旋转蒸发仪的原理和使用

旋转蒸发仪的原理和使用 定义: “汽化”物理中是指物质由液体变为气体的过程。“气化”化学上指通过化学变化将固态物质直接转化为有气体物质生成的过程。如煤的气化。 “汽化”物理学中是指物质由液体变为气体的过程，重在过程。而“气化”是指物质由液体变为气体的结果，重在结果。 “气化”与“汽化”其实没有实质上的的区别，不过一般将在常压下是气体的物质在系统中的由液体转变成气体，称为“气化”，而将常压下是液体的物质在系统中的由液体转变成气体的，称为“汽化”。 加热到临界温度以上的，可以称为气化 未达到临界温度的，可以称为汽化 化学变化将固态物质直接转化为有气体物质生成的过程。如煤的气化 汽化有蒸发和沸腾两种形式。它是将物体由液态变为气态的一种过程 汽化: vaporization 相变过程的一种，将一种物质从液态变为气态 汽化为学术用语，凡属于上述情况，均应称汽化。 弄清楚“气”和“汽”的区别。 首先，你应该知道使气体液化有两种方法吧,分别是加压和降温。 这两种方法中，降温是一定可以达到目的的。 而加压液化，则是有一定条件的，必须低于一定温度才可以，这个温度叫做“临界温度”。 在临界温度以上的气体叫做“气”，在临界温度以下的气体叫做“汽”。 比如，水的临界温度是二百多摄氏度，也就是说，一百多度的水蒸气，加压可以液化，因为它是“汽”。而三百多度的水蒸气，无论加多大的压，也不会液化，因为它是“气”。 如果楼主问的是纯理论的问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 的话，那么一般只有“气化”这一种写法，“汽化”是不科学的。但是如果在化工或者日常生活中，“汽化”这种写法也很常见，大概是混淆了吧。 临界温度，物理学术语 临界温度，使物质由气相变为液相的最高温度叫临界温度。每种物质都有一个特定的温度，在这个温度以上，无论怎样增大压强，气态物质不会液化，这个温度就是临界温度。 定义解释 ?物质处于临界状态时的温度。 ?物质以液态形式出现的最高温度。 ?高于临界温度，无论加多大压力都不能使气体液化。在临界温度时，使气体液化所必须的最低压力叫临界压力。 ?临界温度越低，越难液化。 说明 school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification 临界温度 (1)定义或解释 ?物质处于临界状态时的温度。 ?物质以液态形式出现的最高温度。 (2)说明 ?每种物质都有一个特定的温度，在这个温度以上，无论怎样增大压强，气态物质不会液化，这个温度就是临界温度。因此要使物质液化;首先要设法达到它自身的临界温度。有些物质如氨、二氧化碳等，它们的临界温度高于或接近室温，对这样的物质在常温下很容易压缩成液体。有些物质如氧、氮、氢、氦等的临界温度很低，其中氦气的临界温度为一268。C。要使这些气体液化，必须相应的要有一定的低温技术，以使能达到它们各自的临界温度，然后再用增大压强的方法使它液化。 ?通常把在临界温度以上的气态物质叫做气体，把在临界温度以下的气态物质叫做汽。 临界温度物质处于临界状态时的温度，称为“临界温度”。降温加压，是使气体液化的条件。但只加压，不一定能使气体液化，应视当时气体是否在临界温度以下。如果气体温度超过临界温度，无论怎样增大压强，气态物质也不会液化。例如，水蒸汽的临界温度为374?，远比常温度要高，因此，平常水蒸汽极易冷却成水。其他如乙醚、氨、二氧化碳等，它们的临界温度高于或接近室温，这样的物质在常温下很容易被压缩成液体。但也有一些临界温度很低的物质，如氧、空气、氢、氦等都是极不容易液化的气体。其中氦的临界温度为-268?。要使这些气体液化。必须具备一定的低温技术和设备，使它们达到它们各自的临界温度以下，而后再用增大压强的方法使其液化。 而气化主要用指制气，可能涉及一系列复杂过程，最后产品为气态。