英语词汇学试题库

英语词汇学试 题库 doc摄影基础题库高中语文题库及参考答案安全生产模拟考试平台题库选择大学英语b统考题库消防知识竞赛题库 英语词汇学 试题 中考模拟试题doc幼小衔接 数学试题 下载云南高中历年会考数学试题下载N4真题下载党史题库下载 库 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket. 1. In different language, the same concept can be represented by _____ and the same sound can show _____. A. same sounds / different meanings B. different sounds / different meanings C. different sounds / same meanings D. same sounds / same meanings 2. The Indo-European language family is made up of most of the languages in the following places except _____. A. Europe B. The Near East C. India D. Africa 3. _____ are words borrowed early in the past and now well assimilated into English language. A. Aliens B. Denizens C. Translations D. Semantic-loans 4. Motivation accounts for connection between the linguistic symbol and _____. A. its meaning B. its sound C. its form D. none of the above 5. “Bird”, “earth”, “nation”belong to _____. A. bound morphemes B. free roots derivational affixes D. bound roots C. 6. A concept has _____ referring expressions. A. one B. many C. a few D. none of the above 7. The grammatical meanings of a word refer to that of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationship such as _____. A. part of speech of words B. singular and plural meaning of nouns C. tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms D. all the above 8. The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt with from ______ angles. A. one B. two C. three D. four 9. In radiation, the secondary meaning of a word is derived from the primary meaning of a word by ______. A. transfer B. extension C. specialization D. all the above and others 1 10. A legal term“Alibi”signifying “pleathatthattheaccused is not at the place when the crime is committed”nowmeans “excuse”. This change of word-meaning is called _____. A. transfer B. narrowing C. extension D. degradation 11. Context clues have _____ ones in all. A. seven B. six C. eight D. five 12. _____ is the most complete description of words available to us. A. Minidictionary B. Desk dictionary C. Pocket dictionary D. Unabridged dictionary 13. _____ idioms are characterized by semantic and structural stability. A. All the B. Few C. None of D. Not all the 14. For beginners and elementary and lower-intermediate learners, _____ dictionary is essential as they have no enough knowledge of English. A. a monolingual B. none of the above C. specialized D. bilingual 15. During American Civil War, theword“Copperhead”, a venomous snake in the South of America, was endowed with the new meaning“thenortherners who were secretly aiding and abetting the south”because of _____. A. class reason B. historical reason C. psychological reason D. religious reason 16. The relationship between the sound and meaning of a word is _____. A. logical B. arbitrary, conventional C. certain D. objective 17. The Indo-European language family is made up of most of the languages in the following places except _____. A. Europe B. The Near East C. India D. Africa 18. Words produced through affixation constitute _____ of all the new words. A. 20% to 30% B. 30% to 40% C. 40% to 50% D. 10% to 20% 19. The chief function of prefixation is to _____. A. change meanings of the stems B. change the word-class of the stem C. change grammatical function D. all the above 20. The“house”in“thepeasant housedhim”belongs to the conversion _____. A. between noun and adjective B. between noun and verb C. between verb and adjective D. none of the above 21. A concept has _____ referring expressions. A. one B. many C. a few D. none of the above 22. The grammatical meanings of a word refer to that of the meaning of the word 2 which indicates grammatical concept or relationship such as _____. A. part of speech of words B. singular and plural meaning of nouns C. tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms D. all the above 23. The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt with from _____ angles. A. one B. two C. three D. four 24. In radiation, the secondary meaning of a word is derived from the primary meaning of a word by _____. A. transfer B. extension C. specialization D. all the above and others 25. A legal term“Alibi”signifying “plea that that the accused is not at the place when the crime is committed”nowmeans “excuse”. This change of word-meaning is called _____. A. transfer B. narrowing C. extension D. degradation 26. Context clues have _____ ones in all. A. seven B. six C. eight D. five 27. _____ is the most complete description of words available to us. A. Minidictionary B. Desk dictionary C. Pocket dictionary D. Unabridged dictionary 28. _____ idioms are characterized by semantic and structural stability. A. All the B. Few C. None of D. Not all the 29. For beginners and elementary and lower-intermediate learners, _____ dictionary is essential as they have no enough knowledge of English. A. a monolingual B. none of the above C. specialized D. bilingual 30. During American Civil War, theword“Copperhead”, a venomous snake in the South of America, was endowed with the new meaning“thenortherners who were secretly aiding and abetting the south”because of _____. A. class reason B. historical reason C. psychological reason D. religious reason 31. In different language, the same concept can be represented by ______ and the same sound can show_______ . A. different sounds/different meanings B. same sounds/different meanings C. different sounds/same meanings D. same sounds/same meanings 32. _____ are words borrowed early in the past and now well assimilated into the English language. A. Denizens B. Aliens C. Translations D. Semantic-loans 33. Word formation excludes_________. A. affixation and compounding B. conversion and shortening C. chipping, acronymy and blending D. repetition and alliteration 3 34. The differences between compounds and free phrases show in ______ aspects. A. phonetic features B. semantic features C. grammatical features D. all the above 35. In compounds, the word stress usually occurs on ________ whereas in noun phras e_______ is generally stressed if there is only one stress. A. the first element/the second element B. the second element/the first element C. the first element/the first element D. the second element/the second element 36. Nouns partially converted from adjectives do not posses all the qualities a noun does. They must be used together with _______. A. plural forms B. single forms C. adjectives D. definite articles 37. Motivation accounts for connection between the linguistic symbol and ______. A. its meaning B. its sound C. its form D. none of the above 38. “Mouth”in“themouth of river”is_______. A. onomatopoetically motivated B. morphologically motivated C. semantically motivated D. etymologically motivated 39. Of the types of homonyms, _______ constitute the largest number and are most common. A. perfect homonyms B. homophones C. homographs D. antonymy 40. ______ is used in particular discipline and academic areas. A. Jargon B. Terminology C. Slang D. Argot 41. The relationship between the sound and meaning of a word is ________ A. logical B. arbitrary, conventional C. certain D. objective 42. Radiation and concatenation are different stages of the development leading to polysemy. Generally, radiation ________ concatenation. A. is behind B. precedes C. is with D. makes up for 43. Of the modes of word-meaning changes, ______ are the most common. A. elevation and transfer B. narrowing and degradation C. extension and narrowing D. degradation and transfer 44. The chief function of prefixation is to _________. A. change meanings of the stems B. change the word-class of the stem C. change grammatical function D. all the above 45. The“house”in“thepeasant housedhim”belongs to the conversion________. A. between noun and adjective B. between noun and verb C. between verb and adjective D. none of the above 46. ________ comprises the following points:(1) a minimal free form of a language (2) a sound unity (3) a unit of meaning (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. 4 A. Not every word B. Each word C. Some of words D. Most of words 47. The smallest functioning unit in the composition of words is called _______. A. word B. morpheme C. morphs D. root 48. Associative meaning comprises several types except _________. A. connotative meaning B. stylistic meaning C. affective meaning D. lexical meaning 49. Based on the degree of similarity, homonyms fall into three classes except _____ ___. A. perfect homonyms B. homographs C. synonymy D. homophone 50. Words formed by acronymy can be divided into initialisms and acronyms depending on _______. A. the grammatical function B. the pronunciation of the words C. the spelling way D. none of the above 51. The words “minibus, endless”are________ words. A. onomatopoetically motivated B. morphologically motivated C. semantically motivated D. etymologically motivated 52. ____ words have both same conceptual meaning and same stylistic meaning. A. few B. Few C. Many D. Some onic approach, other meanings apart from the primary meaning of a word 53. In diachr were acquired by ________. A. extension B. narrowing C. analogy D. all the above 54. Homophones are words identical , only in ________ but different in two other aspects. A. sound B. meaning C. spelling D. sense 55. _______is contrary antonymy. A.“true/false”‎‎B.“rich/poor” C.“parent/child” D.“male/female” 56. The original meaning of“nice”is“ignorant”or“foolish”anditsmodern meaningis“delightful”. This is ________ of word meaning. A. extension B. degradation C. transfer D. elevation 57. Linguistic factors of word meaning change exclude ________. A. internal factors within the language system B. the influx of borrowing C. analogy D. grammar 58. _____ is the most important of all features of basic words. A. Stability B. Productivity C. Polysemy D. All national character 59. The “house”in“thepeasant housedhim”belongs to the conversion________. A. between noun and adjective B. between noun and verb C. between verb and adjective D. none of the above 60. “domicile”is________. A. formal B. neutral C. informal D. none of the above 61. A word is ______ of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic 5 function. A. a smallest form B. a minimal free form C. a constituent form D. a part 62. ______ is used in particular discipline and academic areas. A. Jargon B. Terminology C. Slang D. Argot 63. In the western set of the Indo-European language family, Greek is the modern language derived from_______. A. Hellenic B. Celtic C. Spanish D. Dutch 64. “Nature”intheword“denaturalization”isnot_______. A. free root B. free morphemes C. stem D. bound root 65. Word formation excludes_________. A. affixation and compounding B. conversion and shortening C. chipping, acronymy and blending D. repetition and alliteration 66. Fortheword“political”, its negativeformis“_______”. A. apolitical B. ilpolitical C. inpolitical D. impolitical 67. The differences between compounds and free phrases show in ______ aspects. A. phonetic features B. semantic features C. grammatical features D. all the above 68. A concept is universal to all men alike regardless of _________. culture B. race C. language D. all the above A. 69. “Mouth”in“themouth of river”is_______. A. onomatopoetically motivated B. morphologically motivated C. semantically motivated D. etymologically motivated 70. Radiation and concatenation are different stages of the development leading to polysemy. Generally, radiation ________ concatenation. A. is behind B. precedes C. is with D. makes up for 71. Of the modes of word-meaning changes, ______ are the most common. A. elevation and transfer B. narrowing and degradation C. extension and narrowing D. degradation and transfer 72. Extra-linguistic context excludes________. A. people B. time C. place D. clauses 73. According to the criterion of grammatical functions, idioms may be classified into _______ groups. A. two B. three C. five D. four 74. “Sooner or later”has________ rhetorical colouring. A. rhyme B. alliteration