初期直到七十年代，人民法院受理的收养纠纷案件以及对继承案件中有关收养关系的确认，均以1950年婚姻法的规定和上述的有关规定为依据进行处理。 (二)1979年2月2日最高人民法院《关于贯彻执行民事政策法律的意见》(以下简称《意见》)中对收养问题的规定。在1978年12月召开的第二次全国民事审判工作会议上，最高人民法院提出对党和国家的各项民事政策法律应予严格执行。《意见》中关于收养问题在收集、整理最高人民法院的有关批复和 总结 初级经济法重点总结下载党员个人总结TXt高中句型全总结.doc高中句型全总结.doc理论力学知识点总结pdf 人民法院审判实践经验的基础上，进一步丰富了其内容:(1)明确了收养的条件和程序。收养子女，必须经过生父母或监护人与养父母 协议 离婚协议模板下载合伙人协议 下载渠道分销协议免费下载敬业协议下载授课协议下载 同意;子女有识别能力的，须取得子女同意，再向有关部门办理收养手续、进行户籍登记后始能成立。(2)规定了养父母或生父母中途反悔的处理原则。收养关系成立后，一方反悔发生纠纷的，人民法院应当进行调解;调解不成，根据养子女与养父母、生父母的实际关系，养子女的意见，按照归谁抚养对养子女有利的原则判决。(3)规定了补偿抚养费问题的处理原则。生父母反悔的，可根据养父母抚养养子女的实际抚养费用，生父母的经济能力，当地一般生活水平，酌情由生父母补偿。养父母反悔的，是否补偿抚养费，根据实际情况适当处理。(4)规定了养父母和成年子女解除收养关系的和处理原则。养子女成年后，与养父母关系恶化，一方提出解除收养关系的，经法院调解不成，双方关系确已破裂，再继续下去对养父母的晚年生活或养子女的前途确实不利的，可判决准予解除。这种收养关系解除后，养父母年老又无生活来源的，由养子女给付一定的生活费，也可判决养子女给付长期的生活费。养子女生活有困难的，可根据实际情况适当处理。 (三)1980年的《婚姻法》及有关司法解释对收养问题的规定。1980年的《婚姻法》原第20条规定;“国家保护合法的收养关系。养父母和养子女间的权利和义务，适用本法对父母子女关系的有关规定。养子女和生父母间的权利和义务，因收养关系的成立而消除。”1980年的《婚姻法》更进一步明确了收养关系成立strengthen the sense of responsibility, work to solve the lack of decent occupation explain away, conduct problems. To establish the overall concept, eliminate departmentalism. Strict assessment and accountability, to solve the spiritual slack, nianqingpazhong, status quo, and other issues. To establish and perfect the muddle along Bureau staff conduct work regulations, standardize the behavior of personnel. 2. To strengthen the responsibility system. One is the in-depth study and implement the "Hunan provincial Party and government leading cadres Interim Provisions on the work safety of a pair of > (Hunan Office issued 2013 No. 5)," Hunan province safety supervision and management responsibilities of the provisions on the production (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4) And resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is to establish risk self correction self reporting system for safety in production enterprises, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety is introduced. Four strengthen the county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the" who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must be safe, Guan Sheng production and operation must be safe, pipe business must control security "principle, the implementation of safety The production of "cure." stagnation supervision and leadership responsible system. The safety production of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strictly implement the safety production of the "one vote veto" and the reward system, strengthen the safety incentive and restraint mechanism. (six) the implementation of the work force is not strong. The documents, meeting, long work arrangement, check and supervise the implementation of small, poor implementation of the system, the work is not effective. Some leading cadres sense of purpose, consciousness of the masses is not strong, the ruling " For the people "," the interests of the masses no matter "concept understanding is not in place. The specific work treats with the deployment, a few leading cadres complain that work is too complicated, too much responsibility, the pressure is too large, too much emphasis on the difficulty of the work, such as underground mines to avoid the disaster of" six systems "construction and construction of mechanical ventilation to file the form, forwarding arrangements work, no in-depth mining enterprises to promote the specific work, the increase in the number of files, but the effect is not good, not according to the actual situation of non coal mines in the county, to engage in" across the board ", and the quality 的法律后果。