Science and Society

ScienceandSocietyName：Jack(陈波)Number：09081023ConceptWhatdowemeanby‘Science'?By'science'wemeanall-encompassingknowledgebasedonscholarshipandresearchundertakeninthephysical,biological,engineering,medical,naturalandsocialdisciplines,includingtheartsandhumanities,whichisunderpinnedbymethodologies( 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 论)thatbuildupandtestunderstandingaboutourworldandbeyond.Whatdowemeanby‘ScienceandSociety'?Weincludeengagementwithsocietyinitsbroadestsense,fromsciencecentresandfestivals,throughinformationprovisionbyconsultation,activedialogueandothermedia,toenablingcitizenempowermentanddecision-making.Weincludetheuseofsciencebysocietyandtheprovisionofscientificadvicetopolicymakersforthebenefitofsociety.Weincludetherangeofscienceskillsopportunities,throughtheeducationsystemandbeyond,andtheimportanceofdiversityinenablingaworkforcetrulyrepresentativeofthesocietywhichitserves.ChallengeScientificunderstandinghasprobablyexpandedmoreinthepast50yearsthaninallprevioushistory.Scienceimprovesthequalityofdailylifeandunderpinseconomicprosperity,itsapplicationshavemadeourlivesbetter.Onemoreimportantthingisthat,Sciencewillhelpustoaddressthemainchallengeswefaceasanationandasaplanet:·tacklingandadaptingtoclimatechange;·globalsecurityandinternationalterrorism;·risingpopulationsandtheconsequentpressureonfood,waterandothernaturalresources;·theimpactofhumandiseasessuchaspandemicinfluenza,andanimaldiseasessuchasfootandmouthandbluetongue.overthisinterval,someawfulcircisishappening,werecognizeunintendedadverseconsequencesofourwell-intentionedactivities:climatechangeandthelossofbiologicaldiversity.Moreregionally,weworryabouttheethicsof,orriskfrom,possibleapplicationsofadvancesinbioscience,suchasstemcellcloning,geneticallymodifiedcrops,andxenotransplants.·climatechangesmoreandmoreacutely;·biologicaldiversitylosses;·ethicissuescomeforth,suchasstemcellcloning;·technicalriskenhances,possibleapplicationsofadvancesinxenotransplantsandgeneticallymodifiedcrops.DiscussionWhatshoudwedointhenext?Ibelieveweneedtodoabetterjobofdeliberatelyaskingwhatkindofworldwewant--subjecttotheopportunitiesofferedbyscientificadvancesandtheconstraintsthatscienceclarifies--ratherthanjustlettingthingshappen.Arecentpollshowsthat84%ofpeoplethinkthat"scientistsandengineersmakeavaluablecontributiontosociety"and68%thinkthat"scientistswanttomakelifebetterfortheaverageperson."Buttherealissue,asthesamepollshowed,isthatroughly50%thoughtthatthepaceofcurrentscientificadvancewastoofastforgovernmenttokeepupwiththrougheffectiveoversightandregulation.Sohowbesttoconductthedialogue,asoldassocietyitself,betweengovernmentpolicymakersandthepublicincomplexscientificareas,inawaythatfosters(培养)trust·Allthisiseasiersaidthandone.ButUKhasmadeagoodoutset,IseetherecentUKdebateanddecisionaboutextendingthelimiteduseofembryonicstemcellsfromresearchonhumanfertility（生产力）tootherspecified（指定）therapeutic（疗法）usesasamodelfortheaboveprinciplesinaction.Therewerethreeyearsofwide-rangingdebate,engaging（吸引）scientists,lawyers,ethicists,patient（患者）groups,andthegeneralpublicinitsmanyforms.ThenfreevotesinboththeLowerandtheUpperHousesofParliament（国会）,againstabackgroundoflobbying（游说）forandagainst;muchtechnicalinformationandmisinformation;medicalbenefitsforsome;andethical（伦理）anguish（痛苦）forothers.Cleardecisionsweremadetoallowtheresearchtoproceed,underwell-specifiedconstraints.Thisisdemocracyinaction,notwithstandingthecomplexityofthescience.TheRoyalSocietyiscommittedtoshowingleadershipinthisareaofdialogueandhaslauncheda5-yearprogramofconsultationsthroughouttheUnitedKingdomandacrosssociety.ConcultionInthismatter,wecanseethatthepotentialforsciencetocontributetogoodpolicy-makingandsoundgovernmenthasprobablyneverbeengreater.Toensurewemaketherightdecisions,nowandinthefuture,webelievetherearetwomattersneedustoinsist:·strengthenthelevelofhigh-qualityengagementwiththepubliconallmajorscienceissues;·increasethenumberofpeoplewhochoosetostudyscientificsubjectsandworkinresearchandscientificcareers.Muchvaluableworkhasalreadybeendoneinthisareabutwebelievethereisaneedforamorematurerelationshipbetweenscience,policy,business,education,mediaandthepublic,witheachgroupworkingtobetterunderstandtheneeds,concerns,aspirationsandwaysofworkingoftheothers.