C. reiteration D. juxtaposition 75. An unbridged dictionary should contain at least ________ headwords. A. 100,000 B. 200,000 C. 300,000 D. 450,000 76. In different language, the same concept can be represented by _____ and the same sound can show _____. A. different sounds / different meanings B. same sounds / different meanings C. different sounds / same meanings D. same sounds / same meanings 6 77. _____ are words borrowed early in the past and now well assimilated into the English language. A. Denizens B. Aliens C. Translations D. semantic-loans 78. It is assumed that the world has about _____ languages. A. 3000 B. 2000 C. 1000 D. 4000 79. Free morphemes and free roots are _____. A. identical B. different C. the former includes the latter D. the latter includes the former 80. In compounds, the word stress usually occurs on _____ whereas in noun phrase _____ is generally stressed if there is only one stress. A. the first element / the second element B. the second element / the first element C. the first element / the first element D. the second element / the second element 81. Nouns partially converted from adjectives do not possess all the qualities a noun does. They must be used together with _____. A. plural forms B. single forms C. adjectives D. definite articles 82. The differences between compounds and free phrases show in _____ aspects. ic features B. semantic features A. phonet C. grammatical features D. all the above 83. A concept is universal to all men alike regardless of _____. A. culture B. race C. language D. all the above 84. Of the types of homonyms, _____ constitute the largest number and are most common. A. perfect homonyms B. homophones C. homographs D. antonymy 85. Radiation and concatenation are different stages of the development leading to polysemy. Generally, radiation _____ concatenation. A. is behind B. precedes C. is with D. makes up for 86. “Paper” in “a white paper” means “_____”. A. essay written at the end of the term B. government document C. newspaper D. a set of questions used as an exam 87. Extra-linguistic context excludes _____. A. people B. time C. place D. clauses 88. The figures of speech of idioms exclude _____. A. simile B. metaphor C. juxtapositionD. metonymy 89. _____ is the most complete description of words available to us. A. Unabridged dictionary B. Desk dictionary C. Pocket dictionary D. Mini-dictionary 90. For beginners and elementary and lower-intermediate learners, _____ dictionary is essential as they have no enough knowledge of English. 7 A. a monolingual B. bilingual C. specialized D. none of the above Keys 1. B 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. B 7. D 8. B 9. D 10. C 11. C 12. D 13. D 14. D 15. C 16. B 17. D 18. B 19. A 20. B 21. B 22. D 23. B 24. D 25. C 26. C 27. D 28. D 29. D 30. C 31. A 32. A 33. D 34. D 35. A 36. D 37. A 38. C 39. B 40. B 41. B 42. B 43. C 44. A 45. B 46. B 47. B 48. D 49. C 50. B 51. B 52. B 53. D 54. A 55. B 56. D 57. D 58. D 59. B 60. A 61. B 62. B 63. A 64. D 65. D 66. A 67. D 68. D 69. C 70. B 71. C 72. D 73. C 74. D 75. B 76. A 77. A 78. A 79. A 80. A 81. D 82. D 83. D 84. B 85. B 86. B 87. D 88. C 89. A 90. B II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. 1. The semantic unity of idioms is reflected in the _____ relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom. 2. Context can fall into _____ and non-linguistic context. 3. A word has many meanings, but when a word is first coined, it is always _____. 4. Lexical meaning has conceptual meaning and _____. 5. Associative meaning comprises four types: connotative, stylistic, affective, and _____. 6. American dictionary contains more encyclopedic information in the main body while British dictionary, especially learner?sdictionary includes _____ information. 7. When a word with more than one meaning is used in inadequate context, it creates _____. 8. Extension of meaning, also known as ______, is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo. 9. Denotative meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the _____ of word meaning. 8 10. Old English was a highly _____ language just like modern German. 11. According to the idiomaticity of idioms, idioms can be dividedinto“true”idioms established at the upper end, semi-idioms and _____ at the bottom. 12. Context can fall into _____ and non-linguistic context. 13. Derivational affixes can be further divided into _____ and suffixes. 14. Lexical meaning has conceptual meaning and _____. 15. Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationship are called _____. 16. American dictionary contains more encyclopedic information in the main body while British dictionary, especially learner?sdictionary includes _____ information. 17. The meaning of the word is often affected and defined by the _____ words‎‎. 18. Extension of meaning, also known as _____, is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo. 19. When a word is created, it has only one meaning. The first meaning is the _____ meaning. 20. The semantic unity of idioms is reflected in the _____. Relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom. 21. When a word is created, it has only one meaning. The first meaning is _______ meaning. 22. Affective meaning expresses the speaker?s ________ towards the person or thing in question. 23. There are four sources of synonyms, namely, _______, dialects and regional English, figurative and euphemistic use of words, coincidence with idiomatic expressions. 24. Lexical meaning and _______ meaning make up the word meaning. 25. Words can be grouped into______ words and function words by notion. 26. Narrowing of meaning is the opposite of _________ meaning. 27. LDCE is a _________ dictionary. 28. The major changes in word meaning include: extension, narrowing, degradation, ________, transference, and euphemism. 29. Just as important as the general relationship of oppositeness between words is the relationship of _______, which is called hyponymy. 