如气化炉，煤炭气化 汽化是物质从液相变为气相的现象。 汽化(evaporization)物质由液态转变为气态的相变过程。 简介 school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification 液体中分子的平均距离比气体中小得多。汽化时分子平均距离加大、体积急剧增大，需克服分子间引力并反抗大气压力做功。因此，汽化要吸热。单位质量液体转变为同温度蒸气时吸收的热量称为汽化潜热，简称汽化热。汽化热随温度升高而减小，因为在较高温度下液体分子具有较大动能，液相与气相差别减小。在临界温度下，物质处于临界态，气相与液相差别消失，汽化热为零。汽化有蒸发和沸腾两种形式。它是将物体由液态变为气态的一种过程。 蒸发 物理学上，把只在物体 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 面发生的汽化现象叫做蒸发，蒸发在任何温度下都能发生，液体蒸发时需要吸热。动能较大的液体分子能摆脱其他液体分子吸引，溢出液面。故温度越高，蒸发越快，此外表面积加大、通风好也有利蒸发。蒸发过程的汽化热叫蒸发热，与温度有关。蒸发的逆过程是液化，即气相转变为液相。当两种过程达到动态平衡时，气液两相平衡共存，此时的蒸气叫饱和蒸气，其压力叫饱和蒸气压。对同一物质，饱和蒸气压随温度升高而增大，在p-T图上其间的关系叫汽化曲线。汽化曲线是气、液两相的分界线，曲线上各点表示气、液两相平衡共存的各个状态。 沸腾 沸腾是在同一温度下液体表面和内部同时进行的剧烈汽化现象，液体沸腾时需要吸热(液体沸腾时的温度叫做沸点，在标准的大气压下，水的沸点是100?)。每种液体仅当温度升高到一定值——达到沸点时，且要继续吸热才会沸腾。通常，液体内部和器壁上总有许多小气泡，其中的蒸气处于饱和状态。随着温度上升，小气泡中的饱和蒸气压相应增加，气泡不断胀大。当饱和蒸气压增加到与外界压力相同时，气泡骤然胀大，在浮力作用下迅速上升到液面并放出蒸气。(沸腾前气泡由大变小，沸腾时气泡由小变大)这种剧烈的汽化就是沸腾。沸腾与蒸发在相变上并无根本区别。沸腾时由于吸收大量汽化热而保持液体温度不变。沸点随外界压力的增大而升高。沸腾时液体内部和器壁上的小气泡起着汽化核的作用。如果液体过于纯净，缺乏小气泡，则温度高于沸点时仍不沸腾。这种液体称为过热液体。过热液体并不稳定，稍有震动或杂质进入便立即诱发沸腾，温度降回到沸点。带电粒子通过过热液体时，会使在其轨迹附近的分子电离产生汽化核 ，形成一串气泡，从而显示带电粒子的径迹。用于基本粒子研究的气泡室就是根据这一原理 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 的，常用的液体有液态氢、丙烷等。 增加压力会使沸点升高。 蒸发与沸腾的异同 school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification 蒸发 沸腾 不 只在液体表面发生的汽化现象 在液体表面和内部同时发生的汽化现象 同 在任何温度下进行 在一定温度下进行 点 缓慢汽化 剧烈汽化 温度降低 温度保持不变 相同点 (1)都是汽化现象(2)都要吸收热量。 (3)都使液体变为气体 蒸发致冷 利用蒸发吸热可以使周围变冷，从而达到致冷的目的。夏天往院子里洒水可以使周围充满凉意;从游泳池出来感觉很冷;有的冰箱也是利用这一特点工作的。 减压蒸馏 液体的沸点是指它的蒸气压等于外界压力时的温度，因此液体的沸点是随外界压力的变化而变化的，如果借助于真空泵降低系统内压力，就可以降低液体的沸点，这便是减压蒸馏操作的理论依据。 减压蒸馏是分离可提纯有机化合物的常用方法之一。它特别适用于那些在常压蒸馏时未达沸点即已受热分解、氧化或聚合的物质 原理 液体的沸腾温度指的是液体的蒸气压与外压相等时的温度。外压降低时，其沸腾温度随之降低。 