但对于收养成立的条件、程序、效力和解除等法律问题仍没有详细规定。1984年8月30日，最高人民法院通过了《关于贯彻执行民事政策法律若干问题的意见》，其中专门针对收养问题做了规定，2主要内容体现在:(1)收养关系的成立:经生父母、养父母同意，有识别能力的被收养人也同意，又办了合法手续的收养关系，应依法保护。生父母中有一方不同意的，收养关系不能成立。生父或生母送养时，另一方明知而不表示反对的，应视为同意。养父母中有一方在收养时虽未明确表示同意，但在收养后的长期共同生活中，已形成事实上收养关系的，应予承认。夫或妻一方收养的子女，另一方始终不同意的，只承认与收养一方的收养关系有效。(2)事实收养关系;亲友、群众公认，或有关组织证明当事人明确以养父母与养子女关系长期共同生活的，虽未办理合法手续，也应按收养关系对待。(3)养祖父母与养孙子女的关系:收养人收养他人为孙子女，确已形成养祖父母与养孙子女关系的，应予承认。解决收养纠纷或有关权益纠纷时，可依照婚姻法关于养父母与养子女的有关规定，合情合理地处理。(4)对收养反悔的处理;收养关系成立后，养父母或生父母反悔，要求解除收养关系的，人民法院应查明要求解除的理由，并听取被收养人的意见，根据有利于养子女健康成长的原则，决定是否准予解除。(5)收养关系的解除，由于养父母不尽抚养义务，影响子女健康成长，生父母要求解除收养关系的，应予解除。养父母发现所收养的子女有生理缺陷，或有其他病症，要求解除收养关系的，一般不予解除;但生父母在送养时有意隐瞒的，可予解除。养父母与其抚养成人的养子女关系恶化，再继续共同生活对双方的正常生活确实不利，一方坚决要求解除收养关系的，一般可准予解除。(6)养子女与养父母之间的权利和义务，因收养关系的解除而终止。收养关系解除时，养子女已由养父母抚养成人并已独立生活，而养父母年老丧失劳动能力又无生活来源的，养子女应承担养父母晚年的生活费用。生父母要求解除收养关系的，养父母可要求补偿收养期间养子女的生活费和教育费;养父母要求解除收养关系的，一般不予补偿。收养关系解除后，未成年的被收养人同其生父母之间的权利和义务即行恢复;已经成年并已独立生活的被收养人，同其生父母之间的权利和义务的恢复，则须以书面方式取得双方一致同意。 (四)《中华人民共和国收养法》。1991年12月29日，第七届全国人民代表大会常委会第23次会议通过了《中华人民共和国收养法》，自1992年4月1日施行。该法共分为六章，计33条。第一章 总则，是有关立法宗旨和立法原则的规定。第二章 收养关系的成立，是有关收养的实质要件和形式要件的规定。第三章 收养的效力。第四章 收养关系的解除，是有关收养解除的条件、程序和后果的规定。第五章 法律责任，是有关刑事责任的追究办法。第六章 附则。 《收养法》的实施，对于规范收养行为发生了重大作用。但是，随着社会的发展，《收养法》的不足在实践中开始暴露，主要表现在:(1)收养条件过于严格，致使许多孤儿、弃婴得不到有抚养条件又愿收养儿童的人收养。社会福利机构的负担沉重，不利于孤儿、弃婴的健康成长。(2)办理收养手续不统一。根据《收养法》的规定，办理收养手续有三种:书面收养协议、收养登记、收养公证。多种程序造成适用中的诸多漏洞。为了合理确定收养条件、完善收养程序，进一步保护合法的收养关系，1998年11月4日，第九届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第五次会议作出了《关于修改<中华人民共和国收养法>的决定》，对于1991strengthen the sense of responsibility, work to solve the lack of decent occupation explain away, conduct problems. To establish the overall concept, eliminate departmentalism. Strict assessment and accountability, to solve the spiritual slack, nianqingpazhong, status quo, and other issues. To establish and perfect the muddle along Bureau staff conduct work regulations, standardize the behavior of personnel. 2. To strengthen the responsibility system. One is the in-depth study and implement the "Hunan provincial Party and government leading cadres Interim Provisions on the work safety of a pair of > (Hunan Office issued 2013 No. 5)," Hunan province safety supervision and management responsibilities of the provisions on the production (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4) And resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is to establish risk self correction self reporting system for safety in production enterprises, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety is introduced. Four strengthen the county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the" who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must be safe, Guan Sheng production and operation must be safe, pipe business must control security "principle, the implementation of safety The production of "cure." stagnation supervision and leadership responsible system. The safety production of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strictly implement the safety production of