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英语所有时态总结和例句

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英语所有时态总结和例句英语所有时态总结和例句 1.概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 2.时间状语: always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays, 3.基本结构:动词 原形 (如主语为第三人称单数,动词上要改为第三人称单数形式) 4.否定形式:am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为...

英语所有时态总结和例句
英语所有时态总结和例句 1.概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 2.时间状语: always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays, 3.基本结构:动词 原形 (如主语为第三人称单数,动词上要改为第三人称单数形式) 4.否定形式:am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首;用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。 6.例句:. It seldom snows here. He is always ready to help others. Action speaks louder than words. 基本形式(以do为例): 第三人称单数:does(主语为非第三人称单数); 肯定句:主语,动词原形,其他; He works for us. 否定句:主语,don„t/doesn't,动词原形,其他; He doesn't work for us. 一般疑问句:Do/Does,主语,动词原形,其他。 肯定回答:Yes,(, 主语,do/does)( 否定回答:No,(,主语,don't/doesn't.) 特殊疑问句:疑问词+一般疑问句语 Does he work for us? Yes, he does. No, he doesn't What does he do for us? He works for us. 1(表示现在习惯或经常反复发生的动作。常与always, usually, often, sometimes, every day (week, month)等连用。 He plays football twice a week.他每周踢两次足球。 I sometimes go to work on foot.我有时步行去上班。 2(表示现在的事实或状态。 It?s cold today.今天很冷。 You look tired now.你现在看起来很疲乏。 3(表示主语所具有的特征,性格和能力等。 She is a famous singer.她是个著名的歌唱家。 Tom likes swimming.汤姆喜欢游泳。 4(表示客观事实或普遍其理。 It?sfarfromtheearth to the sun.地球与太阳间的距离很远。 Five and three makes eight.五加三得八。 5(表示已预先安排或 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 好将来确定会发生的动作。 但主要用于go, come, leave, start, return, arrive等瞬间动词。 The train from London arrives at 7:00.从伦敦来的火车7:00到站。 He leaves on business the day after tomorrow.他后天出差。 6(在时间及条件状语从句中表示将来的动作。 I?llcallyouassoonasI get there.我一到那里就打电话给你。 I?llcomeifheinvites me.他如果邀请我我就来。 7(在以here, there开头的句子里,表示正在发生的动作。 Her comes the bus!汽车来了~ There goes the bell!铃响了~ 当主语是代词时,代词必须放在动词之前。如: There he comes!他来了~ 8(某些表示心理状态和感觉的动词,如feel, love, hope, want, understand等表示现在发生的具体行为。 I feel pain in my head.我头疼。 Idon?tunderstand what you mean.我不理解你的意思。 此时只用一般现在时而不用现在进行时。 1.概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 2.时间状语:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week,last(year, night, month…),in1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc. 3.基本结构:be动词;行为动词 的过去式 4.否定形式:was/were+not;在行为动词前加didn' t,同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;用助动词d o的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词。 6.例句:She often came to help us in those days. I didn't know you were so busy. be动词,行为动词的过去式 否定句式:在行为动词前加didn„t,同时还原行为动词,或was,were,not; was或were放于句首;用助动词do的过去式did提问,同时还原行为动词 例如: Did he work for us? He didn't work for us. He worked for us. 1(表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示过去时间的副词如:yesterday, last week, two hours ago等连用。 My family moved here five years ago.我家五年前搬到了这里。 I was born in 1973.我生于1973年。 2(表示过去一段时间经常或反复发生的动作。这时可与频度副词如:often, usually, always等连用。 He always worked into night those days.那些日子他总是工作到深夜。 I often left on business in 1987.1987年我经常出差。 表示“过去经常,而今不再”时,要用used to。如: I used to read newspaper after breakfast. 我过去经常早饭后看报纸。(意指现在已不是这样) The children often swam in this river. 孩子们过去经常在这条河里游泳。 3(表示过去发生的一连串动作。 He put down the heavy box, took out the keys, and opened the door. 他放下这沉重的箱子,掏出钥匙开了房门。 过去发生的一连串动作,若用and, or, but等并列连词连接,则一律用过去式。 They moved the chairs to the table, sat down and began to have supper. 他们把椅子搬到桌边,坐下开始吃饭。 4(在时间和条件状语从句中,用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作。 He said that he would let me know as soon as he got the inf ormation. 他说他一得到消息就立即让我知道。 Mary told me that she would stay at home if it rained.玛丽告诉我如果下雨她就呆在家里。 : 1.概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 2.时间状语:tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon,in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc. 3.基本结构:am/is/are/going to + do;will/shall + do. 4.否定形式:was/were + not; 在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句:be放于句首;will/shall提到句首。 6.例句:They are going to have a competition with us in studies. It is going to rain. am,are,is,going to,do 或 will,shall,do am/is/are/about to + do am/is/are to + do; 一般将来时的表达方法 be going to +动词原形 be +不定式,be to+动词原形,be about to ,动词原形 be able to +不定式 be about to+动词原形 will + 动词原形; 例如:He is going to work for us. He will work for us; He is coming.这是特殊的用一般现在时 表达 将来时态 的例子~~ 三、 一般将来时的用法 (1)表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示将来的时间状语如next month, tomorrow, in a week, soon等连用。 I will go to the zoo next Sunday.下周日我将去动物园。 She?ll go to the cinema tonight.今晚她将去看电影。 (2)表示将来经常发生的动作 Some birds will fly away to the south when winter comes. 冬季来临时,一些鸟儿将飞往南方。 (3)“begoing to+动词原形”可以表示: I)根据目前迹象某件事情很有可能发生。 Look at those clouds! It?sgoing to rain.看那些云,快下雨了。 II)打算、计划、决定要做某事 We?regoing to meet outside the school gate.我们打算在校门口见面。 will与be going to都可表示将来,通常可互换,但下面几种情形只用will而不用be going to。 (1)表示“带有意愿色彩的将来”时 I?llhelpyouifyouneed.如果需要,我帮你。 (2)问对方是否愿意或表示客气的邀请或命令时 Will you go shopping with me? 你和我一起去购物吗, Will you please open the door?请把门打开好吗, (3)表示临时决定要做某事 It begins to rain./Will have to stay at home. 天开始下雨了,我只好呆在家里了。(本来打算外出) (4)表示客观必然会发生的事情 It will be Monday tomorrow.明天是周一。 (5)在含有时间状语从句或条件状语从句的复合句中,主句如果 是将来时,则多用will。 I?lltakecareofyourbabywhenyouareout.你出门时我会照看你的小宝宝。 