在蒸馏操作中，一些有机物加热到其正常沸点附近时，会由于温度过高而发生氧化、分解或聚合等反应，使其无法在常压下蒸馏。若将蒸馏装置连接在一套减压系统上，在蒸馏开始前先使整个系统压力降低到只有常压的十几分之一至几十分之一，那么这类有机物就可以在较其正常沸点低得多的温度下进行蒸馏。 装置 school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification 减压蒸馏装置主要由蒸馏、抽气(减压)、安全保护和测压四部分组成。蒸馏部分由蒸馏瓶、克氏蒸馏头、毛细管、温度计及冷凝管、接受器等组成。克氏蒸馏头可减少由于液体暴沸而溅入冷凝管的可能性;而毛细管的作用，则是作为气化中心，使蒸馏平稳，避免液体过热而产生暴沸冲出现象。毛细管口距瓶底约1,2mm，为了控制毛细管的进气量，可在毛细玻璃管上口套一段软橡皮管，橡皮管中插入一段细铁丝，并用螺旋夹夹住。蒸出液接受部分，通常用多尾接液管连接两个或三个梨形或圆形烧瓶，在接受不同馏分时，只需转动接液管，在减压蒸馏系统中切勿使用有裂缝或薄壁的玻璃仪器。尤其不能用不耐压的平底瓶(如锥形瓶等)，以防止内向爆炸。抽气部分用减压泵，最常见的减压泵有水泵和油泵两种。安全保护部分一般有安全瓶，若使用油泵，还必须有冷阱(冰-水、冰-盐或者干冰)、及分别装有粒状氢氧化钠、块状石蜡及活性炭或硅胶、无水氯化钙等吸收干燥塔，以避免低沸点溶剂，特别是酸和水汽进入油泵而降低泵的真空效能。所以在油泵减压蒸馏前必须在常压或水泵减压下蒸除所有低沸点液体和水以及酸、碱性气体。测压部分采用测压计，常用的测压计。 操作方法 仪器安装好后，先检查系统是否漏气，方法是:关闭毛细管，减压至压力稳定后，夹住连接系统的橡皮管，观察压力计水银柱有否变化，无变化说明不漏气，有变化即表示漏气。为使系统密闭性好，磨口仪器的所有接口部分都必须用真空油脂润涂好，检查仪器不漏气后，加入待蒸的液体，量不要超过蒸馏瓶的一半，关好安全瓶上的活塞，开动油泵，调节毛细管导入的空气量，以能冒出一连串小气泡为宜。当压力稳定后，开始加热。液体沸腾后，应注意控制温度，并观察沸点变化情况。待沸点稳定时，转动多尾接液管接受馏分，蒸馏速度以0.5,1滴/S为宜.蒸馏完毕,除去热源,慢慢旋开夹在毛细管上的橡皮管的螺旋夹,待蒸馏瓶稍冷后再慢慢开启安全瓶上的活塞,平衡内外压力,(若开得太快,水银柱很快上升,有冲破测压计的可能),然后才关闭抽气泵。 操作注意事项 1、用毛细管起气化中心的作用, 用沸石起不到什么作用. 当然对于那些易氧化的物质, 毛细管也可以通氮气, 二氧化碳起保护 2、也可以用磁力搅拌油浴锅，很方便，加热稳定，搅拌还可以控制速度 3、简单的减压蒸馏直接在后面加一个液氮冷阱就行，复杂的就如上所说，需要加氯化钙塔、氢氧化钠碱塔、石蜡塔以保护抽虑泵 4、减压蒸馏提纯过程中碰到蒸馏过程中馏分温度持续上升，无法school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification 提纯，可以采用加分馏柱，如果不行的话换精馏柱;要控制升温的速度，梯度升温;蒸馏前先拉真空，真空稳定后再慢慢升温 。 真空是一种不存在任何物质的空间状态，是一种物理现象。在“真空”中，声音因为没有介质而无法传递，但电磁波的传递却不受真空的影响。事实上，在真空技术里，真空系针对大气而言，一特定空间内部之部份物质被排出，使其压强小于一个标准大气压，则我们通称此空间为真空或真空状态。1真空常用帕斯卡(Pascal)或托尔(Torr)做为压力的单位。目前在自然环境里，只有外太空堪称最接近真空的空间。 概论 在真空科学中，真空的含义是指在给定的空间内低于一个大气压力的气体状态。人们通常把这种稀薄的气体状态称为真空状况。这种特定的真空状态与人类赖以生存的大气在状态相比较，主要有如下几个基本特点: (1)真空状态下的气体压力低于一个大气压，因此，处于地球表面上的各种真空容器中，必将受到大气压力的作用，其压强差的大小由容器内外的压差值而定。