Grammar（教师稿）

English Grammar Course: Lecture one第一讲 Course arrangement, grammar levels and grammar test ◆Course Schedule: Week Topic Week Topic 1. Course arrangement, grammar levels and grammar test 10 Adjectives and Adverbs 2 Sentence structure 11 Prepositions 3 Tense 12 Infinitives and Gerunds 4 Modal verbs 13 Noun Clauses 5 Negation and Question 14 Relative Clause 6 Voices 15 Adverbial clauses 7 Articles and Noun 16 Subject-verb concord and Inversed Structure 8 Determiners and Quantifiers 17 Other topics 9 Pronouns ◆Teaching and Learning materials: Oxford Practice Grammar A new English Grammar Course book College English: using grammar ◆Course components: Lecturing, project presentation, class discussion, exercise doing and evaluation. ◆Assessment: Homework and class attendance (20%), Final exam (80%) ◆Basic levels of Grammar: morpheme-word-phrase-clause-sentence 1. Morpheme (free morpheme and bound morpheme): Chair, coexist, kind, friend, receive 1) Free morpheme: independent simple word possessing complete meaning. Example: kindness, bookmark 2) Bound Morpheme: the part of a word that adhere to other part of the word. Example: Incoherent, minibus, maladjusted, receive Affix: inflectional affix and derivational affix -s, -es, -’s, -ed, -ing,-er,-est, antiwar, movement, unlucky Combining form: Receive, predict, linguistics, multicultural 2. Word: 1) Simple word: free Morpheme at, up, on… 2)Derivative word: root + affix Unfair, preschool, cooperate, happiness, diversity 3) Compound word: combination of free morphemes (simple words) Handbook, snowball, something… 4) Closed class: grammatical word being steady and contained In, of, you, he, a, but, can, do… 5) Open class: content word being unsteady Drama, faith, old… 3. Phrase: head +other word(s) Noun phrase: All the college students / verb phrase: (She) looks pale; (It) is getting dark / adj. phrase: (You are) not careful enough. / adv. Phrase: She spoke very clearly indeed./ prep. Phrase: They followed close behind me. 4. Clause: subject+predicate 1) Independent clause and dependent clause: When did he arrive? I don’t think he knows everything about it. 2) Simple clause and complex clause. 3)Main clause and subordinate clause. 4)Finite clause, infinite clause and verbless clause. A book under his arm, he walked away. 5. Sentence: highest independent grammatical unit. 1) Full sentence and minor sentence 2) Simple, compound, complex and compound-complex sentence The students have made better grades since the new teacher came. ◆ A test for grammatical ability: 1. It never_______(never even occurred, was never even occured) to us that he _______(hadn’t invite, hadn’t been invited). p29 2. ______(is) the weather ever so bad, I must start tomorrow.48 (让步状语从句，be…(ever so)) 3. Heaven ______(helps, help) us if the newspaper ever find out about this.48 4. Whole industries _________(collapse) but for the massive injection of public funds.55 5. The president as well as his assistants_________(has, have) left for Washington.92 (in addition to, together with, with) 6. Either of the young ladies __________(is, are) qualified to drive cars.93 (both,否定和疑问句) 7. Not only the students but also their teacher ______ (is, are) enjoying the film.105 （就近原则） 8. It is a matter requires _________ (to be handled, being handled, handling).116 9. I would prefer to spend the weekend at home rather than ________ (drive, driving, to drive) all the way to your mother’s.118 10. The speaker said he would confine himself _____ (try) _______ (answer) four questions. 123 11. He touched the kid______(on, in) his shoulder, and kissed him ________(on, in) his eye.220（眼睛鼻子嘴巴in,疼痛用in） 12. Was the story Michael told funny? Yes, I have never heard ____________ (so, such) in my life. 13. He spent two weeks in hospital, but he’s _________ (none the less, all the more) for it. (none the + 比较级=上面的反义) 14. I know there is danger ahead, but I’m _________(all the more set, none the more set) on driving forward. 