30. The number of inflectional affixes is ___________ and stable, which makes English one of the easiest language to learn. 31. Almost all affixes are _________ morphemes because few can be used as indep endent words. 32. When a word is created, it has only one meaning. The first meaning is ________ meaning. 33. _________ meaning refers to the part of speech, tenses of verbs, etc. 34. _________ are forms of antonyms which truly represent oppositeness of meani ng. 35. English does have words the meanings of which are transparent and reasonably explicable. They are onomatopoetic motivation, ________ motivation, semantic 9 motivation and etymological motivation. 36. Derivational affixes can be further divided into _________ and suffixes. 37. Structrurally a word is not the __________ unit because many words are analyzable and segregatable. 38. The development of word meaning from monosemy to polysemy follows two courses which are called__________ and concatenation. 39. Narrowing of meaning is the opposite of __________ meaning. 40. The smallest functioning unit in the composition of words is called __________. 41. Words can be grouped into content words and function words by________. 42. The introduction of _______ into England marked the beginning of modern English period. 43. Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationship are called ________. 44. The associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words etc. are often due to________. 45. Absolute synonyms are restricted to highly_________. 46. Linguistic context includes lexical context and ________. 47. Context can fall into ________ and non-linguistic context. 48. Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the _______of various meaning of the period of time. same word in a certain historical 49. Lexical meaning has conceptual meaning and ________. 50. Associative meaning is _______ supplemented to the conceptual meaning. 51. In some cases, the meaning of a word may be influenced by the _____ in which it occurs. This is called grammatical context. 52. American dictionary contains more encyclopedic information in the main body while British dictionary, especially learner?s dictionary includes more _____ information. 53. Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationship are called _____ affixes. 54. The associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words etc. are often due to _____ factors. 55. The language used between 450 and 1150 is called _____ English. 56. When a word is created, it has only one meaning. The first meaning is the _____ meaning. 57. Context can fall into _____ context and non-linguistic context. 58. Based on the degree of similarity, homonyms fall into three types: perfect homon yms, homographs and _____. 59. _____ is the relationship between language and the world. 60. Associative meaning is the _____ meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. Keys 1. illogical 2. linguistic context 10 3. monosemic 4. associative meaning 5. collocative 6. more grammatical 7. ambiguity 8. generalization 9. core 10. inflected 11. regular combinations 12. linguistic context 13. prefixes 14. associative meaning 15. inflectional affixes 15. more grammatical 17. neighboring 16. generalization 19. primary 20. illogical 21. primary 22. attitude 23. borrowing 24. grammatical 25. content 26. widening 27. monolingual 28. elevation 29. inclusion 30. small 31. bound 32. primary 33. grammatical 34. complementaties 35. morphological 36. prefixes 37. smallest 38. radiation 39. widening 40. morpheme 41. notion 42. printing 43. inflectional affixes 44. psychological factors 45. specialized vocabulary 46. grammatical context 47. linguistic context 48. coexistence 49. associative meaning 50. the secondary 51. the structure 52. more grammatical 53. inflectional affixes 54. psychological factors 55. Old 56. primary 57. linguistic context 58. homophones 59. reference 60. the secondary 11 III. Match the terms in Column A with those in Column B according to their senses. A B 1. word a. the widening of meaning 2. morpheme b. words opposite in meaning 3. prefixation c. the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases 4. compounding d. the formation of new words by joining two or more bases 5. clipping e. the relationship between language and the world 6. reference f. words that has two or more senses 7. polysemy g. the formation of new words by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead 8. antonymy h. the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words 9. synonymy i. words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning 10. extension j. a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meani ng and syntactic function Keys 4. d 5. g 1. j 2. h 3. c 6. e 7. f 8. b 9. i 10. a A B 1. vocabulary a. the process by which words rise from humble begin nings to positions of importance 2. allomorph b. the relationship of inclusion between words 3. suffixation c. a member of a set of morphs, which represent one morpheme 4. conversion d. the process of forming new words by joining the initi al letters of composite names of social and political organizations of phrases used as technical terms 5. acronymy e. the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class 6. concept f. the process opposite of widening, also called specializa tion 7. hyponymy g. the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases 8. narrowing h. words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling 12 or identical only in sound or spelling 9. homonymy i. the result of human cognition, reflecting the objec tive world in the human mind 10.elevation j. all the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary Keys 1. j 2. c 3. g 4. e 5. d 6. I 7. b 8. f 9. h 10. a A B 1.bound morpheme a. the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning 2.free morpheme b. the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of anther word 3.affix c. forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function 4.morpheme d. denotes the relationships inside the language 5.inflectional affix e. an affix that indicates grammatical relationships 6.blending f. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes 7.back-formation g. words of language can be classified into sets which are related to conceptual fields and divide up the semantic space or the semantic domain in certain ways 8.sense h. a minimal meaningful unit of a language 9.motivation i. morpheme which can not occur as separate words 10.semantic field j. the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes Keys 1. i 2. f 3. c 4. h 5. e 6. b 7. j 8. d 9. a 10. g A B 1. word a. the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning 2. free morpheme b. the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word 3. affix c. forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function 4. morpheme d. a term which denotes the relationships inside the language 5. inflectional affix e. an affix that indicates grammatical relationships 6. blending f. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes 7. polysemy g. words of language can be classified into sets which are related to conceptual fields and divide up the semantic space or the semantic domain in certain ways 13 8. sense h. a minimal meaningful unit of a language 9. motivation i. a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function 10. semantic field j. words that has two or more senses Keys 1. i 2. f 3. c 4. h 5. e 6. b 7. j 8. d 9. a 10. g IV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of synonyms; 2) types of antonyms 3) types of word formation 4) types of affective meaning. 1. scarlet-fever/scarlatina 2. change/alter/varyunder 3. understand/comprehend 4. true/false 5. rich/poor 6. husband/wife 7. fan (fanatic) 8. sitcom 9. nigger 10. black bad-mouth 12. memo 11. 13. AIDS 14. to laze 15. p.c. 16. to loaf 17. smog 18. flue 19. home-made 20. to down 21. pseudo-science 22. Eurasia 23. comical 24. breathanalyze 25. bloomers Keys 1. absolute synonyms 2. relative synonyms 3. relative synonyms 4. contradictory antonyms 5. contrary antonyms 6. relative antonyms 7. back clipping 8. blending 9. pejorative 10. appreciative 11. compounding 12. clipping 13. acronym 14. back-formation 15. initialism 16. back-formation 17. blending 18. clipping 19. compounding 20. conversion 21. prefixation 22. blending 14 23. suffixation 24. blending 25. name of people 1. scarlet-fever/scarlatina 2. change/alter/varyunder 3. understand/comprehend 4. true/false . rich/poor 6. husband/wife 5 7. fan (fanatic) 8. sitcom 9. nigger 10. black 11. bad-mouth 12. memo 13. AIDS 14. to laze 15. p.c. 16. to loaf 17. smog 18. flue 19. home-made 20. to down 21. pseudo-science 22. Eurasia 23. comical 24. breathanalyze 25. bloomers Keys . absolute synonyms 2. relative synonyms 1 3. relative synonyms 4. contradictory antonyms 5. contrary antonyms 6. relative antonyms 7. back clipping 8. blending 9. pejorative 10. appreciative 11. compounding 12. clipping 13. acronym 14. back-formation 15. initialism 16. back-formation 17. blending 18. clipping 19. compounding 20. conversion 21. prefixation 22. blending 23. suffixation 24. blending 25. name of people V. Specify their sense relations: hyponyms; perfect homonyms; homophones; homographs. 1. oar — or 2. wind (风) — wind (缠绕) 3. curriculum — chemistry 4. scent — cent 5. flower — rose 15 Keys 1. homophones 2. homographs 3. hyponym 4. homophones 5. hyponym 1. mete — meat 2. minute — minute 3. curriculum — chemistry 4. cent — sent 5. boar — pig Keys 1. homophones 2. homographs 3. hyponym 4. homophones 5. hyponym VI. Study the following words and their meanings, a being the original and b the modern meaning. Give the process that each word has undergone through in terms of extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation. 1. magnificent ( ) a. superb b. good 2. girl ( ) a. young person of both sex b. female young person 3. holiday ( ) a. Christmas or Easter b. any holiday 4. dizzy ( ) a. foolish b. vertiginous 5. brim ( ) a. water?sedge b. the top edge of a cup, glass, etc. and the rim of any thing Keys 1. degradation 2. narrowing 3. extension 4. elevation 5. extension 1. girl ( ) a. young person of both sex b. female young person 2. box ( ) a. container made of boxwood b. container in general 3. dizzy ( ) a. foolish b. vertiginous 4. companion ( ) a. one who shares bread b. a company Keys 16 1. narrowing 2. extension 3. elevation 4. extension 5. extension 1) girl : ( ) a. young person of both sex b. female young person 2) barn: ( ) a. a place for storing only barley b. a storeroom 3) governor ( ) a. pilot b. head of a state 4) criticize ( ) a. appraise b. find fault with 5) wife ( ) a. woman b. married woman Keys 1) narrowing 2) extension 3). elevation 4) degradation5) narrowing 1) meat:( ) a. food b. flesh of animals 2) butcher:( ) one who kills goats b. one who kills animals a. 3) minister:( ) a. servant b. head of the government of ministry 4) silly: ( ) a. happy b. foolish 5) picture: ( ) a. painting b. drawing, photographs Keys 1) narrowing 2) extension 3). elevation 4) degradation 5) extension 1) thing: ( ) public assembly b. any object or event a. 2) corn ( ) a. grain b. maize 3) angel ( ) 17 a. messenger b. messenger of God 4) vulgar ( ) a. ordinary, common b. coarse, rude, indecent 5) criticize ( ) a. appraise b. find fault with Keys 1) extension 2) narrowing 3). elevation 4) degradation 5) degradation VII. Examine which pairs have correct relations and fill in the brackets with T(for true) or F( for false). ( ) 1. apolitical—negative prefix ( ) 2. pseudo-friend—pejorative prefix ( ) 3. anti-nuclear—locative prefix ( ) 4. forearm—prefix of attitude ( ) 5. bilingual—number prefix deverbal noun ( ) 6. mountaineer-- ( ) 7. applicant-- denominal noun ( ) 8. popularity--de-adjective noun ( ) 9. Chinese—noun and adjective suffixes ( ) 10. pear-shaped--adjective suffix ( ) 11. mini-bus—prefix of size ( ) 12. disobey—locative prefix ( ) 13. forehead—negative prefix ( ) 14. triangle—number