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Page 8 Presenting an argument answers A. The best order is: 1. A 2. H 3. K 4. M 5. E 6. G 7. B 8. J 9. F 10. O 11. C 12. N 13. L 14. D 15. I 16. P When you are asked to present an argument, you should always look at it from two sides, giving reasons why you agree and disagree before reaching a conclusion. A. Read the text below, in which somebody is trying to decide whether to go straight to university from school, or spend a year travelling around the world. Put their argument into the correct order, using the key words and expressions in italics to help you. The first one and last one have been done for you. 1. A. I'm ready in two minds about what to do when I leave school. Should I go straight to university or should I spend a year travelling around the world? 2. H. First of all, there are so many benefits of going straight to university. 3. K. The most important point is that the sooner I get my qualifications, the quicker I'll get a job and start earning. certificates 4. M. In my opinion, starting work and making money is one of the most important things in life. 5. E. And I'm not alone in this opinion. Many consider a sound career and a good salary to be an important goal. 6. G. Secondly, if I go straight to university, I'll learn so many things that will help me in my future life. 7. B. It is often said that knowledge is the key to power, and I cannot disagree with this. 8. J. Moreover, I'll be able to take part in the social activities that the university offers, and meet lots of new friends who share the same interests. 9. F. However, it could be argued that I would also meet lots of interesting people while I was travelling. 10. O. Furthermore, if I spent a year travelling, I would learn more about the world. 11. C. On the one hand, I would experience lots of different cultures. 12. N. On the other hand, I could end up suffering from culture shock, homesickness and some strange tropical diseases. 13. L. Nevertheless, these inconveniences would be an inevitable part of travelling and would be greatly outweighed by the other advantages. The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages One's merits outweigh one's short-comings. 14. D. Unfortunately, another point is that if I spent a year travelling I would need a lot of money. 15. I. But / believe that it would be easy to make a bit while I was travelling, giving English lessons or working in hotels and shops. 16. P. All right, I've made my mind up. Now, where's my nearest travel agency? B. Using the key words and expressions in italic from the last exercise, present an argument for one of the following issues: 1. A government's main priority is to provide education for its people. 2. The only way to save the environment is for governments to impose strict quotas on the energy we use (for example, by restricting car ownership, limiting the water we use). 3. Satisfaction in your job is more important than the money you earn. 4. Living in a town or city is better than living in the countryside. It’s good for you to go aboard for further study than study at home. 5. It is our responsibility to help or look after those less fortunate than ourselves (for example, the homeless, the mentally ill). Other words and expressions which you might find useful include: I believe that / despite this / in spite of this / also / thirdly /I think / finally / in conclusion / nonetheless / admittedly /on the contrary / at any rate / notwithstanding / for all that / even if Admittedly, he is rather foolish. Admittedly, both sides are reasonable. But they are one-sided. Page 9 Contrast & comparison answers 1. A 2. B 3. B 4. C (differentiate and distinguish have exactly the same meaning) 5. C 6. A 7. C 8. A 9. B 10. C 11. A 12. C 13. C 14. B 15. B 1. The two machines ____________considerably. One has an electric motor, the other runs on oil. A. differ B. differentiate C. differential differ vi. 