267 （all the=even） 15. “I do have had a lesson yesterday.” “so _______(do, have)I” 16. It’ll cost us $300 to go by bus. __________ (still, furthermore), that’s a lot cheaper than air fare. 386 17. The ship was being unloaded _________________(when, as) the explosion occurred in the engine room. (同时发生变化用as) 16. The children rushed in. 17. David has given me advice many a time. 18. Jimmy made such a noise that his sister told him to be quiet. · Please write down an essay about your awareness and opinion on grammar learning (Is it important for you to learn grammar? Do you think grammar is difficult to master? How do you like to learn grammar (reciting rules, doing exercises or guessing rules in sentences and in texts)? Do you like discussion with classmates in grammar learning? Is it necessary to compare Chinese grammar with English grammar? Do you have any good ideas in teaching grammar?) The essay should include adv. Phrases, subordinate clauses, compound and complex sentences. English Grammar Course: Lecture one第二讲 Sentence structure 1. Simple sentence: ◆Subject + Predicate (He is checking) Subject: usually the first noun or pronoun identifying who or what is performing an action expressed by the verb. Verbs: action verbs(make), state verbs (matter), linking verbs (be), auxiliary verbs (have ,do…) and modal verbs (can, may, might,…) Subject-verb agreement: Basic rule: It is the center of the subject that determines the singular or plural form of the verb. Now, please do some typical exercises and learn relevant rules: 1) My brother rather than my mother is going to attend the parents’ meeting. (along with, as well as, except, in addition to, instead of, rather than, together with, with) 2) They each play several instruments. (each，everyone放前面，单数，放在复数名词或者单词后面，作同位语，复数) 3) Neither of the doors opens / open into the gate. (否定和疑问句中，either,neither单复数都可以) 4) More than one / many a person has been ruined by drugs. (习惯用单数 ) 5) There was a sofa and two chairs. (并列结构，就近原则) 6）Some cattle are drinking at the pool. (cattle, clergy, people, police, poultry, youth, vermin are plural form。 People作民族，youth作少年人为可数单数，poultry作禽肉为不可数，一律单数) 7）Several enemy aircraft were brought down. (aircraft, deer, dice, fish, fruit, offspring, salmon, sheep, spacecraft等单复数同型， 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示种类要加S复数) 8）Draughts is an easier game than chess. (某些游戏，billiards, bowls, darts, draughts, 用单数, cards用复数。) 9）The means has been tried out to increase the production. (barracks, corps, crossroads, headquarters, means, series, species, works,单复数同型，根据意义决定) 10）Eight hours of sleep is enough. (表示时间金钱距离等数量或数额的名词短语，形式上是复数，但看作为单数的整体。) 11）Jeans are worn by men as well as by men. (由两部分组成的东西，pants, glasses, 比binoculars等,用复数。Boots, gloves, shoes, socks可以以单数形式出现。如果用pair(s),则根据单位词来定。) 12）The enemy was / were forced to retreat. (army, audience, committee, community, orchestra, company, council, crew, enemy, family, public, staff, team，data, media等集体名词，单复数一样，美语倾向单数。如果前面有单数限定词，如a，each等，用单数。) 13）None of them are / is impressed.(表述数量的all of, any of, none of, half of, the remainder of, the rest of, plenty of ,some of, two third of, ninety percent of和后面的名词或者代词保持一致,none 后为复数时，动词单复数都可以。上述可以省略of. 如果是a+单位词+of 则一律单数，单位词（S）+of, 则为复数) 14）His friend and fellow author was cool to the idea of collaborating on a cookbook. (and连接一个事物) 15）A servant or two was to accompany her. 该结构通常用单数动词 16）He is one of those who always come first. 17）He was the only one of them who was willing to help. (关系从句中，动词形式通常取决于他的先行词。) Please finish the following exercise: ◆Verb+ direct object: Transitive verbs have direct objects (make), and intransitive verbs don’t have direct objects (sleep). Other verbs have both of the situations (write). ◆Verb +two object We use two objects after some verbs: an indirect object and direct object. I will send you a postcard. To / for+indirect object不可以放到direct object前面。 