the "one vote veto" and the reward system, strengthen the safety incentive and restraint mechanism. (six) the implementation of the work force is not strong. The documents, meeting, long work arrangement, check and supervise the implementation of small, poor implementation of the system, the work is not effective. Some leading cadres sense of purpose, consciousness of the masses is not strong, the ruling " For the people "," the interests of the masses no matter "concept understanding is not in place. The specific work treats with the deployment, a few leading cadres complain that work is too complicated, too much responsibility, the pressure is too large, too much emphasis on the difficulty of the work, such as underground mines to avoid the disaster of" six systems "construction and construction of mechanical ventilation to file the form, forwarding arrangements work, no in-depth mining enterprises to promote the specific work, the increase in the number of files, but the effect is not good, not according to the actual situation of non coal mines in the county, to engage in" across the board ", and the quality 年《收养法》做出了修改，该决定从1999年4月1日起施行。《收养法》(修正案)是我国收养关系的基本规范。 (五)《婚姻法》(修正案)的有关规定。《婚姻法》(修正案)在2001年4月28日公布实行。《婚姻法》(修正案)保留了收养的原则规定，第26条规定:“国家保护合法的收养关系。养父母和养子女的权利和义务，适用本法对父母子女关系的有关规定。养子女和生父母的权利和义务，因收养关系的成立而消除。”《婚姻法》的这一规定进一步明确了法律保护合法的收养关系，同时，对于依法建立收养关系的养父母与养子女之间的权利和义务适用父母子女关系。《婚姻法》(修正案)未就收养问题做实质内容的变动，但考虑到婚姻法其他内容特别是父母子女关系规定的修改，养父母子女关系随之也有某种程度的完善。 四、我国收养法的基本原则 我国收养法的基本原则，集中体现了我国收养法的本质和特点，是收养关系当事人成立收养关系的准则，也是人民法院处理收养纠纷案件正确适用收养法、提高办案质量应当遵循的准则。我国《收养法》(修正案)第2条规定:“收养应当有利于被收养的未成年人的抚养、成长，遵循平等自愿的原则，并不得违背社会公德。”第3条规定:“收养不得违背计划生育的法律、法规。”可见，我国收养法的基本原则有以下四项: (一)有利于被收养的未成年人的抚养、成长原则 我国《收养法》(修正案)虽然没有绝对禁止收养成年人，但根据该法第4条的规定，被收养人主要限于孤儿、查找不到生父母的弃婴和生父母有特殊困难而无力抚养的未成年人。实行收养制度的首要目的就在于保障未成年人的健康成长，通过建立合法有效的收养，使被收养的未成年人在和睦幸福的家庭中健康成长。为此，我国《收养法》对收养人的条件做了明确规定，要求收养人必须具有抚养教育被收养人的能力。同时，送养人也应具备一定的条件，禁止借收养名义买卖儿童。对于不利于被收养的未成年人的抚育、成长的收养，法律不予成立和保护。 (二)平等自愿原则 收养关系的平等自愿原则是指收养关系的当事人法律地位平等，建立或解除收养关系的意思表示自觉自愿。收养是设立亲属身份关系的行为，当事人必须在平等的法律地位上通过协商而达到一致的意思表示来建立收养关系，一方不得强迫另一方。《收养法》(修正案)规定，收养应经过收养人和送养人的双方自愿，若被收养人年满10周岁以上，必须征得被收养人的同意。同时，收养人与送养人可以协议一致解除收养关系，如果被收养人年满10周岁以上，还应征得被收养人的同意。收养关系当事人无法达成协议解除收养关系时，可以向人民法院起诉。可见，平等自愿原则不仅体现在收养成立上，而且还体现在诉讼行为上。 (三)不得违背社会公德的原则 收养不仅涉及到收养关系当事人之间的个人利益，而且影响到社会公共利益，收养行为应遵循社会公德原则。《收养法》(修正案)第9条规定:“无配偶的男性收养女性的，收养人与被收养人的年龄相差40周岁以上。”《收养法》(修正案)还规定，收养人虐待、遗弃等侵害未成年养子女合法权益的，送养人有权要求解除收养关系;当养子女成年后虐待、遗弃养父母而解除收养关系的，养父母也有权要求养子女补偿收养期间支出的生活费和教育费。为稳定收养关strengthen the sense of responsibility, work to solve the lack of decent occupation explain away, conduct problems. To establish the overall concept, eliminate departmentalism. Strict assessment and accountability, to solve the spiritual slack, nianqingpazhong, status quo, and other issues. To establish and perfect the muddle along Bureau staff conduct work regulations, standardize the behavior of personnel. 2. To strengthen the responsibility system. One is the in-depth study and implement the "Hunan provincial Party and government leading cadres Interim Provisions on the work safety of a pair of > (Hunan Office issued 2013 No. 5)," Hunan province safety supervision and management responsibilities of the provisions on the production (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4) And resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is to establish risk self correction self reporting system for safety in production enterprises, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety is introduced. Four strengthen the county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the" who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must be safe, Guan Sheng production and operation must be safe, pipe business must control security "principle, the implementation of safety The production of "cure." stagnation supervision and leadership responsible system. The safety production of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strictly implement the safety production of the "one vote veto" and the reward system, strengthen the safety incentive and restraint mechanism. (six) the implementation of the work force is not strong. The documents, meeting, long work arrangement, check and supervise the implementation of small, poor implementation of the system, the work is not effective. Some leading cadres sense of purpose, consciousness of the masses is not strong, the ruling " For the people "," the interests of the masses no matter "concept understanding is not in place. The specific work treats with the deployment, a few leading cadres complain that work is too complicated, too much responsibility, the pressure is too large, too much emphasis on the difficulty of the work, such as underground mines to avoid the disaster of" six systems "construction and construction of mechanical ventilation to file the form, forwarding arrangements work, no in-depth mining enterprises to promote the specific work, the increase in the number of files, but the effect is not good, not according to the actual situation of non coal mines in the county, to engage in" across the board ", and the quality 系，《收养法》(修正案)第22条还规定:“收养人、送养人要求保守收养秘密的，其他人应当尊重其意愿，不得泄露。” (四)不违背计划生育原则 计划生育是我国的基本国策，也是我国《婚姻法》的基本原则。由于收养涉及到孩子抚育问题，应遵循计划生育原则。《收养法》(修正案)严格限制了被收养各方面的条件:只有无子女和年满30周岁的人才可以收养，一般只能收养1名子女，送养人不得以送养子女为由违反计划生育规定再生育子女。 第二节 收养关系的成立 依照收养法的规定，收养关系合法成立，应当具备两个方面的条件:一是收养关系当事人应当依法律规定具备一定的条件，这就是收养关系成立的实质要件;二是应当依法律规定履行一定的程序，这就是收养关系成立的形式要件。收养关系只有具备这两个方面的条件，才具有法律效力。 一、收养成立的实质条件 收养的实质条件是指收养关系依法成立所应具备的资格条件。我国《收养法》(修正案)对收养人、被收养人、送养人均规定了一定的条件，并就特殊收养关系的成立另规定了其他的条件。 (一)一般收养关系的实质条件 1、收养人的条件。《收养法》(修正案)第6条规定:“收养人应当同时具备下列条件，(一)无子女;(二)有抚养教育被收养人的能力;(三)未患有医学上认为不应当收养子女的疾病;(四)年满三十周岁。”根据这一规定，收养人应具备的实质条件有: (1)无子女。根据我国计划生育的政策，夫妻双方一般只能生育一胎小孩。为防止当事人借收养规避法律，收养法将计划生育原则列为其基本原则之一，要求收养人必须无子女。这里的“子女”是指婚生子女、非婚生子女、养子女和与继父母形成事实抚养关系的继子女。 “无子女”则是指作为收养人的夫妻一方或双方无生育能力而没有子女，或虽有生育能力但夫妻不愿生育子女，或夫妻所生育的子女已死亡而导致没有子女。收养人若没有配偶，则也应是无子女者。 但是，收养孤儿或者残废儿童或者社会福利机构抚养的查找不到生父母的弃婴和儿童，可以不受收养无子女和收养一名的限制。 (2)有抚养教育被收养人的能力。收养的主要目的在于使未成年的被收养人能够健康成长，收养人应当具备抚养教育被收养人的能力。这种“抚养教育能力”要求收养人应是完全民事行为能力人，同时在经济条件、道德品质、身体素质上也应符合具有抚养教育被收养人的条件。道德品质恶劣、好逸恶劳、自身不能维持生活的人，不能作为收养人。 (3)年满30岁。《收养法》未修改之前，要求收养人的最低年龄是35周岁，1999年修改《收养法》后，为年满30周岁。夫妻共同收养子女的，夫妻双方均应达到年满30周岁。此规定的立法理由在于:第一，为稳定收养关系和便于收养人抚养被收养人的考虑。各国法律均规定收养人与被收养人之间必须存在一定的年龄差距，便于收养人尽到抚育被收养人的目的。同时，收养人达到一定年龄时，也具备了足够的经济来源和精力，有利于抚育被收养人。3第二，基于计划生育原则。无生育能力有永久性和临时性之分。只有达到一定年龄，经确诊strengthen the sense of responsibility, work to solve the lack of decent occupation explain away, conduct problems. To establish the overall concept, eliminate departmentalism. Strict assessment and accountability, to solve the spiritual slack, nianqingpazhong, status quo, and other issues. To establish and perfect the muddle along Bureau staff conduct work regulations, standardize the behavior of personnel. 