prefix ( ) 15. reconsider—prefix of time and order ( ) 16. washable--adjective suffix ( ) 17. engineer—deverbal noun ( ) 18. Australian—noun and adjective suffixes ( ) 19. strengthen—verb suffix de-adjective noun ( ) 20. marriage— ( ) 21. demystify—conversion prefix ( ) 22. counterstrike—prefix of degree ( ) 23. disobey—negative prefix ( ) 24. asleep--conversion prefix ( ) 25. reconsider—prefix of time and order ( ) 26. percentage-wise—adverb suffix ( ) 27. originate—verb suffix ( ) 28. armful--noun suffix ( ) 29. marriage—de-adjective noun ( ) 30. strengthen—verb suffix 18 Keys 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T 6.F 7.F 8. T 9. T 10. T 11. T 12. F 13. F 14. T 15. T 16.T 17.F 18. T 19. T 20. F 21. F 22. F 23. T 24. T 25. T 26.T 27.T 28. T 29. F 30. T VIII. Decide the following statements are true or false and fill in the brackets with T (for true) or F(for false). 1. Structure may cause the ambiguity of a sentence as in “I like Mary better than Jane”. 2. Early Modern English refers to the language spoken from 1150 to 1500. 3. An idiom differs from a free phrase in that the former is structurally fixed and the latter is not. 4. A word is a symbol that is used by the same speech community. 5. Some words in the basic word stock are said to be stable because they refer to the commo nest things in life. 6. Roots are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words. 7. Affective meaning refers to the part of the word-meaning which indicates the attitude of the user. 8. Zoo is formed through clipping. 9. A New English-Chinese Dictionary is monolingual dictionary. 10. “Ex-” in the word “ex-prisoner” is derivational affix. Keys 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. T 9. F 10. T IX. Identify the process of word-formation in each of the following words, using the terms in the box. 19 prefixation suffixation compounding conversion blending clipping initialism acronym back-formation commonization of proper name 1. three-year-olds 2. fan 3. PEN 4. author 5. c/o 6. eavesdropping 7. slurb 8. copter 9. forth-coming 10. to moonlight 11. surtax 12. Amerind 13. picturesque 14. guestimate 15. mackintosh Keys 1. compounding 2. clipping 3. acronym 4. back-formation 5. initialism 6. back-formation 7. blending 8. clipping 9. compounding 10. conversion 11. prefixation 12. blending 13. suffixation 14. blending commonization of proper name 15. X. Identify the sense relations of the following pairs of words with the terms in the box. The terms can be repeatedly used. relative synonyms absolute synonyms homophones complementaries contraries hyponymy homographs converses 1. son/ sun ___________ 20 2. bow [b?u]n. / bow[bau] n. ____________ 3.maid/ girl ___________ 4.word-building/ word-formation__________ 5.scarlet-fever/ scarlatina____________ 6.time/ epoch____________ 7.dear/ deer____________ 8.boy/ girl____________ 9.single/ married____________ 10.rich/ poor____________ 11.love/hate____________ 12.big/ small____________ 13.employer/ employee____________ 14.give/ receive____________ 15. flower/tulip____________ Keys 1. homophones 2. homographs 3.relative synonyms 4.absolute synonyms 5. absolute synonyms 6.relative synonyms 7. homophones 8. complementaries 9.complementaries 10.contraries 11. contraries 12. contraries 13.converses 14.converses 15. hyponymy perfect homonyms homographs homophones relative synonyms absolute synonyms hyponymy complementaries contraries converses 1. right/ write ___________ 2. sow [b?u]n. / sow [bau] n. ____________ 3. parent/ child ___________ 21 4. husband/ wife __________ 5. furniture/ chair ____________ 6. extend/ expand ____________ 7. male/ female ____________ 8. word-building/ word-formation_____________ 9. ad/add ____________ 10. buy/sell ____________ 11.open/close____________ 12.absent/present____________ 13. thrifty-economical____________ 14. dear/ deer ____________ 15. date n./date v.____________ Keys 1. homophones 2. homographs 3.converses 4. converses 5. hyponymy 6.relative synonyms 7. complementaries 8. absolute synonyms 9. homophnes 10.converses 11. contraries 12. complementaries 13. relative synonyms 14.homophones 15. perfect homonyms relative synonyms absolute synonyms perfect homonyms homographs homophones complementaries‎‎ contraries converses hyponymy 1. dear/ deer ___________ 2. sow [s?u]n. / sow[sau] n. ____________ 3. scarlet-fever/ scarlatina ___________ 22 4.want/ desire__________ 5.perfect/ imperfect____________ 6.date n./ date v.____________ 7.love/ hate____________ 8.hot/ cold____________ 9.give/ receive____________ 10.dead/alive ____________ 11.same/different____________ 12.tree/oak ____________ 13.employer/ employee____________ 14.single/ married____________ 15. animal/dog____________ Keys 1. homophones 2. homographs 3.absolute synonyms 4. relative synonyms 5. complementaries 6.perfect homonyms 7. contraries 8. contraries 9. converses 10. complementaries 11. complementaries 12. hyponymy 13. converses 14.complementaries 15. hyponymy relative synon‎‎yms absolute synon‎‎yms homophones complementaries contraries hyponymy homographs converses perfect homonyms 1. date (a kind of fruit) / date (a boy or girl friend) 2. bow (n.) / bow (v.) 3. right / write 4. son / sun 5. scarlet fever / scarlatina 6. true / false 7. rich / poor 8. give / receive 9. cobra / snake 10. flower / rose 11. parent / child 12. old / young 13. different / various 14. dear / deer 15. creature / insect 23 Keys 1. perfect homonyms 2. homographs 3. homophones 4. homophones 5. absolute synonyms 6. complementaries 7. contraries 8. converses 9. hyponymy 10. hyponymy 11. converses 12. contraries 13. relative synonyms 14. homophones 15. hyponymy XI. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. “Maryranthebadmintongame.” Study this sentence. If you find anything wrong, please explain why and then improve it. 1) It is a__________. 2) Ambiguity caused by p__________. 3) “Ran”canbeunderstood as“__________”or“__________”. 4) Improvement: ________________________________________. 