I bought him a box; He describes the man to me. (explain, say,…) The mistake costs us a lot of money.(不可带to) ◆Verbs with clause(s) 问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 ：是不是所有的及物动词后面都能直接跟分句？I tell / remind him that…; ◆Linking verbs + complements (adj., noun., prep., infinitive verbs ) Be, turn, become, get, seem, appear, look, taste, feel, …(remain, stay, come, grew) Object complement: He makes me angry. 2) Compound and complex sentence: A compound sentence has two or more clauses by coordinating conjunctions: and, but, or, … (we often leave out same subject, same subject + verb, or same subject + auxiliary from latter clause in one compound sentence.) I didn’t wash clothes, and shoes too. They not only clean houses but also do other odd jobs. At last, please pick out compound and complex sentences from the following text: English Grammar 第三讲 Tense and Aspect 1. What are Tense and Aspect? Tense: present, past, and future; Aspect: proceeding (continuous) and perfect (Regular verbs and irregular verbs) 2. General rules for Tenses and Aspects: Pre. S: objective existence, habits, temporary status or present activity Pre. Con: present activity in progress Pre. Per: activity or situation started in the past which connects to the present or does not end Pre. Per Con: an activity in progress up to the present or activity going on a period of time up to now Pa. S: completed action in the past Pa. Con: activity in progress at a specific time in the past Pa. per: an activity further in the past, earlier than the past Pa. per. Con: an activity in progress before another activity in the past Fu. S: activity in the future Fu. Con: future activity in progress at a particular time Fu. Per. Con: an activity lasting from a point before the saying time up to that future time. 3. Special situations (listen to teacher’s requirement): 1) I hope you have a good time. (hope, bet, see to it , see, I don’ care/ mind/doenn’t matter, it is important…) 2) I hear poor old Mrs Smith lost her home. (tell, say, hear, learn, gather用一般现在表示过去) 3) He has been calling / has called you four times. 4) He used to smoke a lot. (used not) 5) We were hoping that you have a free moment. (wonder, hope, expect, …) 6) When I listened to the news, she phoned. 7) When I was listening to the news, she phoned. 8) I was listening to the news when she phoned. 9) Have you seen any good films lately? (lately, so far, till now…完成体) 10）Did you see any film last night? (yesterday, last year, …) 11）He has written two books and we hope his next book will do better. (期待下次，用完成) 12）He has been a teacher. （同上） 13）As soon as he has done his homework, I will do mine. (未来完成的工作) 14）As soon as he did his homework, I did mine. （过去完成的工作） 15） 第二句的主句的动作发生在分句动作之前，有时候表示同时。 16）The students have just opened their books when the fire alarm went off. (already, still ,yet, just, ever, never, since, recently,…用完成体) 17）It is the first time I have been here. (it is the … time/ It is the only / It is the most) 18）I am going to / will be sick. (will: past experience or knowledge, be going to: what we fell or think) 19）I am going to pay for the bill. / I need someone to take this to postoffice.—I will go. (be going to, 决定已经发生，will, 在当时决定) 20）I am seeing the doctor on Friday. (future,表示已确定的未来计划，不要用事物做主语，It is raining tomorrow) 21）I won’t matter what you say later. I’ll see you when I get back. (简化原则。从属性连词后面可以用一般时表将来。when ,if , as soon as ,while， once, after,before,until,if,unless只能用现在时表示将来。 其它情况，两件将来的事情用连词连接，从句动词可用现在时，除非强调将来， 不适用于as由于，because, since, so that, though引导的从句，和and,but,or soyet引导的并列句) 22）He asked what had happened when he was out. (上面的原则) 23）The new course starts in July.