I?llopenthewindow if you smoke here.你如果在这儿抽烟我就把窗户打开。 1.概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。 2.时间状语:the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc. 3.基本结构:was/were/going to + do;would/should + do. 4.否定形式:was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do. 5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;would/should 提到句首。 6.例句:He said he would go to Beijing the next day. I asked who was going there . be(was,were)going to+动词原形 be(was,were)about to+动词原形 be(was,were)to+动词原形 肯定句:主语+be(was,were)going to+动词原形,. 否定句:主语+be(was,were)not going to+动词原形,. 疑问句:Be(Was,Were)+主语+going to+动词原形,, 肯定句:主语+would(should)+动词原形,. 否定句:主语+would(should)not+动词原形,. 疑问句:Would(Should)+主语+动词原形,, He would work for us. 1.概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行 为。 2.时间状语:now, at this time, these days, etc. 3.基本结构:am/is/are+doing 4.否定形式:am/is/are+not+doing. 5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。 6.例句: How are you feeling today? He is doing well in his lessons. 主语+be+v.ing〔现在分词〕形式(其中v表示动词) 表示现在正在进行的动作或最近在做的事。 例如:I am buying a book. 第一人称+am+doing+sth 第二人称+are+doing +sth (doing是泛指所有的v-ing形式) 第三人称+is+doing+sth 例:He is working. (1) 表示现在正在进行或发生的动作。常与now, at present, at this, moment等连用。 It is snowing now.现在正在下雪。 He is watching TV at present.他正在看电视。 (2)与these days, this week/month等连用,表示现阶段正在进行的动作。 He is studying hard these days.这些天他学习很努力。 He is writing a book.他在写一本书。 在“Look!, Listen!”等感叹句后,通常用现在进行时。如: Look! The bus is coming.看,公共汽车来了。 比较:Look! There comes the bus. (以Here, There为首的句子以一般现在时表示正在进行的动作。) (3)与表示将来的时间状语连用,表示最近计划或安排好的将要发生的动作,主要用于go, come, arrive, leave start, return等瞬间动词。即用现在进行时表示将来。 He is leaving for Nanjing tonight.他今晚去南京。 The meeting is beginning at three this afternoon.会议在下午3:00开始。 (4)与always, continually, forever等词连用,表示反复出现的动作,代替一般现在时,表达说话人强烈的感情。如赞扬、不满、讨厌等。如: He is always asking such silly questions.他老是提这类愚蠢的问题。 He is continually making mistakes.他不断地犯错误。 没有进行时的动词 1( 表示“存在、位置”的动词。如:be(是),lie(位于),stand(位于) She is a doctor.她是名医生。 The mountain lies in the middle of the country.这座山位于该国的中部。 The tower stands beside the river.这座塔位于河边。 lie, stand分别作“躺、站”解时,可用于现在进行时。如: The cat is lying under the table.猫躺在桌子下面。 He is standing against the door.他正靠门站着。 2( 表示“所有”的动词。如:have(有),own(拥有) I have a new car.我有一辆新车。 He owns a lot of houses.他拥有许多房子。 当have作“吃、举行”讲时,可用于现在进行时。如: She is having lunch now.她现在正在吃午饭。 They are having a sports meeting. 他们正在举行运动会。 3( 表示感觉的动词。如:see(看到),hear(听到),smell(闻到),feel(摸起来),taste(尝起来),find(发现)等。 I see a snake lying in the grass.我看到一条蛇躺在草丛里。 4( 表示心理活动和情感的动词,如:know(知道),understand(理解),think(作为),like(喜欢),love(爱),hate(恨),hope(希望),want(想要)等 I think they are right.我认为他们是正确的。 I like music.我喜欢音乐。 think作“想,考虑”解时,可用于进行时态。如: I?mthinking about it now.我现在正在考虑这事。 Do you know what he is thinking about? 你知道他在想什么吗, 1.概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。 2.时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。 3.基本结构:was/were+doing 4.否定形式:was/were + not + doing. 5.一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。 6.例句:At that time she was working in a PLA unit. When he came in, I was reading a newspaper. 肯定句:主语+was/were+doing+其它 否定句:主语+was/were+not+doing+其它 一般疑问句及答语:Was/Were+主语+doing+其它 ;答语:Yes,I主语+was/were./No,I主语+wasn't/weren't. 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+was/were+主语+doing+其它 He was working when he was alive. (7)将来进行时 主语+will + be +现在分词 He will be working for us.=He will work f or us. 六、 过去进行时的用法 过去进行时的用法与现在进行时用法相同,只不过参照的时间基准点不同。 (1)过去进行表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。一般和特定的时间状语或状语从句连用。如:then, at that time, at eight yesterday, this time yesterday, when he came in等。 I was playing volley-ball this time last Sunday.上周日的这个时候我正在打排球。 Li Fang was watching TV when her father came back.李芳的爸爸回来时她正在看电视。 (2)过去进行时表示过去某段时间是持续进行的动作。 They were making ships last month.他们上个月正在造船。 (3)go, come, leave等瞬间动词的过去进行时表示过去某一时点安排或计划好的即将发生的动作。 The plane was arriving at eight.飞机八点到达。 过去进行时与一般过去时的区别 过去进行时表示过去某一动作正在进行,强调“动作的连续性”,而一般过去时则表示一个完成的动作,强调“有过这件事”。 I was playing chess last night.昨晚我在下棋。 I played chess last night.昨晚我下棋了。 My father worked last Sunday. 我爸爸上周日工作了。 My father was working last Sunday. 我爸爸上周日在工作着。 七、 现在完成时的用法 (1)表示动作已经完成,但后果或影响仍在。常与already, just, yet等副词连用。 I have just read your letter.我刚刚读完你的信。 He has already come back.他已经回来了. (2)表示过去发生的动作一直持续到现在。常与或forsince引导的一段时间状语连用。 He has lived here for three years.他在此住了两年了。 I have been here since 1976.自从1976年我就一直在这里。 ?(for后通常跟一个时间段,而since后只能跟一个具体的时间点。 如:for two weeks持续两周时间;since Monday自从周一 ?(现在完成时的肯定句,其谓语动词如果是瞬间动词,如come, go, begin, join,则不可与表等‎‎示一段时间的状语连用。 如:他到此两周了:He has arrived here for two weeks.(×) 此时需转换表达方式: ?用ago代替for,并改为一般过去时 ?用延续性动词代替瞬间动词 ?用It is/Ithasbeen…since…句型,如: He arrived here two weeks ago. He has been here for two weeks. It is/It has been two weeks since he arrived here. 当瞬间动词用于否定句时,则可以与时间段连用。如: I haven?tgonethere for six years.我六年没去那儿。 (3)表示过去发生过一次或多次的动作已成为某种经验。 I have been to Paris twice.我去过巴黎两次。 It?soneofthemostinteresting films I?veeverseen.它是我看过的最有趣的电影之一。 比较have been to与have gone to have been to表示“去过某地”,现在已回来了,可以与ever twice 等词连用。如: I have ever been to London.我曾去过伦敦。 have gone to表示“去某地了”现在尚未回来,不能与ever, twice等词连用。 He has gone to London.他去伦敦了。 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 二者都表示“动作已经发生”,区别在于: (1)现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系,即对现在产生的结果、影响等,而一般过去时只表示过去的事实,不表示和现在的关系。 