不同, 有异 Nylon and silk differ. 尼龙与丝绸不同。 Tastes differ. 嗜好各有不同。 意见 文理分科指导河道管理范围浙江建筑工程概算定额教材专家评审意见党员教师互相批评意见 分歧 Japanese differs greatly from French in pronunciation. 日语发音和法语大不相同。 Customs differ in different countries 各国风俗不同。 The two brothers differed about(on) politics. 这兄弟俩政见不同。 习惯用语 agree to differ 求同存异, 彼此保留不同意见 differ from 不同于; 和...不同; 和...意见不一致 differ in 在...方面不同 differ with sb. 与某人意见不同 differentiate vt. & vi. 区分, 区别, 辨别 Do English as spoken in the UK and English as spoken in the USA differentiate more as the years pass? 英式英语与美式英语的差异是否会随着时间推移而进一步加大? He cannot differentiate the two flowers. 他无法辨认这两种花。 vi. 区别对待 It's wrong to differentiate between boys and girls. 男女孩区别相待是错误的。 differential different 不同的，差异的 + -ial…的 adj. 差别的, 与差别有关的 微分的 【机, 物】差动的, 差示的, 差速的 n. 【数】微分 【机】差动; 差动齿轮; 分速器 (铁路的)运费率差 (同一行业中熟练工人和非熟练工人的)工资差别; 与(可比事物间的)差别, 差异 differential of arc 微弧, 弧元素 differentials of higher order 高阶微分 2. The ____________in weather between the north and the south of the country is very noticeable. A. comparison B. contrast C. compare Contract compare 拉丁语 par 相等的，com-=con-共同 匹敌， 相比 竞争 不相上下 My English cannot compare with his. 我的英文水平不如他。 It is hard to compare. 很难比较。 n. 比较， 对照 Her beauty is beyond compare. 她无比美丽 习惯用语 (as) compared with 和...比较起来 beyond compare 无与伦比的， 不可及的 compare to 比拟， 比作 [同义词] compare contrast 都含“相比”、“比较”的意思。 compare常指为了找出两种事物或现象的异同点而进行比较， 如：If you compare Marx's works with Hegel's, you'll find many differences. 如果你把马克思的著作同黑格尔的著作相比较， 就会发现许多不同之处。 contrast 指两者之间的“对照”、“对比”， 着重指“通过两种事物或现象的对比， 突出地指出它们的不同”， 如：contrast farm life with city life 对照一下城乡生活。 comparison n. 比较, 对照 My garden doesn't stand comparison with his. 我的花园无法和他的相比。 经比较得出的结论 By comparison with London, Paris is small. 与伦敦相比, 巴黎较小。 There is no comparison between them. 两者不可以同日而语。 类似, 相似 They make a comparison of New York to a beehive. 他们把纽约比作一个蜂巢。 contrast n. 对比, 对照 Black and white show a striking contrast. 黑和白形成明显的对比。 差异, 差别 There can be no differentiation without contrast. 有比较才有差别。 This appears big in contrast with that. 这个同那个对比起来显得大。 习惯用语 be a contrast to 和...成对比 by contrast with 和...成对照； 和...比起来 in contrast with 和...形成对比［对照］ in contrast to 和...形成对比［对照］ present a striking contrast to 和...成显著的对比 form a striking contrast to 和...成显著的对比 contrast finely with 和...对比起来更加鲜明 3. Many people cannot ____________between lemon juice and lime juice. A. differ B. differentiate C. contrast distinguish dis-分开+stingere刺→以刺的记号明白分开 vt. 1. 区别;识别[(+from)] He can distinguish a genuine antique from a reproduction. 他能区别真正的古董与复制品。 distinguish right from wrong 明辨是非 distinguish good from evil 分辨善恶 2. (凭感觉器官)辨认出 I can distinguish my roommates by their footsteps. 我能根据室友的脚步声辨认出他们。 distinguish sb. in a crowd 在人群中认出某人 3. 把...区别分类[(+into)] distinguish things into classes 把东西分成类 4. 使杰出;使显出特色 She distinguished herself as a black lawyer. 她成了一位杰出的黑人律师。 vi. 1. 区别;识别;辨别[(+between)] It is certainly important to distinguish between right and wrong. 明辨是非当然要紧。... People who cannot distinguish between colours are said to be colour-blind. 不能分辨颜色的人被称为色盲。 