(用一般时表示已经计划的和安排好的) 24）I am to attend the meeting. (安排在将来将做的事) Exercises: DACAC Is happening, have been, be experiencing,had ,believe, have been… changing, have created, lets, holds, will… keep English Grammar 第四讲 Modal verbs Verbs: main verbs and auxiliary verbs (basic, modal and partial auxiliary verbs)P108 1．Modal structures 2. Modal funnctions Request: can, could, can’t (语气强烈), couldn’t, may, might,（May, might只适用于 I, we）, would/do you mind+gerund/if…, I would like, Permission: can（可以，法规许可用的多yes, you can park here）, may, could, might（后面两个不可以给别人许可，Yes, you might是错句）, cannot, may not, shall not (正式文体，不允许，shan’t), shall (肯定，指示或 规定 关于下班后关闭电源的规定党章中关于入党时间的规定公务员考核规定下载规定办法文件下载宁波关于闷顶的规定 )， shouldn’t, mustn’t 语气排列一下？ Providing help or sending invitation: can, could, may, shall, should (上面和I, we连用，should 比shall客气，can 和could用于肯定句中表能力), will, won’t, would, wouldn’t like(最礼貌), must(用于说服别人) Suggestion: can, could, couldn’t (疑问句，礼貌), you might (like, want to do客气), may/might (just) as well（客气）, should, ought to(后两个对建议比较有把握), shouldn’t, oughtn’t (用于疑问句，主语用we，委婉), …had better/best do…(语气较强), Hadn’t we better do…?(语气委婉), you/we must (强烈), shall we…? Decision: will (强烈意愿), shall[第二第三人称后表示许诺，决心或威胁], I/we mustn’t [坚决不做] Wish: would like/love/prefer (to do. Would like 可以用I / we should like 替代，更正式。可用否定式表示。Like可以用hate表示。但要区别would not like 和would like not。 Would have liked 的完成式可以表示本来想要做什么，但是没有做到。 Would like sb to do…)， would (sooner)rather…than, would [just]as…as soon…[I would as soon stay at home as go out,宁愿在家]， May 用于祝愿。 Responsibility or necessity：must（表示禁止有否定，表示没有义务时候没有否定， 用needn’t，don’t have to表示。）, have to （haven’t to美国用法, Have sb got to…?）, needn’t have done (虚拟)，should （有否定式和完成体）, ought to（有否定式和完成体， oughtn’t to只用作情态动词）, had better [语气强]， Ability: can（泛指能力，具体某件事的能力，潜在能力，某人或物时而出现的特征He can be quite forgettable）, be able to (正式), could (和see, hear, understand 等感知动词连用时，表示具体到做某件事的能力，和其他词不可这样表示，只能用can或be able to) Possibility: can, may, might, could (may, might, could三词后面加well，表示可能性较大。这三个词后面加possibly表示可能性不很大，询问某事有无可能时，Could/might this be true? 不可用may和can. 如果肯定句的可能时，不能用can。否定式may/might not和can/could not区别？might和could的完成体表示事实没有发生。Might ,may 不是can,could,用于让步，后接but从句。She may be 70, but she still dances. can 和could在疑问句中表示疑惑或者怀疑:Can he be serious? . Can, could, 不是might,may用于对可能的动作提建议或者请别人做某事.we can wait here for a bus. Can you do it for me?) Prediction: must(一般用于肯定式, 完成式也没有否定式。否定意义用can’t, couldn’t。)，have to [不得已的], , would, Should, ought to, (也可以与完成式连用) Need and dare: you needed have a shower after long walk(判断正误).情态动词一般用于否定和疑问句或者否定意义的句子[needn’t, need sb…?],情态没有屈折变化，没有助动词。Needn’t 加完成体，表示本不需要做 dare用法一样。Daren’t Would and used to. 过去常常。Would 比较正式。只谈动作，不谈状态。偶尔的没有规律的习惯性行为（often, sometimes）或者顽固坚持习惯性动作,用would. 3. Exercise ADDCA English grammar 第五讲 Negative sentence, question sentence and voice Part one: negative and question sentence I. Basic rule: II. Some special features on negative sentence: 1. He pretended not to see us. 2. There were no problems. There weren’t problems. 形容词和副词 3. She is no longer in the city. He no longer stays here. 4. Do we go now or wait until later? 选择问 5. Aren’t they French? Yes. 6. I have never done such a tough job. 7. Didn’t he understand the text? 可以说Did not he understand the text吗?不可以。强调not只能用Did he not understand the text? 请求或者建议，可以用modal 10．That is your new car, is it? 示确认或重复前面的信息（Students are planning new trip, are they?） 11. None of the lights is working. 复数少见 12．These seats are no/not (any) better than the others. No, not通用 13．Do you want to keep these boxes or not? If not, I will throw them out. 简化的否定句，一般用not。 14．Not a single drop of water is wasted. Not all the people are here. 非限定词前面和量词（all, a lot等）前面要用Not 15．Nowhere have they found the bottle-opener. 否定词和短语前置，部分倒装。 16．What/which bus should we take? WHAT指无限的可能性，WHICH有限。 17．Which of these bananas belong to us? (限定词和代词前面可以用WHICH OF 或者 WHAT OF ) 18．To Whom did you give your old computer? To可以放在后面吗？