He has learned French for three years.他学法语已三年了。 He learned French for three years.他曾学过三年法语。 Who has taken my bag? I couldn't find it. 谁拿走了我的包,我找不着了~ He cleaned the house yesterday. 他昨天打扫过房间。 The room is clean, for he has cleaned it already. 房间很干净,因为他已经打扫过了。 (2)现在完成时不可与表示过去的时间副词连用,而一般过去时则可以。 He has done some washing yesterday. (F) He did some washing yesterday. (T) 他昨天洗衣服了。 (8)过去将来进行时 should(would)+be+现在分词 He said that he would be working for us.=He said that he would work for us. 与现在完成的用法相同,只不过作为衡量基准点的时间点不同,现在完成时以现在作为衡量的基准点,而过去完成时则以过去某个时刻作为基准点。 (1)表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”,常by, before引导的时间状语连用。如: By the time he was ten, Edison had built a lab for himself. 到爱迪生10岁时,他已给自己建了一个实验室。 He had measured me before I could get in a word.我还没说话,他已把衣服量完了。 We had scarcely reached the school before it began to rain. 我们刚到学校天就下雨了。 (2)表示由过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。常与for和since引导的时间状语相连用。 She said she had worked in that hospital for 20 years.她说她已在那所医院工作20年了。 He said he had taught in the university since 1957.他说自从1957年他就在这所大学任教。(3)叙述过去发生的事情后,反过来又追叙或补述更早以前发生的动作时,常用过去完成时。 I knew nothing about this matter, for I had been away for six month. 对于此事我一无所知,因为我已离开6个月了。 Some people ran into the street. They had heard a loud noise. 有些人跑上了街,他们听到很响的嘈杂声。 1.概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作 或状态。 2.时间状语:recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc. 3.基本结构:have/has + done 4.否定形式:have/has + not +done. 5.一般疑问句:have或has。 6.例句:I've written an article. The countryside has changed a lot in the past fe w years. 基本结构:主语+have/has+过去分词(done) ?肯定句:主语+have/has+过去分词+其他 ?否定句:主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他 ?一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他 ?特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词+其他\ He has worked for us for ten years. Has he worked for us for ten years. 3.现在完成时(表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果、表示从过去一直延续到现在的动作或状态) I have already played football. I haven?t played football yet. I have never played football before. I have played football before. I have played football for three hours. I have played football since I was ten years old.(主句用的是现在完成时,since引导的时间状语从句用的是一般过去时) I have played football since I came here.(同上) I have played football sine 2003.(自从过去某个具体时间以来) I have played football since two years ago. (自从过去某个具体时间以来) I have played football in the last fews years.(最近几年中) I have played football recently.(近来) I have played football lately.(同上) 1.概念:以过去某个时间为 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 ,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。 2.时间状语:before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc. 3.基本结构:had + done. 4.否定形式:had + not + done. 5.一般疑问句:had放于句首。 6.例句:As soon as we got to the station, the train had left. By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books 概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。 基本结构:主语+had+过去分词(done) ?肯定句:主语+had+过去分词+其他 ?否定句:主语+had+not+过去分词+其他 ?一般疑问句:Had+主语+过去分词+其他 肯定回答:Yes,主语+had 否定回答:No,主语+hadn't ?特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(had+主语+过去分词+其他) 语法判定: ( 1 ) by + 过去的时间点。如: I had finished reading the novel by nine o' clock last night. ( 2 ) by the end of + 过去的时间点。如: We had learnt over two thousand English words by the end of last term. ( 3 ) before + 过去的时间点。如: They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 1.概念:在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态 2.时间状语:by the time of;by the end of+时间 短语(将来);by the time+从句(将来) 3.基本结构:be going to/will/shall + have done (shall)will+have+动词过去分词 before+将来时间或by+将来时间 before或by the time引导的现在时的从句 He will have worked for us.=He will work for us. .I will have played football.(将来完成时) 将来完成时是把现在完成时的助动词have/has改 为原形have, 在have前加助动词will,have后的过去分词保持不变。 以下是不太常用的时态: should / would have done sth. He said that he would have worked for us.=He said that he would work for us. 12.I will have been playing football. 15. I would have played football. (过去将来完成时) 过去将来完成时是把将来完成时的助动词will/shall改为了过去式would,将来完成时中的助动词原形have和过去分词played保持不变。 16. I would have been playing football. (过去将来完成进行时) 过去将来完成进行时是把将来完成进行时的助动词will/shall改为了过去式would, 将来完成进行时中的助动词原形have和助动词原形be的过去分词been和现在分词playing保持不变。 总结:在过去表示将来的时态中,把将来时的助动词will/shall改为过去式would,其他保持不变。 加上时间状语的16种时态(用的是最常出现的时间状语) .: 1.概念:在过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直持续到说话为止 2.基本结构:have/has +been+doing 基本与现 在完成时相同,但是现在完成进行时只能表示仍然持续的概念 have/has been +-ing 分词 He has been working for us for ten years.=He has worked for us for ten years. 现在完成进行时(表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在,并且预期还要继续进行下去) I have been playing football for three hours.(我已经踢了3个小时足球了,我现在仍然在踢着足球,而且我还要继续踢下去) I have been playing football since this morning.(从过去的某一具体时刻开始,直到现在,我都在踢足球,而且现在还没有终止,要继续踢下去) I have been playing football since I went to school. (自从我上学以来,我就一直在踢足球,直到现在,我仍然在踢足球,而且要继续踢下去) I have been playing football recently.(近来我一直在踢足球,而且还会继续踢下去) I have been playing football this morning. (今天上午以来我一直在踢足球,并会继续下去) 主语+ shall/will have been doing He will have been working for us.=He wil l work for us. 翻译为:他最近一直在为我们工作(过去在工作,现在在工作,将来还会工作) (将来完成进行时) 将来完成进行时是把现在完成进行时的助动词have/has改为原形have,并在have前加上助动词will,现在完成进行时中的be的过去分词been保持不变,现在分词playing也保持不变。 