2. To strengthen the responsibility system. One is the in-depth study and implement the "Hunan provincial Party and government leading cadres Interim Provisions on the work safety of a pair of > (Hunan Office issued 2013 No. 5)," Hunan province safety supervision and management responsibilities of the provisions on the production (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4) And resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is to establish risk self correction self reporting system for safety in production enterprises, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety is introduced. Four strengthen the county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the" who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must be safe, Guan Sheng production and operation must be safe, pipe business must control security "principle, the implementation of safety The production of "cure." stagnation supervision and leadership responsible system. The safety production of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strictly implement the safety production of the "one vote veto" and the reward system, strengthen the safety incentive and restraint mechanism. (six) the implementation of the work force is not strong. The documents, meeting, long work arrangement, check and supervise the implementation of small, poor implementation of the system, the work is not effective. Some leading cadres sense of purpose, consciousness of the masses is not strong, the ruling " For the people "," the interests of the masses no matter "concept understanding is not in place. The specific work treats with the deployment, a few leading cadres complain that work is too complicated, too much responsibility, the pressure is too large, too much emphasis on the difficulty of the work, such as underground mines to avoid the disaster of" six systems "construction and construction of mechanical ventilation to file the form, forwarding arrangements work, no in-depth mining enterprises to promote the specific work, the increase in the number of files, but the effect is not good, not according to the actual situation of non coal mines in the county, to engage in" across the board ", and the quality 无生育能力的人才会产生抱养他人子女的心理需求，才能对所抱养的子女更加疼爱;同时，既已明确无生育能力，就不可能在抱养他人的子女后再生育自己的子女，也有利于计划生育原则的贯彻执行。 (4)未患有医学上认为不应当收养子女的疾病。收养人患有精神疾病或其他的严重疾病，直接影响被收养子女的健康成长。同时，患有精神疾病或其他严重疾病的，多数丧失劳动能力，没有相应的经济来源，难以为被收养人的健康成长提供良好的环境和条件。 (5)其他条件。收养法同时规定了一般收养关系成立的其他条件。《收养法》(修正案)第8条规定:“收养人只能收养一名子女。”第9条规定:“无配偶的男性收养女性的，收养人与被收养人的年龄应当相差四十周岁以上。”第10条还规定;“有配偶者收养子女，须经夫妻共同收养。” 2、被收养人的条件。《收养法》(修正案)第4条规定，被收养人应具备以下条件: (1)应是不满14周岁的未成年人。法律确定被收养人年龄的上限，是为了稳定所建立的收养关系。我国《民法通则》以18周岁作为划分完全民事行为能力人和限制民事行为能力人的年龄界限;以10周岁作为划分限制民事行为能力人和无民事行为能力人的年龄界限。不满14周岁的儿童，本身不具备独立生活能力，需要他人的抚育，也容易与收养人建立亲密的父母子女感情，所以，被收养人首先必须是未满14周岁的未成年人。 (2)不能得到生父母的抚养。被收养人不能得到生父母的抚养，才需要他人收养。这些人包括:?丧失父母的孤儿。《收养法》(修正案)所称的孤儿是指其父母死亡或人民法院宣告其父母死亡的不满十四周岁的未成年人。4?查找不到生父母的弃婴和儿童。作为被收养人的弃婴和儿童，是指依法经公安机关查找后确认是查找不到生父母的被遗弃的婴儿和儿童。?生父母有特殊困难无力抚养的子女。生父母因疾病或其他原因而造成经济上、身体上、精神上无力抚养子女的，这些子女才能成为被收养人。 3、送养人的条件。送养人有三大类，不同类型的送养人，条件要求有所不同。 (1)生父母作为送养人时，送养人应具备:?有特殊困难无力抚养子女，抚养未成年子女是父母应尽的法定义务。但是，生父母因疾病、残障、经济困难或其中一方死亡等原因 无法履行抚养义务的，为了让这些子女健康成长，可以“特殊困难无力抚养子女”为由送养子女。?