4. Children must be taught to____________ between right and wrong. A. differ B. contrast C. distinguish 5. There is a ____________between being interested in politics and joining a political party. A. distinguish B. distinctive C. distinction distinctive adj. 明显不同的, 特别的, 突出的 Beer has a very distinctive smell. 啤酒有一种特殊的味道。 This bird has several distinctive features. 这个鸟具有几种突出的特征。 She has a very distinctive way of walking. 她走路的样子与别人很不相同。 distinction n. 区别, 明显差别, 特征 I can't see any distinction between these two cases. 我看不出这两个案例有什么不同。 卓越, 优秀, 盛名 He is a writer of real distinction. 他是一位真正才智超群的作家。 荣誉, 殊荣, 奖赏 These are the highest distinctions that have ever been given by our government. 这些是我国政府迄今授予的最高荣誉称号。 He has gained a distinction in various fields of scholarly studies. 他在多种科学的学术研究中享有盛名。 6. Can you tell the ____________between a good boss and a bad one? A. difference B. differentiate C contrast 7. The management must not ____________ between male and female applicants. A. differ B. contrast C. discriminate discriminate vt. & vi. 分别, 辨别, 区分 Death does not discriminate; it comes to everyone. 死亡对每个人都一视同仁, 它会降临到每个人的身上。 vi. 歧视, 有差别地对待 The new law discriminates against lower-paid workers. 这条新法律歧视低工资的工人。 8. Asia covers a huge area. ____________, Europe is very small. A. By way of contrast B. By ways of comparing C By similar means By contrast of 9. The new model of car is very ____________to the old one. A. same B. similar C common 10. Her political opinions are ____________to mine. A. same B. exactly C. identical identical adj. 同一的 完全相同的, 丝毫不差的 有同一原因[来源]的 完全符合的; 完全一致的 【数】恒等的; 【生】同卵的 identical twins 同卵双生 The handwriting on both cheques is identical. 两张支票上的笔迹完全相同。 The opinions are identical. 意见完全一致。 11. Some political parties have such similar manifestos that they are difficult to ____________ A. tell apart B. say apart C. speak apart tell apart distinguish 辨别, 分别 It's difficult to tell the two girls apart. 这两个女孩很难分辨。 12. My friends and I enjoy doing many of the same things. In that respect, we have a lot ____________ A. in similar B. in particular C. in common 13. There seems to be a large ____________ between the number of people employed in service industries, and those employed in the primary sector. A. discriminate B. discretion C. discrepancy discretion n. 慎重, 谨慎 You must show discretion in choosing your friend. 你择友时必须慎重。 随意 It is within your discretion. 你可以自行决定。 act at [on] one's discretion 自行决断 age [years] of discretion 懂事年龄, 责任年龄(英国法律规定为十四岁) 14. British and Australian people share the same language, but in other respects they are as different as ____________. A. cats and dogs B. chalk and cheese C. salt and pepper Although they are twins, temperamentally they are as like as chalk and cheese.  尽管他们是孪生儿，但性格却截然不同。 形似而实质不同 风马牛不相及，迥然不同 根本不同，完全不同 as like as chalk and cheese 形似而实质不同 as like as two peas 一模一样 as lively as a cricket 极活泼的 as lively as a grig 非常快活 cats and dogs n. 价值低的股票,不值钱的、卖不掉的商品 It rains cats and dogs 15. Britain's economy is largely based on its industry, ____________ a few hundred years ago it was an agrarian country. A. wherefore B. whereas C. whereby wherefore adv.&conj. 为什么 Wherefore did you go there? 你为什么去那儿? 为此, 因此 He was angry, wherefore I was afraid to ask him. 他发火了, 所以我不敢去问他。 Whereas conj. 1. (公文用语,常用在句首)鉴于 Whereas the following incidents have occurred ... 鉴于下列事件业已发生... 2. 反之;却;而 Some people like fatty meat, whereas others hate it. 有些人喜欢肥肉,而有些人却不喜欢。 whereby adv. 靠那个; 凭那个; 借以 Whereby shall we know her? 我们靠什么认出她呢？ PAGE 4