总结:一般将来时、将来进行时、将来完成时、将来完成进行时与一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时的区别是表示将来的时态是把表示现在的时态主语后加了助动词will/shall,并把will/shall后的第一个助动词改成了动词原形,其他保持不变。 had been +-ing 分词 He said that he had been working for us for ten years.=He said that he had worked for us for ten years. should+have been+现在分词用于第一人称 would have been+现在分词用于其他人称 He said that he would have been working for us.=He said that he would work for us. 英语中有12个主要时态,都来自于三时(过去、现在、将来) 现在以I listen为例,举例英语中有12个主要时态如下所示: 一般现在时:I listen 现在进行时:I am listening 过去进行时:I was listening 现在完成时:I have listened 现在完成进行时:I have been listening 一般将来时:I shall listen”或“Iwilllisten.” 将来进行时:I shall be listening 一般过去时:I listened 过去完成时:I had listened 过去完成进行时:I had been listening 将来完成时: I shall have listened 将来完成进行时: I shall have been listening 时态的一致 在一些从句(主要是宾语从句)中谓语动词的时态,常常受主句中谓语动词时态的影响,这叫做时态的一致。 时态的一致通常分以下一些情况下考虑: 1(当主句中的谓语动词是现在时态或将来时态,在这种情况下,从句的谓语动词可以用任何所需时态。如: I know that Mr. Brown is a good teacher. 我知道布朗先生是一名好老师。 She believes that he was once a solider. 她相信他以前曾是一名士兵。 He will tell us what he is going to do. 他将告诉我们他要干吗。 2(当主句中的谓语动词是过去的某种时态,在这种 情况下,从句的谓语动词可以分为下面三种情况: (1)如果从句的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,从句则需要用一般过去时或过去进行时。如: He was wondering where he could put the box. 他不知道该把这个盒子放在哪里。 The students were talking while the teacher was writing on the blackboard. 老师在黑板上板书时,学生们在说话。 (2)如果从句的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主语的谓语动作之前,从句则要用过去完成时。如: The train had left when they got to the station. 当他们到达车站时,火车已经开走了。 He said his father had been dead for twenty years. 他说他父亲已经去世二十年了。 (3)如果从句的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主语的谓语动作之后,从句则要用过去将来时。如: She said she would finish the work tonight. 她说过她将于今晚完成这项工作。 We knew that it was going to snow. 我们知道将要下雪了。 3(当从句所说明的为一般真理或客观事实时,无论 主句为何时态,从句不受影响,仍用现在时态。 The boy was told that the moon travels around the earth. 男孩被告知月亮绕着地球转。 Everybody knows that sixty minutes make an hour. 人人都知道一小时有六十分钟。 有好些英语学习者认为英语时态令人迷惑,其实时态很简单,只要掌握它的一般规律。以下是我自己对时态的总结。(发此文前,我曾再三思忖,要不要把如此简单的一份总结发出来丢人现眼。今天终于鼓足勇气下定决心,不管结果如何,发出来再说吧。) 英语语法书上,都是把句子分为五种基本句型。(1.主语,系动词,表语;2.主语,谓语;3.主语,谓语,宾语;4.主语,谓语,间接宾语,直接宾语;5.主语,谓语,宾语,宾补。)我认为这是把简单的句型给复杂化了。其实,把句子分为两种句型就足够了。一种是主系表结构,一种是主谓宾结构(把上述2、3、4、5句型归为同类) 英语中变化最多,应用最灵活的词是动词。动词分为实义动词(包括及物动词和不及物动词)、系动 词(原形为:be,可根据主语应用以下形式:am /is are/,根据时态改为以下形式:was/were)、助动词(have(根据主语变化可改为has,had), do(根据主语变化可改为does,did),be(根据主语改为:am /is are/ was/were) 动词有5种基本形式: 原形play 第三人称单数现在式plays 过去式played 过去分词played 现在分词playing 英语共有16种时态。时态只改变句子中的谓语动词。最基本的时态是:一般现在时。其他所有的时态都是在一般现在时的基础上,改变它的动词形式(如把动词原形改为过去式,改为过去分词或现在分词),并在谓语动词前加入助动词,同时改变句子的时间状语。而主语、宾语和定语、时间状语等句子成份一般保持不变。如一个简单的主谓宾结构句子的一般现在时为:I play football. 1.I play football. (一般现在时) 2.I am playing football.(现在进行时) 现在进行时是把谓语动词play 加上ing,改成了现在分词,又在play的前面加上助动词am ,这个am不是主系表结构中的系动词,而是助动词, 用通俗的 话说就是“助动词am”是帮助play的现在分词形式来完成现在进行时这个时态的。所以现在进行时是把一般现在时的谓语动词改为现在分词,前边加上助动词be(根据主语改为:am /is are/ was/were)。 3.I have played football.(现在完成时) 现在完成时是把谓语动词play加上ed改为过去分词,又在play的前面加上助动词have,这个have不是实义动词中“有”的意思,而是助动词。这里的助动词have是帮助play的过去分词played来完成现在完成时这个时态的。所以现在完成时是把一般现在时的谓语动词改为过去分词,前边加上助动词have(根据主语变化可改为has)。 4.I have been playing football.(现在完成进行时) 现在完成进行时是现在完成时和现在进行时的结合体。have用的是现在完成时的助动词,been把现是在进行时中的am(原形是be)改成的过去分词,playing保持现在进行 时中的现在分词形式。 5.I played football. (一般过去时) 一般过去时是把一般现在时的谓语动词play加ed改为了过去式played。一般过去时的时间状语表示过去的某一具体时间,比如las t year, yesterday, in 2004, three days ago, after t hree days, just now. 6.I was playing football. (过去进行时) 过去进行时是把现在进行时的助动词am/is/are改为过去式was/were,原现在分词playing保持不变。 7.I had played football. (过去完成时) 过去完成时是把现在完成时的助动词have/has改为过去式had,原过去分词played保持不变。 8.I had been playing football. (过去完成进行时) 过去完成进行时是把现在完成进行时的助动词have/has改为过去式had,原be的过去分词been和现在分词playing持不变。保 总结:一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去完成进行时与一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时的区别是表示过去的时态是把表示现在的时态主语后的第一个助动词改成了过去式,其他保持不变。 9. I will play football. (一般将来时) 一般将来时是在一般现在时的谓语动词前加上will/shall, 一般现在时的谓语动词如果是第三人称单数形式plays,应把它恢复为动词原形。 (注:此处的will/shall是助动词而不是情态动词。举 一个例子说明助动词和情态动词的区 别: I will go to school. 这一句中,如果will当助动词,中文意思就是“我将去上学”,如果will当情态动词用,中文意思是“我愿意去上学”不管will是助动词还是情态动词,它之后的谓语动词都要保持原形。至于will是助动词还是情态动词,要根据句子所处的语境来判断,但它的句子结构保持不变。顺便讲一下shall, shall作为助动词,只用于第一人称I和we, 如果shall在第二、第三人称中出现,就表示它是情态动词。Shall和will这种用法仅限于英国人,美国人及其他英语国家多用will,甚至第一人称也用will)。 10.I will be playing football. (将来进行时) 将来进行时是把现在进行时的助动词am/is/are改为原形be,前边加助动词will,现在分词playing保持不变。 13. I would play football. (过去将来时) 过去将来时是把一般将来时的助动词will/shall改为了过去式would,后边的play保持动词原形。 14. I would be playing football.(过去将来进行时) 过去将来进行时是把将来进行时的助动词wi ll/shall改为了过去式would,将来进行时中的助动词be和现在分词playing保持不变。 1.一般现在时(表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态、表示客观真理和普遍真理、表示主语的特征和状况)。 I always play football. I often play football. I usually play football. I play football sometimes. I never play football. I play football every day. I play football once a week. 2.现在进行时(表示现在或现在这一阶段正在进行的动作) I am playing football now. I am playing football at 4:30 pm. I am playing football at this moment. 5.一般过去时(表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态、表示过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态) I played football yesterday. (表示过去的具体时间) I played football last night. (同上) I played football just now.( 刚才我在踢足球) I played football in 2003. (在2003年我踢过足球) I played football two years ago.(两年前我踢过足球。ago是典型的表示过去某一时刻的时间状语。