可 19. Since when have these records been kept? 只能放在疑问词前面的介词。 20．When exactly should we start? 相关副词可以放在疑问词的前后 21．Did he say someone was waiting outside? 改为疑问句 22. I asked what she meant. 陈述句语序 III． Exercise: CDDCB Part two. Voice (first episode) I． General rule II. Please discuss different passive forms according to different tenses, aspects, modal verbs, infinitive verbs, gerunds and past particles. English Grammar 第六讲 Voices (second episode) + Nouns and articles I. Voices (second episode) 1. Transitive verbs not for passive voice: become, escape, survive, burst into, lie in, … 2. By and with (工具, 状态。接物体)：The room was filled with / by smoke. Cover(洒落用with或者in) 3. It 做形式主语的被动句：It is said that… 4. 双宾语句子化被动句：I have been offered a job in Japan. (assure, convince, inform, notify, persuade, reassure, remind, tell后面一定要有间接宾语) 5. 宾补变被动：He is considered successful in writing. He found himself in agreement with others. (反身代词不可以改为被动) 6. “Get” 被动：He got knocked down by a car yesterday. (意外，不寻常)。 He got lost when crossing the desert. (及于主语自身的动作，不是被动，强调情况转变，如果是状态，用BE) II. Nouns and articles 1. Basic rules 2. Special features: 1) 2) a/an 第一次提及，the 假设已知 3) What’s that? It a mouse. (分类，里面的一只) 4) The horse was a symbol of freedom. The customer isn’t always right. Can any one play the piano?表示总体上的概念 any customer 5) This house will be rebuilt after a year. 等于单数one, 但是one有着强调或者特定的但不具体的一个/天/…的意思，one也和特殊的数字排列。 6) That trip cost almost a hundred pounds. 不可用one,因为one更精确。It took a day and a half to complete. 7) They came by bus. (无冠词，泛指类别) 8) 既可用作可数又可用作不可数 9) 都表示种类 10) 表示数额的主语，用单数。有些名词是复数，有些是单复数皆可用。 12) 名词作定语 13) 14) A photo of my brother’s. A photo of my brother. A friend of my father’s （friends）区别？双重属格问题 15)和前面提及的事物相关的东西也可以用the 16)和前面的动词相关的也可以 17) Bob’s and Mike’s books. 所有格判断 18) His schoolmate Johnson’s pen. School后面也可以加’s. p53 19) Jones’, Jones’s, Ross’s p53 人名后面有s 20) Children’s book. 该所有格不是限定词，而是修饰语，可带中位限定词，可以把其他修饰语放前面。 21) The city of Rome. 同位关系 a criticism of Mr. Hamilton? 3. Exercise English Grammar: Lecture 7第七讲 Determiner, quantifier and Pronoun I．Basic rules: II. special features 1. I like this car / this. (demonstrative style, 可作为代词用) 2. One man is shot in the leg. 介词短语表示身体部位，用the而非物主限定词。 3. 限定词和代词前,量词加OF 4． All, both, half之前省略of 5. Would you like some tea? 期待肯定 6. If从句主要用any,但是偏向肯定用some，否定意义的副词也用any 7. There’s some help to us. 可以表示很多 Some 的特殊意义，某个和大概 8. No/none=not a/any, 主语是复数的时候，只能用NO （no也用于告示中） 8. All of 更强调特定的范围 9. Everything is a mess. 可以用all吗？不可以，all一般不单独用 10. I don’t like both colors very much.可以吗？不完全对，Both不可以用于全否定句。用neither whole前面要有限定词然后加单数主语，Half不一定；the whole of 后跟定冠词或代词。 13． Each是两个或者以上，分开看；every是三个或以上，一起看，和almost,nearly,not,pravtically,without exception连用。Every和chance,hope,measure,reason连用时表示allpossible。还和other day等连用。 14．They invite them each.不可以，each可以放在主语或者间接宾语后面，但不可以放在直接宾语后 15. Each的位置比较灵活 14 这里，every有as much/many as possible的意思 15. Almost和nearly后面用every 16．Everyone of the people was occupied.不定代词everyone不可以，分开的every one 可以 17. Much of 修饰单数名词，表示a large part of (many, much, a lot可以单独使用) 18．The few houses we have seen are in terrible condition.有后置限定词时，用the来替代a 19．I gave her what little money I had. 我把仅有的一点钱给了她。 17. Many可以放在限定词的后面和不定冠词的前面 （另，not very many, not very many 可以用做强调；much可以用做程度副词） 18. 倍数的基本表示方法 19． 分数值必须有of，百分比不一定 20． 单复数要看of后面的主语 21． 在短暂的答复中，人称代词用宾格，人称代词不加动词 22． 可以用主格，显得正式 23． 24． 25． 疑问句用something可以指肯定答复 26． 形容词后置 27． 表示方位的介词后面使用宾格，不用翻身代词。 28． 同义 29． 前句为双向，后句为单向. 另：some other=another. 30. I will be there for another few weeks. Another后可以接带有few或者数词的复数名词，表示外加的概念。 30 ． There be 的特殊句型 31． 后者用定冠词指更熟知的现象或事物 III. Exercise: English Grammar 第八讲 Lecture 8 Pronouns (supplement)+adj.+adv. Part one: Pronoun (supplement) 1. 数词或不定冠词不可以直接和one连用，需要补充修饰语，each, every除外。 2. one 前面不可以直接加the，一般后面要加修饰性短语 3．one前面跟限定词要加修饰语，this / that one除外 4．so 和not替代从句 5．和more,less连用，代替形容词 6．结构相同的第二个分句可以省略重复的动词，如果主语是代词，动词不可以省略。 7．Nobody called, did