生父母送养子女的，须双方共同送养。即使是父母已离婚的子女或非婚生子女，也必须由生父母协商同意后共同送养。但是，生父母一方下落不明或查找不到的，可以单方送养。?生父母一方死亡的，生存一方要求送养未成年子女时，死亡一方的父母(即是未成年子女的祖父母或外祖父母)有优先抚养的权利。?生父母不得以送养子女为理由违反计划生育规定再生育子女。 (2)生父母以外的监护人送养孤儿时，送养人应具备: ?未成年人的生父母均已死亡时，监护人送养孤儿的，应征得有抚养义务的人的同意。根据我国《民法通则》规定，未成年孤儿的监护人主要有祖父母、外祖父母;成年兄、姐;关系密切的其他亲属、朋友愿意承担监护责任，经未成年人的父、母的所在单位或者未成年人所在的居民委员会、村民委员会同意的;strengthen the sense of responsibility, work to solve the lack of decent occupation explain away, conduct problems. To establish the overall concept, eliminate departmentalism. Strict assessment and accountability, to solve the spiritual slack, nianqingpazhong, status quo, and other issues. To establish and perfect the muddle along Bureau staff conduct work regulations, standardize the behavior of personnel. 2. To strengthen the responsibility system. One is the in-depth study and implement the "Hunan provincial Party and government leading cadres Interim Provisions on the work safety of a pair of > (Hunan Office issued 2013 No. 5)," Hunan province safety supervision and management responsibilities of the provisions on the production (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4) And resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is to establish risk self correction self reporting system for safety in production enterprises, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety is introduced. Four strengthen the county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the" who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must be safe, Guan Sheng production and operation must be safe, pipe business must control security "principle, the implementation of safety The production of "cure." stagnation supervision and leadership responsible system. The safety production of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strictly implement the safety production of the "one vote veto" and the reward system, strengthen the safety incentive and restraint mechanism. (six) the implementation of the work force is not strong. The documents, meeting, long work arrangement, check and supervise the implementation of small, poor implementation of the system, the work is not effective. Some leading cadres sense of purpose, consciousness of the masses is not strong, the ruling " For the people "," the interests of the masses no matter "concept understanding is not in place. The specific work treats with the deployment, a few leading cadres complain that work is too complicated, too much responsibility, the pressure is too large, too much emphasis on the difficulty of the work, such as underground mines to avoid the disaster of" six systems "construction and construction of mechanical ventilation to file the form, forwarding arrangements work, no in-depth mining enterprises to promote the specific work, the increase in the number of files, but the effect is not good, not according to the actual situation of non coal mines in the county, to engage in" across the board ", and the quality 未成年人的父、母所在单位或未成年人所在居民委员会、村民委员会或民政部门。因此，以上监护人送养未成年孤儿时，应征求有抚养义务的人的同意。有抚养义务的人主要是指有负担能力的祖父母、外祖父母和成年兄，姐。有抚养义务的人不同意送养，监护人不愿意继续履行监护 职责 岗位职责下载项目部各岗位职责下载项目部各岗位职责下载建筑公司岗位职责下载社工督导职责.docx 的，按照《民法通则》规定变更监护人。?未成年人的父母均不具备完全民事行为能力的，该未成年人的监护人不得将其送养，但父母对该未成年人有严重危害可能的除外。 (3)社会福利机构作为送养人。社会福利机构是指民政部门设立的专门收容、抚养父母已经死亡的、其他亲属无力抚养的孤儿以及查找不到生父母的弃婴、儿童的社会组织。收养人符合法定条件的，可以到社会福利机构收养未成年人。但是，《收养法》(修正案)没有明确规定社会福利机构作为送养人时的资格条件。根据1999年5月25日颁布的《中国公民收养子女登记办法》第3条规定:“收养社会福利机构抚养的查找不到生父母的弃婴、儿童和孤儿的，在社会福利机构所在地的收养登记机关办理登记。”第6条第2款规定，社会福利机构为送养人的，应向收养登记机关提交弃婴、儿童进入社会福利机构的原始记录，公安机关出具的捡拾弃婴、儿童报案的证明，或者孤儿的生父母死亡或者宣告死亡的证明。因此，社会福利机构作为送养人时，应具备相应的证明材料和办理收养登记手续。 (二)特殊收养关系的实质条件 1、收养三代以内的同辈旁系血亲的子女。《收养法》(修正案)第7条规定，亲属间收养三代以内同辈旁系血亲的子女，可以不受到下列限制:(1)生父母有特殊困难无力抚养的子女;(2)无配偶的男性收养女性，收养人与被收养人的年龄相差40周岁以上;(3)被收养人不满14周岁。但是，收养人仍然应具备抚养教育被收养人的能力，而且必须无子女。但华侨回国收养三代以内同辈旁系血亲的子女时，可以不受收养人无子女的限制。 2、收养孤儿、残废儿童或者查找不到生父母的弃婴和儿童。《收养法》(修正案)第8条的规定，收养孤儿、残废儿童或者社会福利机构抚养的查找不到生父母的弃婴和儿童，可以不受收养人无子女和收养1名的限制。但在收养这些儿童时，仍应符合一般收养关系所具备的其他实质条件。 strengthen the sense of responsibility, work to solve the lack of decent occupation explain away, conduct problems. To establish the overall concept, eliminate departmentalism. Strict assessment and accountability, to solve the spiritual slack, nianqingpazhong, status quo, and other issues. To establish and perfect the muddle along Bureau staff conduct work regulations, standardize the behavior of personnel. 2. To strengthen the responsibility system. One is the in-depth study and implement the "Hunan provincial Party and government leading cadres Interim Provisions on the work safety of a pair of > (Hunan Office issued 2013 No. 5)," Hunan province safety supervision and management responsibilities of the provisions on the production (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4) And resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is to establish risk self correction self reporting system for safety in production enterprises, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety is introduced. Four strengthen the county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the" who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must be safe, Guan Sheng production and operation must be safe, pipe business must control security "principle, the implementation of safety The production of "cure." stagnation supervision and leadership responsible system. The safety production of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strictly implement the safety production of the "one vote veto" and the reward system, strengthen the safety incentive and restraint mechanism. (six) the implementation of the work force is not strong. The documents, meeting, long work arrangement, check and supervise the implementation of small, poor implementation of the system, the work is not effective. Some leading cadres sense of purpose, consciousness of the masses is not strong, the ruling " For the people "," the interests of the masses no matter "concept understanding is not in place. The specific work treats with the deployment, a few leading cadres complain that work is too complicated, too much responsibility, the pressure is too large, too much emphasis on the difficulty of the work, such as underground mines to avoid the disaster of" six systems "construction and construction of mechanical ventilation to file the form, forwarding arrangements work, no in-depth mining enterprises to promote the specific work, the increase in the number of files, but the effect is not good, not according to the actual situation of non coal mines in the county, to engage in" across the board ", and the quality