只要主句中出现ago这个词,就必须用一般过去式。刚才在现在完成时中举的例子 I have played football since two years ago.的意思是“自从两年前我开始踢足球,一直踢到现在”,用现在完成时来说明现在的状态是仍然在踢足球,since这个词可以引导一个表示过去的具体时间来做时间状语。而过去时I played football two years ago.的意思是“两年前我踢过足球”只说明过去的动作,和现在的状态是不是在踢足球没有关系,没有用since这个完成时的引导词,完全表示过去发生的动作,所以ago出现在句末而前边又没有since这种完成时的引导词的句子一定要用一般过去时。另注:在过去完成时中,会有这样的句 子: I had played football before two years ago. 这里的before 是完成时的时间状语引导词, before two years ago意思是在过去某一时刻的两年前) 6.过去进行时(表示在过去某个特定时间段正在发生 的动作) I was playing football this time yesterday.(昨天的这个时间我正在踢足球) I was playing football at that time.(那时候我正在踢足球) I was playing football from 3:00 pm to 5:00 pm.( 下午3点到5点之间我正在踢足球) I was playing football at 3:00 pm yesterday. (昨天下午3点我正在踢足球) I was playing football when you came to see me. (when 引导的时间状语从句一般用一般过去时或一般现在时。) I was playing football while you were going to school. (while引导的时间状语从句一般用过去进行时或现在进行时) 7.过去完成时(表示在过去某一动作或某一时间之前发生的动作,即“过去的过去”) I had played football by the end of last month.(截止到上个月底我已经踢过足球了) I had played football before I went to school.(在我上学之前我就踢过足球了) I had played football when I reached there.(在我 到达那里的时候,我已经踢过足球了) I went to school after I had played football.(我踢过足球后去上学了) No sooner had I played football than I went to sc hool.(我一踢完足球就去上学了) I had played football when you came back.(你回来的时候我已经踢过足球了) I told you that I had played football (我告诉你我踢过足球了) 8.过去完成进行时(现在完成进行时改成过去时态) I had been playing football until you came back.(我一直在踢足球,直到你回来(我还会继续踢)) I had been playing football before I went to scho ol.(强调在上学之前,我所持续的踢足球的动作) 9. 一般将来时(表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态) I will play football tomorrow.(表示将来的具体时间) I will play football in three days.(三天后我将踢足球。in 后边加时间表示多长时间以后,如果是表示:三天内我踢足球要用with引导时间: I will play football within three days.) I will play football next year.(明年我将踢足球) I will play football before long.(不久以后我将踢足球) I will play football by the end of this month.(到这个月底我将踢足球) I will play football on Sunday. (表示将来的具体一天) 一般将来时的其它表示方法: I am going to play football this afternoon.(表示按计划、安排要发生的事) I am about to play footb(all.be about表示即将做某事,但不与tomorrow这样表示未来的时间状语连用) I am playing football on Sunday.(用现在进行时表示最近按计划或安排要进行的动作,常与表示未来的时间状语连用) 在 if, unless, before, as soon as , when, once, howe ver等引导的时间状语或条件状语从句中,常用一般现在时表示一般将来时。常用一般过去时表示过去将来时) If I don?t go to school, I will play football tomorrow.(如果明天不上学,我将踢足球。由if引导的条件 状语从句中,用一般现在时表示明天要发生的动作) 10. 将来进行时(表示在将来某一时间正在进行的动作) I will be playing football on tomorrow morning. 11. 将来完成时(表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作,并往往对将来某一时间产生影响,常与表示将来的时间状语连用) I will have played football by the end of this w eek.(截止到这个周末我将已经踢过球了) I will have played football when you come to s ee me.到你来看我的时候,我将踢过球了) 12. 将来完成进行时(表示动作从某一时间开始一直延续在将来某一时间并持续下去) By the end of this year , I will have been playi ng football for two years.(截止到今年年底,我就已经踢足球两年了) In another month?s time , I will have been pla ying football for three months.(再过一个月我就已经踢足球三个月了) 14. 过去将来进行时(在过去时中表示将来正在发生的动作) I would be playing football the next morning.( 明天上午我将正在踢足球) 15. 过去将来完成时(在过去时中表示将来完成的时态) I would have played football the next afternoon.(在过去时中表示:明天下午我就已经踢过足球了) 16. 过去将来完成进行时(在过去时中表示将来正在完成的时态) I would have been playing football the next afte rnoon.(在过去时中表示:明天下午我就踢过足球了,并且我打算继续踢下去) 特别说明:用play football这个动作来造完成时的句子是不太恰当的,因为play football是个比较短暂的动作。用这个动作目的是为了用最简单的句型I play football来说明各种时态。 以上是用一个简单的主谓宾结构句子来说明各种时态。英语中只有两种句子结构,一种是上面的主谓宾结构句子,一种是下面要说的 主系表结构句子。 在主系表句子中时态同样只改变句子中的系动 词。主系表结构句子的8种时态(因为主系表句子没有“现在进行时、现在完成进行时、过去进行时、过去完成进行时、将来进行时、将来完成进行时,过去将来进行时、过去将来完成进行时”这8种时态): 1.I am a student.(一般现在时) 2.I have been a student.(现在完成时) 现在完成时是把一般现在时的系动词am(原形是be,可根据主语的不同改为am/is/are,可根据句子的时态改为was/were)改为过去分词been,前边加上助动词have(主语是第三人称单数时改为has)。 3.I was a student.(一般过去时) 一般过去时是把一般现在时的系动词am,改为过去时was 4.I had been a student.(过去完成时) 过去完成时是把现在完成时的助动词have改为had,现在完成时的过去分词been保持不变 5.I will be a student.(一般将来时) 一般将来时是把一般现在时的系动词am前加表示未来的助动词will/shall,并把原系动词am改回原形be。因为在助动词will/shall后边,只能跟动词原形。 6.I will have been a student.(将来完成时) 将来完成时是在现在完成时的助动词have/has前边加will/shall,并把现在完成时的助动词have/has改回原形have,原现在完成时中be的过去分词been保持不变。 7.I would be a student.(过去将来时) 过去将来时是把一般将来时的will/shall改为过去式would/should,一般将来时中的助动词原形be保持不变。 8.I would have been a student,(过去将来完成时) 过去将来完成时是把将来完成时的助动词will/shall改为过去式would,原助动词原形have和系动词be的过去分词been保持不变。 英语共有十六种时态,其表现形式如下(以study为例) 一般时 进行时 完成时 完成进行时 现在 study be studying have studied have been studying 过去 studied be studying had studied had been studying 将来 will study wil be studying will have studied will have been studying 过去将来would study would be studying would have studied would have been studying 时态(Tense)是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此,当我们说时态结构的时候,指的是相应时态下的动词形式。 1. 一般现在时 英语时态分为16种:一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时,以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时。 用法:A) 表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。 B) 习惯用语。 C) 经常性、习惯性动作。 例:He always helps others. (他总是帮助别人。) D) 客观事实和普遍真理。尤其要注意,如果前后文不是一般现在时,则无法保持 主句、从句时态一致。 E) 表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,(仅限于某些表示“来、去、动 、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词 )可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配 使用 。常见的用法是:飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。 例:The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon. (下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。) How often does this shuttle bus run? (这班车多久一趟,) F) 在时间和条件状语从句里经常用一般现在(有时也用现在完成时)表示将来事 情。 