由于作用在地球表面上的一个大气压约为101325N/m2(Pa)，因此当容器内压力很小时，则容器所承受的大气压力可达到一个大气压。 真空 (2)真空状态下由于气体稀薄，单位体积内的气体分子数，即气体的分子密度小于大气压力的气体分子密度。因此，分子之间、分子与其他质点(如电子、离子等)之间以及分子与各种表面(如器壁)之间相互碰撞次数相对减少，使气体的分子自由程增大。 物理真空 本指没有任何实物粒子存在的空间，但什么都没有的空间是不存在的。而假设你把一个空间的气体都赶跑，会发现还是不时有基本粒子在真空中出现又消失，无中生有。物理上的真空实际上是一片不停波动的能量之海。当能量达到波峰，能量转化为一对对正反基本粒子，当能量达到波谷，一对对正反基本粒子又相互湮灭，转化为能量。 school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification 基本原则 真空一定是空间，空间不一定是真空。 有空间才有真空。 工业真空 工业上的真空指的是气压比一标准大气压小的气体空间，是指稀薄的气体状态，又可分为高真空、中真空和低真空，地球以及星球中间的广大太空就是真空。一般是用特制的抽气机得到真空的。它的气体稀薄程度用真空计测定，现在已能用分子抽气机和扩散抽气机得到0.0000000001大气压的高真空。真空在科学技术，电真空仪器，电子管和其他电子仪器方面，都有很大用途。 真空断路器 真空区压强范 域托(To围)帕(P rr) a) 101325~低真空 760~10 1333 1333~1.中真空 10~10-3 33×10-1 10-3~101.33×10-高真空 -8 1~10-6 超高真10-8~1010-6~10 空 -12 -10 <10-12 <10-10 极高真 school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification 空 正负电子对撞机 正负电子对撞机的作用绝不仅仅是一对正负电子相撞产生光子和能量那么简单，一对光子也可以相撞产生一对正负质子之类，而相撞使相撞所处的那部分真空可以激发到高能态，可以产生更多各式各样的基本粒子，为研究宇宙的起源和组成服务。 性质 真空具有如下性质: 1.空非无。如果真空中没有粒子，我们就会准确的测出场(0)与场的变化曲率(0)，然而海森堡不确定性原理表明，我们不可能同时精确地测出一对共轭量，所以，可以“空”，不能“无”。因此，在真空中，粒子不停地以虚粒子、虚反粒子对的形式凭空产生，而又互相湮灭，在这个过程中，总的能量保持不变。 2.真空存在极性,因此说真空是不对称的。但这种不对称是相对局部的，在相对整体上又是对称的，如此的循环嵌套构成了真空的这个性质。 3.真空的每个局部具备了真空的全体性质。大和小是相对而言的。时间也是相对于空间而言的，时间不能脱离了具体的空间而单独的存在。 应用 航天器轨道飞行提供的真空和微重力环境，是一个宝库，为人们提供了地面上难以获得的科学实验和生产工艺条件，进行地面上难以进行的科学实验，生产地面上难以生产的 材料 关于××同志的政审材料调查表环保先进个人材料国家普通话测试材料农民专业合作社注销四查四问剖析材料 、工业产品和药物。 在高真空和微重力环境中进行生命和生物科学实验，不会有有机物污染，发生混入或测定错误，细菌等实验用的微生物不会到处扩散，十分安全。 在零重力或微重力条件下，可进行无容器冶炼，这不会有任何杂质混入，可以获得高品质的合金;可将不同比重的金属或非金属均匀地混合，获得新型合金材料;可以克服地面加工存在的组分过冷起伏和密度大等缺陷，生长出高质量、大直径的单晶体砷化镓等半导体材料;可以生产百分之百圆度的滚珠轴承等圆球工业产品，而在地面上，由于重力的影响，滚珠轴承等总不是真正的球形。 