1) ambiguous 2) polysemy 3) organized / participated 4) Rose ran the badminton game and won the first place. Rose ran the badminton and was regarded as the best organizer. XII. Make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern languages given below. 24 Prussian Irish Lithuanian‎‎ Polish Breton Dutch Bulgarian Slovenian Flemish Scottish Russian Norwegian Greek Persian Icelandic Hindi Danish Portuguese Spanish Swedish Italian English German Roumanian French Indo-European Language Family Balto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Italic Germanic Prussian Persian Portuguese Norwegian Lithuanian Hindi Spanish Icelandic Polish Italian Danish Bulgarian Roumanian Swedish Slovenian French English German Russian Dutch Flemish Albanian Armenian Celtic Hellenic Irish Greek Breton Scottish XIII. Answer the following question If some students ask you to recommend one or two good dictionaries to them, what would you recommend? Why? (150 word or so) A good learner uses the best dictionaries in the best ways. He uses them in such ways that they help and not hinder their study. How should one choose the best dictionary in a bookstore? He should know what type of dictionary he is looking for. The dictionary should satisfy his immediate demands. So it is advisable to make acquaintances with many dictionaries and narrow down the choice. A look at the press, impression, time and place, introduction and price will also pay off. Once he has a good dictionary at hand, he should make the best use of it. First of 25 all, he should make and be friends with it. He should use it constantly. Second he should be careful and patient in the use and reference. Thirdly he should not depend on it, for as Samuel Johnson said, “Dictionaries are like watches. The worst are better than none, and the best cannot be expected to go quite true.” What is the point of learning synonyms? The English language is rich in synonyms. It is very important to master a large number of synonyms. With this synonymy repertoire, one can choose the right words for his ideas, not to risk causing the slightest misunderstanding on the part of listeners and readers. Simeon porter says in Our Language, “Language is like dress. We vary our dress to suit the occasion. We do not appear at a friend?ssilver wedding anniversary in gardening clothes, nor do we go punting on the river in a dinner-jacket.” Since perfect synonyms are rare and synonyms always have nuances of sense, we must keep our eyes open for these minute differences and use the right words in our communication. A big author is one that knows and uses effectively a lot of synonyms to make a style. How do you differentiate perfect homonyms from polysemants? Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with reference to spelling and pronunciation, as both have the same orthographical form but different meanings. This creates the problem of differentiation. The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different lexemes which have the same form and the latter the one and same lexeme which has several distinguishable meanings. One important criterion by which to differentiate them is „etymology?, i.e. homonyms are descendants of different sources whereas a polysemant is a word of the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. The second principal consideration is „semantic relateness?. The several meanings of a single polysemous lexeme are related and can be traced back to one central meaning.On the other hand, meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries. Explain conceptual meaning and associative meaning ( four types ) in your own words, citing examples in point where necessary. 26 Conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.(1分) Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same language. (2分) Associate meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. (2分)It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate. (1分) It is liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc. (2分)Associative meaning comprises four types: connotative, stylistic, affective, and collo (2cativ分)e. What is the fundamental difference between radiation and concatenation? Concatenation, literally meaning „linking together?, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first signification by successive shifts of meanings until, in many cases, there is not a shadow of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had in it at the outset. Concatenation involves shifts of meaning. The meaning reached by the first shift may be shifted a second time, and so n until in the end the original meaning is totally lost. Unlike radiation where each of the derived meanings is directly connected to the primary meaning, concatenation describes a process where each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains. Though the latest sense can be traced back to the original, there is no direct connection in between. Radiation and concatenation are closely related, being different stages of the development leading to polysemy. Generally, radiation precedes concatenation. In many cases, the two processes work together as complementary to each other. What is motivation? “Motivation”istherelationship between the structure of a word and its meaning. A word whose meaning is revealed or implied by its form or sound is called a motivated or transparent word, otherwise it is called a non-motivated or opaque word. What are the functions of context? 27 1) elimination of ambiguity 2) indication of referents 3) provision of clues for inference of word meaning Analyze the morphological structure of the following words in terms of free morpheme and bound morpheme, then explain the differences between two kinds of morphemes. 1. unhappily 2. idealistic 1) Each of the two words consists of three morphemes: unhappily(un + happy + ly) idealistic(ideal + ist + ic) 2) Happy and ideal are free morphemes; un-, -ly, -ist and –ic are bound morphemes. 3) Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. Bound morphemes must be bound to other morphemes to form words. Why is the structure of an idiom stable? 1)The constituents of idioms can not be replaced, deleted or added to, not even an article. 2)The word order cannot be inverted or changed. 3)Many idioms are grammatically unanalysable. What are the major differences between British and American 28 dictionaries? 1) American dictionaries contain more encyclopedic information in the main body than the British and British usages are included in an American dictionary, too. 2) British dictionaries include more grammatical information and American usages are generally excluded from a general British one. Study the following sentences. If you find anything wrong, please explain why and then improve the sentence. The boy ran after the girl with flowers. 1) It is ambiguous. Ambiguity caused by the grammatical structure. This sentence can be understood as: a. The boy who carried the flowers ran after the girl. b. The boy ran after the girl who carried the flowers. 2) Improvement: a. After he bought some flowers, the boy ran after the girl with the flowers. b. The boy ran after the girl with the flowers, because she had stolen his flowers. What are borrowed words in the English language? How many kinds of them does English have? Borrowed words or loan-words are words taken from foreign language. Foreign borrowings may be divided into four groups according to their characters. 1) Aliens—words borrowed from a foreign language without any change of the foreign sound and spelling, e.g. coupd’etat, elite. 2) Denizens—words borrowed from a foreign language with a transformation of the foreign sound and spelling. Namely, the foreign 29 sound and spelling are Anglicized. e.g. skin, get, give. 3) Translation-loans—words borrowed from foreign languages by means of translation, e.g. black humour (French: humour noir). 4) Semantic borrowings—words which have acquired a new meaning under the influence of other languages, e.g. gift (Old English: the price of a wife—Scandinavian: present). What are the foreign elements in the English vocabulary? There are many foreign elements in the English vocabulary: 1) the Scandinavian element; 2) the French element; 3) the Latin element; 4) the Greek element; 5) other foreign elements. What motivations does the English vocabulary have? There are four motivations of word-structure in term of meaning: (1) phonetic motivation, (2) grammatical motivation, (3) motivation by meaning, (4) etymological motivation. What is the relationship between word meaning and context? What are the two types of context? Word meaning depends upon context. Different contexts give words different meanings. Generally speaking, there are two types of context: linguistic and non-linguistic. “Linguistic context”refers to lexical and grammatical context. That is to say, the 30 context determines which meaning out of all the possible meanings, including lexical and grammatical meaning, is to be attached to the word. “Non-linguistic context”, or context of situation, refers to what the speakers and listeners are doing, what is happening, what has happened before the speech event, including the cultural and social background where they find themselves. What is concatenation? “Concatenation”isatermusedtorefer to another process of sense-shift in which the original meaning of a word may be lost on other meanings, that is to say, other meanings of a word produced are not connected with its primary sense. What is semantic field? “Semantic field”metaphorically refers to a network of words that belong to the same or subject. All words related to kinship, for example, belong to the semantic one field field of kinship. This theory is called“semantic field theory”or“lexical field theory”. A semantic field of English may differ from its Chinese counterpart, though. The kinship“field”ofChinese is a little different from the English kinship“field”. While the Chinese distinguish parents and parents?brothers and sisters of paternal or the English language ignores this distinction. maternal sides, When the fields of two words converge or overlap, there appears synonymy. Study the following sentences. Analyze“women”’sgrammatical meaning, conceptual meaning and connotative meaning in each sentence. i. Women are flowers. ii. Women are tigers. 1) “Women”inthetwosentences have the same grammatical meaning and conceptual meaning 2) Their grammatical meaning: plural nouns and subjects in the sentences. Their conceptual meaning: adult female human being. 31 3) In sentence (1), the connotative meaning: beautiful, lovely. In sentence (2), the connotative meaning : fierce and malicious What is partial conversion? What is full conversion? There are two types of conversion, full conversion and partial conversion. “Partial conversion”isconversion where a word of one word-class appears in a function which is characteristic of another word-class, e.g. the poor. Butwecan?tsay“apoor”without“man”or“woman”. “Fullconversion”means a word that is converted into another part of speech has all the functions of this new feature. creative (adj.) ?n. a person that is creative How can we tell free phrases from compounds? English compounds can be analyzed according to different criteria. 1) Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: solid (e.g. bedtime), hyphenated (e.g. above-mentioned), open (e.g. reading material). 2) Phonetically, compounds can often be identified as having a main stress on the first element and a secondary stress on the second element. (e.g. compound: ,blackboard; free phrase: ,black,board) 3) Semantically, compounds can often be identified as having a meaning which may be related to but can not simply be inferred from the meaning of its parts (e.g. darkroom) A“darkroom”isusedforphotographic processing and may be dark and may not be so dark. A room used for any other purpose that may be dark is not called “darkroom”, though it may be describedas“dark”. 32