例:When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.(等你完成这份 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 的时候,我就已经等了将近3个小时了。) 2. 现在进行时(be doing) 用法:现在正在进行的动作。 3. 现在完成时(have done)用法:A) 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。 例:I bought a new house, but I _________ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses. A) didn't sell B) sold C) haven't sold D) would sell 答案是C) haven't sold。 B) 表示从过去某时刻开始,持续到现在的动作或情 况,并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点,或for加一段时间,或by加一个现在时间。 例:Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___________ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time. A) are to challenge C) have been challenged B) may be challenged D) are challenging 全句的意思是:“虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物,但他的许多见解直到今天还在受到挑战,并且被现代科学家的工作所修正。”challenge是及物动词,在本句中应当是被动语态;其动作延续到今天,所以要用现在完成时态。可见答案是C) have been challenged。A) are to challenge和D) are challenging都是主动语态,不可能是答案。B) may be challenged虽然是被动语态,但意思与全句内容不合,所以不对。 C) 表示发生在过去,但对现在仍有影响的动作或情况。通常用点动词,如:arrive, begin, find, give, lose等。 例:John has broken his left leg.(约翰摔断了左 腿。) 注意事项:A) 现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带。现在完成时和过去时的区别在于:现在完成时强调动作的动态,或受动态的影响,是动态的结果,对现在有影响;过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作,与现在没有联系。 例:He worked in that hospital for 8 years.(他曾经在那家医院工作了8年。这只是讲述一个过去的事实,他现在已经不在那家医院了。) He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.(他已经在那家医院里工作了8年。表示他从过去开始工作,一直工作到现在,现在仍在那家医院工作。) B) 因为含有for加一段时间或since加一个时间点这样的时间状语的完成时,有动态和延续性的特点,所以不能使用终端动词或瞬间动词。 例:My sister has been married for 5 years.(过去分词做表语表示状态,可以延续) My sister has married. Don't disturb her.(终端动词) C) 在"this is the first/ second/ third……timethat……"句型里要求用完成时。 例:This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.(这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会。) D) 句型"It is/ hasbeen……since"所使用的两种时态都正确。 例:It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him.(从我上次见到他以来已经10年了。) E) 在"no sooner than"、"hardly/ scarcely……when"、"before"、"prior to"等句型中,主句要求完成时。 例:I haven't met that professor prior to today.(以前我从未见过那位教授。) 4. 现在完成进行时(have been doing) 用法:表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间,延续或重复地出现至今,或将继续延续至将来。 例:We have been working on this project for over a month now.(到目前为止,我们一直在处理那个项目,已经花了一个多月时间了。) 注意事项:与现在完成时相比,现在完成进行时更强调:在从过去到现在的时间里,动作或状态一直持续或一直反复出现。 例:It seems oil ___________ from this pipe for some time. We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right. A) had leaked B) is leaking C) leaked D) has been leaking 从本题上下文看,这两个句子的意思是:“看来,这个管道漏油已有一段时间了,我们将不得不拆卸机器排除故障。”第二句表示将要采取的措施。第一句动作发生在第二句之前,并且延续到现在为止仍在继续。因此,空格中需用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。D) has been leaking是现在完成进行时‎‎,因此是本题的答案。有11%的考生误选了B) is leaking。由于本句有时间状语for some time,表示谓语动作延续,谓语不能用现在进行时,必须用和完成时有关的时态。有些考生误选了C) leaked或A) had leaked。是因为他们没有注意到本题第二句是一般将来时,所以第一句的谓语不能用过去时或过去完成时。 5. 一般过去时 用法:A) 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。 B) 表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由would/ used to do表达的句型,本身表示的 就是过去时。 例:The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.(老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上,看着其他的人,一坐就是数个小时,什么也不干,也不和任何人交谈。) He used to visit his mother once a week.(他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。) C) 有时可代替一般现在时,表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。 例:I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?(我想向您借车用一用,可以吗,) Would you mind my sitting here?(您介意我坐在这里吗,) 注意事项:A) 注意时间状语的搭配。一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组,如:yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等,绝对不可与recently, in the past 10 years, this month等连用,因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系,应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。 B) used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别:你怎么写都正确。以否定形式为例:used not to do, didn't used to do, didn't use to do都对。 Used to do经常与 be used to doing‎‎ sth/ sth结构进行对比。前者表示"过去常常或 过去曾经",要求加动词原形;后者表示"习惯于",要求加名词或动名词。 6. 过去完成时(had done)用法:表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的:表示"过去的过去的动作或状态"。 Until then, his family _________ from him for six months. A) didn't hear C) hasn't heard B) hasn't been hearing D) hadn't heard 全句的意思是:“到那时为止,他家里已经有六个月没得到他的消息了。”由此可以看出,谓语动词的动作延续到过去的某一时刻才完成,因此谓语要用过去完成时。答案是D)。其它选项中:A) didn't hear,因为一般过去时只表示过去发生的事情或存在的状态,所以不能与时间状语for six months连用。B) hasn't been hearing,现在完成进行时表示过去某时刻继续到现在或现在还在进行的动作,与题意不符。C) hasn't heard,现在完成时表示从过去某一时刻到现在为止发生的动作。而题中的then只表示过去的某一时刻,不能表示现在时间。 注意事项:“过去的过去”这种逻辑关系常通过上下文体现出来,而不一定受某个时间状语的限制。 例:There had been some one in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.(刚才有人在我们的房间里,因为我们打开前门进来时,我注意到地板上有一支仍在燃烧的香烟。) 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 :虽然时间状语是just now,似乎应该使用一 般过去时,但是“在房间里”这个状态是在"开门"和"注意"这两个过去的动作之前就存在的,所以应该用过去完成时。 7. 过去将来时(would/ should do) 用法:表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的事。 例:I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.(我星期四说我将于第二天拜访我的朋友。) 注意事项:由于过去将来时是由过去时和将来时组合而成的,所以其注意事项可以参考过去时和将来时的相关注意事项。 8. 过去进行时(was/ were doing)用法:A) 表示在过去一个比较具体的时间正在发生的动作。 例:Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.(10分钟前,玛丽正在听轻音乐。) B) 如果when, while这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时,则另一个句子常用过去进行时。 