太空制药是真空和微重力环境利用的重要方面。在地面上制药，由于地球重力作用，培养物会发生沉淀，处在沉淀中的微生物会因缺氧而死亡;如输氧搅拌，所形成的低压小气泡又会破坏细胞;如加防泡剂，则会降低氧的溶解度，有碍微生物的繁殖，形成恶性循环。而在微重力环境中，培养物液体中含有大量的气泡，也不会沉淀，微生物可随时获得氧气，生长速度比地面快一倍以上。可高效率、高纯度地制造许多药物，如治疗烧伤的表皮生长素、治疗贫血的红血球生长素、防治病毒感染的免疫血清、治疗肺气肿的胰蛋白酶抑制素、治疗血栓的尿激酶、治疗血友病的抗溶血因子8.治疗糖尿病的β细胞、治疗癌症的干扰素等40多种。主要的制药方法是电泳法，将组分不同的混合物在直流电场作用下精确地分离成不同成份。其设备第一代为静态电泳仪，第二代为连续流动电泳仪. school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification 物理学真空 物理学真空，是指对实验结果没有影响的条件，而非空无一物。 例如:如果空气阻力可以忽略不记，在空气中运动的物体，就与在真空中的，有同样的规律。 当空气被抽，稀薄到一定程度，声音不能传出来，我们就说“真空”不能传递声音，而提高侦听能力，或加大发声功率，声音又能被接收到，我们只能说“这个真空度，对现在的声音，还不能称为真空”～ 同理，太空可以传递光，也可能是太空中的环境，对光，不成为“真空”，所以光可以传过来，没人证明过纯粹的“真空”可以传递光，因为人类做不到那样的真空。(这是推论，不是证明)另外，光粒子可以在真空中传播，还将与另一定律冲突:在不受外力的真空中，物体将做匀速直线运动，而不会是波动。 光在玻璃中的速度，只相对玻璃恒定，无论玻璃对其它参照系如何运动，所有人都应该承认，玻璃、空气、水等能传播光的就是光介质，以前错误的假设以太介质，不等于光就必然不能有介质。 光不是对任意参照系都是光速，或不能超过光速，光只对“静止”参照系是恒定光速，请仔细阅读爱因斯坦《论动体的电动力学》，这个“静止”，就是介质参照系。因此爱因斯坦的论述，在这个条件下是成立的。大学教材《普通物理学1》假设任何参照系测得的真空中的光速恒定，那么所论述的相对论结论，也只在真空条件有效，然而大家哪个相对论实验，是在真空条件下做的,难道相对论没有使用条件,所以说大学教材的论述，不能证伪，也无法证实，不是科学。 真空系统 真空系统结构材料是构成真空系统主体的材料，它将真空系统与大气隔开，承受着大气压力。这类材料主要是各种金属和非金属材料，包括可拆卸连接处的密封垫圈材料。 真空系统的返流包括扩散泵泵液从扩散泵向真空室的迁移和机械泵油对系统(特别是真空室)的有机污染物。油扩散泵工作时，不管使用什么样的泵油，即使泵口加冷阱，也总会或多或少地有一部分油蒸气返流进入高真空端。它们在扩散泵口建立的压力，有时比在泵壁温度下的饱和油蒸气压还要高很多。这不但影响真空系统的极限压力，而且还对被抽容器造成污染，因而返油率是扩散泵系统的主要考核指标。 本专业毕业生基本理论扎实，专业口径宽，实践能力强，思维活跃，富于开拓精神，社会需求量大，一次就业率高。主要进入国内重点研究院所、信息产业、航天、国家大科学工程以及国有大型企业，大多为京、津、沪、广东等经济发达地区。 真空包装真空包装将食品装入包装袋，抽出包装袋内的空气，达到预定真空度后，完成封口工序。 真空充气包装将食品装入包装袋，抽出包装袋内的空气达到预定真school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification 空度后，再充入氮气或其它混合气体，然后完成封口工序。 真空包装的主要作用是除氧，以有利于防止食品变质，其原理也比较简单，因食品霉腐变质主要由微生物的活动造成，而大多数微生物(如霉菌和酵母菌)的生存是需要氧气的，而真空包装就是运用这个原理，把包装袋内和食品细胞内的氧气抽掉，使微生物失去生存的环境。 