例:I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.(你敲前门时我正在洗头发。)。 注意事项:其它与将来时有关的事项请参见下面所讲的一般将来时 9. 一般将来时 用法:A) 基本结构是will / shall do。 例:We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.(我们将送给她一个玻璃的手工制品,作为给她的生日礼物。) B) 有些动词,如:arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等,用于一般进行时,并且通常与一个表示将来时间的时间状语连用,可以表示将来时。 例:My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.(我妈妈下周将来看我,并会呆到5月。) C) 表示“打算去……,要……”时,可用be going to do。 例:This is just what I am going to say.(这正是我想说的。) D) 表示“即将、正要”时,可用be about to do。强调近期内或马上要做的事。 例:Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.(别担心,我马上就给你做一次仔细的检查。) E) "be to do"的5种用法: a) 表示“按计划、安排即将发生某事或打算做某事”。 例:She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.(星期一你准会在实验室见到她。) b) 该做或不该做的事情(语气上接近于should, must, ought to, have to),表示一种命令、规劝性语气。 例:You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.(孩子们,你们必须 上床睡觉,不准吵闹。我们的客人5分钟之内就要到了。) c) 能或不能发生的事情(接近can, may) 例:How am I to pay such a debt?(我怎么可能还得起这么大的一笔债呢,) d) 不可避免将要发生的事情,后来将要发生的事情。 例:I assure you that the matter _______ as quickly as possible. Have a little patience. A. will be attended B. will be attended to C. is attended D. is attended to will be attended to关键的一点是:attend表示“处理,解决”时是不及物动词,必须与to连用。另外,从上下文看,事情显然尚未解决,所以应该用将来时的被动语态。答案是B。 e) 用于条件从句“如果……想,设想”(接近 if……wantto,或if……should) 例:Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ____________ avoided. A) is to be B) can be C) will be D) has been 答案是A) is to be。全句的意思是:“如果要避免食品短缺,就必须作出更大努力来增加农业产量。” F) 同样可以表示“正要、将要”的意思的句型是be on the point of doing。 例:The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points.(教练想要放弃这场比赛了,因为对方已经 射进了7个球。) 例:I was _______ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived. A) in B) to C) at D) on 答案是D)。on the point of doing 是固定词组,意思是“正要、打算”。全句的意思是:“当他的信到的时候我正要打电话给他。” 注意事项: 在以if, when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless等连词以及具有连词作用的副词(immediately, the moment, directly)等引导的状语从句,一般用现在时代替将来时。强调延续性或动态时,可用完成时。 例:I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.(我希望到明年你回来的时候,他的身体已经好多了。) 10. 将来进行时(will be doing) 用法:强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情。 例:Don't worry, you won't miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.(别担心,你不会认不出她的。她到时会穿一 件红色的T恤衫和一条白色的短裙。) 注意事项:由于本时态是由将来时和进行时融合在一起的,所以关于本时态的注意事项,可参考"一般将来时"和"现在进行时"的有关注意事项。 11. 将来完成时(will have done) 用法:表示从将来的某一时间开始、延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态,或是发生在某个将来时间,但对其后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态。就好象把现在完成时平移到时间轴的将来时时段一样。其用法从和过去及现在有关,变成了和将来及将来的将来有关。 例: The conference __________ a full week by the time it ends. A) must have lasted B) will have lasted C) would last D) has lasted 本题考核谓语动词的时态。全句的意思是:“会议从开始到结束将持续整整一个星期。”句中by the time it ends表示动作要延续到将来某一时刻,因此要用将来完成时。答案是B) will have lasted。如果选A),因为情态动词must后面接动词不定式的完成时形式表示对已经发生的事情的一种肯定推测,而本句的 时间状语是by the time it ends而非by the time it ended,所以犯了时态不呼应的错误。Would虽可以表示推测或可能性,但would last不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作,所以C) would last错误。因为D) has lasted是现在完成时,表示到现在为止已经完成的动作,不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作,所以也不正确。 注意事项:由于本时态是由将来时和完成时融合在一起的,所以关于本时态的注意事项,可以参考“一般将来时”和“现在完成时”的有关注意事项。 12)将来完成进行时:shall have been doing ,will have been doing 例:By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years. (到下个月 底为止,这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。)(被动语态) 13)过去完成进行时:had been doing例:The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.(我回到家之前,我10岁大的儿子已经把这个旧钟表拆卸并重新组装了好几回了。)(此处强调“拆卸”和“组装”这两个过去的过去 的动作一直在反复进行。)(被动语态) 14) 过去将来进行时:should be doing , would be doing 例:The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.(政府承诺说第二年7月将有一条新的高速公路正在修建。)(此句的时间状语是具体的将来时间,所以最好用将来进行时。)(此句为被动语态) 15) 过去将来完成时:should have done , would have done例:I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.(我坚信到那年年底为止,那个软件的新版本将被开发出来。但是我错了。)(此句为被动语态) 16) 过去将来完成进行时:should have been doing , would have been doing例:They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years. (他们说到第二个月底为止,这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。) 英语的时态(tense)是一种动词形式,不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式。 是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词 形式。因此,当我们说时态结构的时候,指的是相 应时态下的动词形式。 1. 被动语态(二) will/must/can/would/could/have to be done have/has been done must have been done drive 用法 home/house 2. 介词用法:见书 3. 复习 there be句型 it做为虚主语可以用来表示时间,天气,温度,距离,人或指代一个句子或不‎‎定式。 4. Summary of Unit two 5. 并列句 我们可以将几个简单句连在一起,组成并列句常用,以下连词: and, but, so, yet, or, both„and, either„or, neither„nor, not only„but „as well, not only„but also 主谓一致: 当主语由and , both„and 连接时,通常用复数谓语. Both the girls and the boy are his friends. 当主语由neither„ nor, either„or, not only„but also或or 连接时,谓语动词与 nor, or, but also后面的一致,在英语语法中,这被称为就近一致. Neither he nor I am going to the airport. Not only Mary but also her parents have gone abroa d. 6. 一般现在时的复习,状态动词,标点符号的使用. 以下一些动词很少用与进行时态: appear(看起来), appreciate(鉴赏), believe(相信), feel(感觉到), forget(忘记), hear(听见), know(知道), like(喜欢), look like(看起来像), notice(注意到), remember(记得), resemble(形似), see(看到), think(认为), understand(理解), have(拥有),love(爱), seem(看起来), show(显示), mind(介意), sound(听起来), hate(讨厌), detest(憎恨), desire(意欲), 引号: 引号位于一行之上,应该在句尾其他标点符号, 如逗号,句号,问好之外. 引语的第一个词以大写‎‎字母开头. 在said, asked, 等词后面用逗号,只有当它们位于句尾时才在它们后‎‎面用句号. 当said, asked等词置于引语之间时,句子的后半部分以小写开头. 当一个新的说话人开始‎‎讲话时, 要另起一个段落. 7. 复习一般过去时/不 规则 编码规则下载淘宝规则下载天猫规则下载麻将竞赛规则pdf麻将竞赛规则pdf 过去式和过去 分词 常用不规则动词过去式和过去分词在英语里约‎‎有300多个 put up(搭建), put out(扑灭), put on(穿上), put sb. up(为某人安排住宿), put up with(容忍), put down(抄写), put off(推迟), put away(放好,放到一边去 ) 8. 现在完成时复习/定语从句(见复合句部分) l 与现在完成时连用的时‎‎间副词: yet, just, before, recently, lately, ever, never, so far(迄今为止), up till now(直到现在), up to now(直到现在), since(自从), for a long time(很长时间), in the past/in the last few years(在过去的几年里), these days(目前), l 某些非延续性动词(动作开始变终止的动词‎‎), 在现在完成时中不 能与表示一段时间状语‎‎搭配: 例如:die, arrive, join, leave, go, refuse , fail, finish, buy, marry, divorce, awake, buy, borro w, lend, 这些动词并非不能用在现在完成时‎‎而是不,能接由for引导的时间状‎‎语.但是用在否定句中,非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表‎‎示一段时间的状语连用 . Jane has gone away for a month. (wrong) Jane has been away for a month.(right) His father has died for two years. (wrong) His father has been dead for two years.(right) has gone to (去了某地,指人还在那里), have been to (去过某地, 人已经不在那里了)。 9. 一般过去时对比过去完成时,现在分词/过去分词 refuse/deny, bring/take/fetch, very/too 10. 冠词用法 定冠词用法 (1)特指 (2)地理名词前加定冠词 l 河流the yellow river l 山脉 the Alps, the Himalayas l 海峡海湾the Taiwan Straits, the English Channel (3)由普通名词构成的专有‎‎名词前要加定冠词 l 国名及政治组织名the United States, the United Kingdom l 某些机构学校及建筑名 the British Museum l 由普通名词构成的报刊杂志名 the New York Times, the Times 零冠词 1. 街名 2. 广场名 3. 车站, 机场, 公园, 桥梁名: Kennedy Airport, Beijing Railway Station, London Bridge 4. 大学名 Yale University, Cambridge University 5. 节日名National Day, May Day, News Years’ Day 6. 多数杂志名 Time, Reader’s Digest 7. 物质名词一般意义 Water boils at 100 degrees. We can not live without air. 8. 抽象名词 Life is short. Art is difficult to appreciate. 1.used to do 用法 Used to do 表示过去常常做某事现在不做了 I used to get up at seven o’clock. Experience, save, very/too 2.比较级/最高级, 比较状语从句(见复合句-比较状语从句) A/one的区别 3.介词用法 Passed/past, next/other 4.被动语态总结 一般现在时: is/am/are done 一般过去时: was/were done 现在进行时: is/am/are being done 现在完成时: have/has been done 过去完成时: had been done 一般将来时: will be done 过去将来时: would be done 过去进行时: was/were being done 情态动词: can be done, must be done, could be done, may be done, might be done, 情态动词完成式: can have been done,must have been done,could have been done, may have been done,might have been done, Call at(拜访某地), call out at(大声喊), call on(拜访某人), call sb up(给某人打电话), call off(取消) 5.主语+谓语(感官动词)+doing表示正在发生的事情,+do 表示已经完成的动作. So/such So+adj. /adv. such+n. 固定用法:so many 6.一般将来时will/be going to do will/be going to do一般情况下可以相互替换,但是要表示说话人决定做某事或者‎‎表示建议,请求, 肯定或不肯定等含义时只能用will. Watch/look at/follow, solid/firm/stable 7.将来完成时 Hold/look, look forward to(期望), look out(当心), look up (查询,), look sb. up(拜访某人) 8.as if /though+虚拟语气, 过去完成时总结 as if /though 常在描述行为的动词后‎‎面使用, 如act/look/feel/appear/smell/sound, 后面要用虚拟语气 He looks as if he were a king. Her skin feels as if it were silk. The song sounds as if it were a sad story. He looked as if he had never lived in England. No sooner„than, hardly„when, country/count ryside, continuously, continually, No sooner„than 一„就„ 与过去完成时连用 I had no sooner come into the room than it began to rain. The bell had no sooner rung than the game began. 如果no sooner 放在句首, 主句的主谓结构倒装 No sooner had I come into the room than it began to rain. No sooner had the bell rung than it began to rain. Hardly„when 几乎没来得及„就„ 与过去完成 时连用 He had hardly got the money when the policeman caught him. I had hardly finished the last question when the exam ended. 如果hardly„when放在句首, 主句的主谓结构倒装 Hardly had he got the money when the policeman caught him. Hardly had I finished the last question when the exam ended. 9.直接引语变间接引语 1.引语前用that, 口语中可以省略 2.根据句意改变人称 3.时态变化: 一般现在时一般过去时-, 一般过去时-过去完成时, 一般将来时过去将来时-, 现在进行 时过去进行时-, 现在完成时过去完成时-, can-could, may-might, must-had to, 4.一些指示代词及表示地‎‎点及时间的词 this-that, these-those, now-then, today, tonight-that day, that night, this week-that week, yesterday-the day before, the previous day, last week- the week before, two days ago-two days before(earlier), tomorrow-the next (following) day, next week-the following week, here-there, come, bring-go, take 如果意思上没有必要改变就不用变了,比如在同一天说的话. She said she would come again tonight. He said he arrived yesterday morning. 几种特殊的间接引语 , 特殊疑问句, 语序要变为陈述语序 “Where are you going?” he asked. He asked me where I was going. , 一般疑问句, 要加if/whether “Will you come tomorrow?” he asked. He asked if I would come the next day. , 祈使句要变为不定式, 所使用的谓语要根据语气来选择 “Stay here,” the policeman said. The policeman requested him to stay there. “Close the window, please,” my mother said. My mother asked me to close the window. 常用的动词: advise, ask, beg, command(命令), order, warn, tell, urge(催促), invite, persuade, remind, forbid 10.虚拟语气在条件句中的用法, make/do 对现在事实的虚拟, if从句中谈论的是想‎‎象的情况,主句则推测想象的结果 结构: 主句用过去时, 从句用过去将来时 If you came here earlier, you would catch the train. If you spent more time on studying, you would get better result. If I were you, I would accept this offer. 注意: 如果if从句中的动词是be, 那么应该在第一和第三人称单数名词后用 were. Make/do用法 make conversation(聊天), make the bed(铺床), make a promise(许诺), make trouble(找麻烦), make progress(取得进步), make money(赚钱), make a speech(演讲,讲话), make mistakes(犯错误), make up one’s mind(下定决心) do one’s best(尽最大努力), do one’s homework(做 家庭作业), do a few jobs(做家务), do sb. a favour(帮忙), do work(工作), do exercise(做练习), do shopping(购物), do business(做生意)
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