概括 vacuum technique使气体压强低于地面大气压强的技术。 真空是指压强远小于101.325千帕(kPa)(即1大气压)的稀薄气体空间。在真空技术中除国际单位制的压强单位Pa外，常以托(Torr)作为真空度的单位。1托等于1毫米高的汞柱所产生的压强，即1Torr=133.3224Pa。 按气体压强大小的不同，通常把真空范围划分为:低真空1×105 ,1×102Pa，中真空1×102~1×10-1Pa，高真空1×10-1,1×10-5Pa，超高真空1×10-5,1×10-9 Pa，极高真空1×10-9Pa以下。 真空技术包括真空的获得、测量和应用。 活塞泵、旋片泵等通过活塞或旋片的不断运动，改变泵体的体积，把气体排放出去，获得真空。扩散泵用高速运动的气流，把扩散到泵体的气体分子带走。此外还有利用低温表面来冷凝或冻结气体的低温泵，如液氦冷凝泵;利用吸气材料如活性炭等吸气作用的吸附泵，等等。 测量真空度即测量稀薄气体压强的量具叫做真空规或真空计。可分为绝对真空计和相对真空计两类。前者通过本身测出的物理量直接求出气压的大小，如U形管、薄膜计、麦克劳真空计(利用玻意耳定律)，热偶真空计等;后者必须经过绝对真空计的校正才能测定气压，如电离真空计、皮拉尼真空计、阻尼真空计等。 利用真空与地面大气的压强差，可以输运流体、吸尘等。利用真空中气体分子密度小的特征，可以制造各种电真空器件如电光源、电子管等。真空环境有利于某些金属的焊接、熔炼，某些低熔点金属如Mg、Li、Zn等的分馏、纯化，以及某些活性金属如Ca、Li、Cs等的氧化物还原，真空环境(1,10-1Pa)下的低温脱水，真空干燥已成功地用于浓缩食品、奶粉，制造血浆等。同位素分离，大规模集成电路的加工，镀膜等也都需要在真空环境下进行。在科学研究中，例如表面物理实验，各种加速器、聚变反应和空间环境模拟等都离不开真空。 历史 远在1643年，意大利物理学家托里拆利发现，真空和自然空间有大气和大气压力存在。他将一根一端封闭的长玻璃管灌满汞，并倒立于汞槽中时，发现管中汞面下降，直至与管外的汞面相差76厘米时为止。托里拆利认为，玻璃管汞面上的空间是真空，76厘米高的汞柱是因为存在大气压力的缘故。 school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification 1650年，德国的盖利克制成活塞真空泵。 1654年，他在马德堡进行了著名的马德堡半球试验:用真空泵将两个合在一起的、直径为14英寸(35.5厘米)的铜半球抽成真空，然后用两组各八匹马以相反方向拉拽铜球，始终未能将两半球分开。这个著名的试验又一次证明，空间有大气存在，且大气有巨大的压力。为了纪念托里拆利在科学上的重大发现和贡献，以往习用的真空压力单位就是用他的名字命名的。 19世纪中后期，英国工业革命的成功，促进了生产力和科学实验发展，同时也推动了真空技术的发展。 1850年和1865年，先后发明了汞柱真空泵和汞滴真空泵，从而研制成了白炽灯泡(1879)、阴极射线管(1879)、杜瓦瓶(1893)和压缩式真空计(1874)。压缩式真空计的应用首次使低压力的测量成为可能。 20世纪初，真空电子管出现，促使真空技术向高真空发展。 1935,1937年发明了气镇真空泵、油扩散泵和冷阴极电离计。这些成果和1906年制成的皮拉尼真空计至今仍为大多数真空系统所常用。 1940年以后，真空应用扩大到核研究(回旋加速器和同位素分离等)、真空冶金、真空镀膜和冷冻干燥等方面，真空技术开始成为一个独立的学科。第二次世界大战期间，原子物理试验的需要和通信对高质量电真空器件的需要，又进一步促进了真空技术的发展。 school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification