职称英语2013理工A字典A5版

scrubby 376 secure scepticism 375 scrub （阅读第48篇今年新增）Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright 研究人员发现人类开始直立行走的原因 我们大多数人每天都走路而且手里搬着东西。这样的活动看似太简单，大多数人没有疑问。但是一个国际研究者（包括乔治•华盛顿大学哥伦比亚艺术与科学学院的Richmond博士）团队已经发现了人类直立行走可能源于数百万年以前适应搬运稀有的、高质量的资源。这些来自美国、英国、日本和葡萄牙的研究者研究了当代黑猩猩争抢食物时的行为特征，试图对什么样的生态环境竟然导致大猿（一种我们与现存的黑猩猩一样的600万年前的祖先）直立行走作出解释。 “这些黑猩猩居住的生态环境和我们最早的祖先开始直立行走时是相同的，” Richmond博士说。研究结果显示，当黑猩猩需要独占一种资源时，它们就从四肢行走转换为直立行走。由于直立行走可以解放它们的双手，这使得它们能搬更多的东西。久而久之，双足活动的强烈爆发可能导致了解剖学上的变化，因此这种变化也就成为自然选择的主题，在那种情况下，对食物或其他 资源的争夺是十分激烈的。 有两项研究是在几内亚完成的。第一项研究是在京都大学博苏森林的一块天然空地——“室外实验室”进行的。研究者们允许森林里的黑猩猩能得到两种不同的坚果，一种叫油棕榈坚果，自然界随处可见，一种叫可乐果，自然环境中不常见。人们监控黑猩猩在下列三种情形下的行为：(a)只有油棕榈坚果；（b)只有少量的可乐果，大多数是油棕榈坚果;(c)大多数是可乐果，少数是油棕榈坚果。 当稀有的可乐果数量很少时，黑猩猩一次就会拿得多。同样，当大部分是可乐果时，黑猩猩对油棕榈坚果根本视而不见。黑猩猩认为可乐果才是珍贵的资源，并为得到可乐果激烈竞争。 处于这种激烈竞争的环境中，黑猩猩直立行走的频率增加了四倍。很显然，双足行走可以使它们拿走更多的稀有资源，而且，为了尽可能地一口气多拿，它们积极利用可用到的任何方法，甚至嘴巴。 第二项研究是在牛津布鲁克斯大学的Kimberley Hockings进行的。该研究历时14个月，主题是博苏的黑猩猩抢劫粮食，场景是它们不得不为稀有和不可预知的资源竞争。在这项研究中，黑猩猩35%的活动是直立行走。而这一次研究再一次证实了黑猩猩的直立行走与它们试图一次搬走尽可能多的东西有关。 1 . Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the first two paragraphs? Many people question the simple human activities of walking and carrying items. 　　 2. Dr. Richmond conducted the experiment with the purpose of finding what made our ancestors walk upright. 3. Kyoto, University's study discovered that chimpanzees. liked coula nuts better than oil palm nuts. 4. Why did the chimpanzees walk on two limbs during Kyoto University's experiment? Because they wanted to carry more nuts with two free limbs. 5. What can we infer from the reading passage? Human walking on two legs developed as a means of survival. （阅读第46篇去年新增）Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as "Ecosystem Engineers" 1 .Why are ants compared to ecosystem engineers? Because their activity affects the environment. 2. As predators, ants prey on small as well as large animals. 3. Dir Sanders' study centered on how ants produce such a big impact on the environment. 4. What does paragraph 6 tell us? Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small. 5.What still remains unclear about ants, according to the last paragraph? How do human activities affect ants' influence on a given ecosystem? （完型第13篇今年新增）Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but 1until now they haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more 2electricity but isn’t a very efficient way to gather heat. That’s a problem of 3economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower 4cost . And it，s also a space problem：photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications. In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a 5solution in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University, Canada." Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon，but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, 6commonly known as thin-film silicon. They don’t create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they 7require much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately，thin-film silicon solar cells are 8vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect. “That means that their efficiency 9drops when you expose them to light — pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,” Pearce explains，which is one of the 10reasons thin- film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market. However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new 11type of PVT. You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact，Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures，near the boiling 12point of water, they could make thicker cells that largely 13overcame the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy 14 collector , they also found that by baking the cell once a day，they 15boosted the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent. （完型第15篇去年新增）“Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage The massive subduction zone1 earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soil "liquefaction"2 that has surprised researchers with its 1 widespread severity, a new analysis shows. "We've seen localized3 examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before, but the distance and 2 extent of damage in Japan were unusually severe," said Scott Ashford, a professor of geotechnical engineering4 at Oregon State University5. "Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments," Ashford said. "The shifts in soil destroyed water, drain and gas pipelines6, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to 3 function. We saw some places that sank as much as four feet." Some degree of soil liquefaction7 is common in almost any major earthquake. It's a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water, particularly recent sediments or sand, can lose much of their 4 strength and flow during an earthquake. This can allow structures to shift or sink or 5 collapse . But most earthquakes are much 6shorter than the recent event in Japan, Ashford said. The length of the Japanese earthquake, as much as five minutes, may force researchers to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this8. "With such a long-lasting earthquake, we saw 7how structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes," he said. "And it was clear that younger sediments, and especially areas built on 8recently filled ground, are much more vulnerable." The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake, researchers said, should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil 9 phenomenon and better prepare for it in the future. Ashford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly, 10before damage was removed in the recovery efforts9. "There's no doubt that we'll learn things from what happened in Japan10 that11 will help us to reduce risks in other similar 11events ," Ashford said. "Future construction in some places may make more use of techniques known to reduce liquefaction, such as better compaction to make soils dense, or use of reinforcing stone columns." Ashford pointed out that northern California have younger soils vulnerable to liquefaction ---on the coast, near river deposits or in areas with filled ground. The "young" sediments, in geologic terms, may be those 12 deposited within the past 10,000 years or more. In Oregon, for instance, that describes much of downtown Portland, the Portland International Airport and other cities. Anything 13 near a river and old flood plains is a suspect12, and the Oregon Department of Transportation has already concluded that 1,100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake. Fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to 14 prevent collapse. Japan has suffered tremendous losses in the March 11 earthquake, but Japanese construction 15standards helped prevent many buildings from collapse ---even as they tilted and sank into the ground. （同义词，仅作参考） a quarter of a fourth of 四分之一； abandon give up 放弃； abide by adhere to 服从，遵守； abide by stick to 坚持，遵循； ability capacity 能力； abnormal unusual 不平常的，反常； abrupt sudden 突然的； absurd stupid 荒谬愚蠢的； abundant plentiful 丰富的，大量的； accelerate increase 增加； accelerate step/speed up 加速、加快； accordingly therefore 相应地，因此； account for explain 解释； accumulate collect 积累、积聚； accumulate gather 聚集； achieve attain 努力获取； advancement promotion 进步提升； adverse unfavorable 不利的、负面的； advisable wise 明智的、可取的； advocate suggest 主张，拥护； aim goal 目标、目的； alleviate lessen 减轻、缓解； allocate assign 委派任命； allocate distribute 分发、分配； alternative choice 选择、二者之中其一； ample enough 充足的； annoying irritating 使人厌烦的； annually every year 每年地； anybody anyone 任何人； anyhow anyway 无论、不管； appalling dreadful /terrible 糟糕可怕的； approach handle 处理； arouse awake 唤醒； arouse excite 唤起、刺激、激怒； assemble gather (人)聚集； assert state firmly/maintain 声称、宣称； astonish surprise 使惊讶，吃惊； at once immediately 立刻、马上； at stake in danger 处于危险中； attend to wait on 服务、招待、伺候； attend go to 参加； authentically genuinely 真正的； authority government 当局、政府； ban forbid 禁止； barren bare 贫瘠的； bearing influence 影响； behavior conduct 行为、举止； blend mix 混合； booming sucessful 繁荣成功的； bordering on close to 接近于,几乎； bound sure 必定的； branch division 分支机构； brave courageous 勇敢的； break beat 打破； brief short 简短简洁的； bump into run into 碰上遇上； call …off cancel 停止、取消； call …up telephone 打电话； call phone 打电话； capability ability 能力； capacity volume 容量； capture caught 抓获捕获； cater for meet 满足、迎合； celebrity star 明星名人； census count 人口普查； certain sure 肯定的； charge…with… accuse…of…指控…犯…罪； cheerful pleasant 高兴、愉快的； childish immature 幼稚、不成熟的； collaborate cooperate 合作、协作； collide with run into 撞上，碰撞； compel force 强迫、迫使； compile write 书写，编纂； complain feel unhappy 抱怨,不高兴； complete finish 完成； comprehend understand 理解； concise short and clear 简洁、简明的； concrete specific 具体的； confess admit 承认； confidential secret 秘密的； conjunction with together with 共同、一起； conscientious careful 认真、仔细的； considerably greatly 很大地很多地； consideration account 考虑； consolidate strengthen 巩固、增强； consume eat 消费，食用； consume use 消费、使用； contaminate pollute 污染； contend argue 争辩、主张； conversation talk 谈话； convert turn/ change 转变兑换； conviction belief 相信、信念； courteous respectful 有礼貌的； coverage reportage 新闻报道； credible convincing 可信的； cultivate develop 开发培养； cut in interrupt 打断、插话； damaging harmful 有害的； dangerous hazardous 危险的； deadly fatal 致命的； debate discuss 讨论、辩论； decent good 体面良好的； decent honest 诚实、正派的； deduce derive 推导,演绎； defer postpone 延迟推延； deliberately intentionally 故意地； demolish disprove 反驳驳斥； demolish pull down 拆毁, 毁掉； densely compactly 紧凑地、密集地； depict describe 描绘、描述； desirable satisfactory 理想的、满意的； deter inhibit 阻止、抑制； diligent hardworking 勤奋的； dimly faintly 昏暗地； disappointing unsatisfactory 失望不满的； discrimate distinguish 区分区别； disorder confusion 无序、混乱； diverse varied 多种多样的； do away with get rid of 拆除、除掉； draft formulate 起草、制定； dramatic striking 显著的； draw attract 吸引； dull boring 沉闷无趣的； duplicate copy 复制、复印； durable long-lasting 持久的，耐用的； dwell live 生活居住； effect result 影响,后果； elevate promote 提升晋升； eligible entitled/qualifie有资格的合格的； embody include 包含、包括； end stop 停止； endeavor to try to 尽力、想方设法； endure bear 忍受承受； enormous large 巨大的； enormous immense 巨大的； establish set up 建立； eternal everlasting 永远的、没有尽头的； eternally constant 永久的、不断的； eventually finally 最终、最后； exhaustive extremely thorough 详尽的、彻底的； exhibit show 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 现、展示； expire die 到期死亡； explore investigate 研究、探讨、调查； extinction dying out 灭绝、死光； extract obtain 获取； extract take out 拔出、取出； fascinate intrigue 使…着迷、产生兴趣； fascinating wonderful 迷人精彩的； faulty wrong 错误的； final last 最后的； find faults with criticize 批评挑错、指责； fire dismiss 解雇； firm company 公司； follow understand 理解； for love or money at any price 无论如何； for the most part mostly 多半、大多数； foster cultivate 培养、培育； framework system 系统架构； framework skeleton 框架,基本结构； fury anger 愤怒； gain profit 获利； gain put on 增加； gangster violent criminal 匪徒、歹徒； gap gulf 鸿沟差距间隙； gather come together 集合； gauge measure 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 ； gaze at stare at 盯着看； get up arise 起床； give up drop 放弃； glad happy 高兴的； glorius magnificent 辉煌的； gorgeous beautiful 漂亮的； gorgeous lovely 可爱的； gorgeous magnificent 壮丽的、好看的； graceful polite 优雅彬彬有礼的； grasp understand 理解； grasp take hold of 抓住； grateful thankful 感激、感谢的； guarantee ensure 确保，保证； guy man 人，家伙； hail praise 赞誉赞扬； hailed as acclaimed as 被称赞、赞誉为； happen occur 发生出现； harmonious balanced 和谐均衡的； harness utilize 利用； hazard danger 危险； hazardous dangerous 危险的； heap pile 堆、丘； horrify terrify 使害怕； humorous funny 幽默有趣的； identify name 认出，说出； identify recognize 识别认出； immediately right away 立刻、马上； immense enormous/ great 巨大的； improved better 改进的、更好的； in distress in danger 处于危险中； inevitable certain 不可避免的； influence affect 影响 (v.) influence impact 影响 (n..) ingenious original 独创的独特的； initial beginning 最初,开始的； insane crazy 精神错乱的,疯狂的； insist on demand 坚持 要求 对教师党员的评价套管和固井爆破片与爆破装置仓库管理基本要求三甲医院都需要复审吗 ； insufficient inadequate 充足的； intelligent clever 聪明的； intimate friendly 亲密友好的； intimately closely 亲密地紧密地 ； invaluable extremely useful 贵重、无价的； investigate look into 调查、研究； isolated solitary 孤独的； laid down stated 规定表述； large enormous 巨大的； last past 过去的； lately recently 最近、近来； lawful legal 合法的； let rent 出租； lethal deadly 致命的； liable likely 可能的； limited small 少的，有限的； look for try to find 寻找； lots of many 很多的； lure attraction 吸引、诱惑； mad crazy 疯狂的； magnificent splendid 宏伟壮观的； make up one’s mind decide 下定决心； manual physical 体力的身体的； marked clear 明显显著的； massive extensive 广泛的、大量的； mavel miracle 奇迹神奇； mend repair 修理修缮； merely just 仅仅只是； merge combine 合并兼并； mighty very strong 强大的，汹涌澎湃的； mildly gently 温和地和蔼地； minute slight 细小的细微的； miraculous amazing 神奇的极好的； miss avoid 避免躲避； mock laugh at 取笑、嘲笑； modify change 调整改变； motive reason 动机,理由； moving stirring 感动人的； near close 靠近的； nearest closest to 离…最近； notably particularly 特别是、尤其地； now and then occasionally 偶尔有时； numerous many 许多的； obscure vague 模糊不明确的； obscure…from view prevent…from view 遮挡、阻挡住…的视线； obvious clear 显而易见的； occasionally sometimes 偶尔、有时； occur happen 发生出现； odd strange 奇怪的； omit to do sth fail to do sth 未能做某事； operative working 起作用的； orthodox conventional 正统的、传统的； outcome result 结局、结果； outlook view 景色视野； outrageous unacceptable残暴的,不可接受的； overtake pass 超过； participate in take part in 参加； particularly especially 特别、尤其； particulars details 细节； perceive notice 留意、觉察； permit allow 允许； perpetual endless 永恒无穷尽的； persevere in persist in 坚持； persist continue 持续； phase stage 阶段、时期； physician doctor （内科）医生； plane aircraft 飞机； pleased happy 高兴的； poorly inadequately 不足地、贫乏地； porcelain china 瓷器； possess own 拥有、占有； postulate assume 假定、设定； practically almost 几乎； presently shortly 短暂地不久地； preserve keep 保存； pressing urgent 紧迫的； previously before 以前、先前； principal organizer planner 组织者； principal main 主要的； prior to before 在…之前； probe explore 探测、研究； profound deep 深刻深沉的； prolong extend 延伸； propose suggest 建议 关于小区增设电动车充电建议给教师的建议PDF智慧城市建议书pdf给教师的36条建议下载税则修订调整建议表下载 ； provoke cause 引起造成； provoke elicit 引发、诱发 ； pull up stop 停下； put across explain 表达解释； puzzle mystery 神秘、奥秘； quit give up 放弃、戒除； rarely seldom 很少； readily willingly 乐意地； realize fulfill 实现； realize know 了解、知道； recommend suggest 建议、要求； regardless of whatever 不论,不管； regret sorry 对…感到懊悔； regulate control 调整、控制； reluctant unwilling 不情愿的； rely on depend on 依靠； remainder rest 剩余部分； remark say 谈论表示； remedy improve 治疗改善； remedy cure 治疗、治愈； remove take off 脱掉； resentment anger 怨恨生气； resident occupant 居民； restrain prevent 阻止； restrict confine 局限，限制； reward award 奖励奖赏； risk danger 危险，风险； room space 空间余地； root cause 根源； rough difficult 困难艰辛； safe secure 安全的； satisfactorily acceptably 令人满意地、可以接受地； scared frightened/afraid 恐惧的,害怕的； scatter separate 分散、散开； scene location 地点； sensational exciting 令人激动的； set up establish 建立； settle solve 解决； severe hard 艰苦、艰辛的； shabby unfair 不公正的； shift change 改变转变； shine polish 发光、擦亮； shock surprise 震惊，使惊讶； shrink contract 收缩； similar alike 相似的； sketch outline 概述，略述； slender slim 苗条的； sole only 唯一的； spare extra 多余的； specialty field 领域专业； specific concrete 具体的； specification instruction 指导说明； spectacular magnificent 壮观宏伟的； spectrum range 范围、领域； speed velocity 速度； spur encourage 刺激、激励； stand tolerate 忍受忍耐； stand to reason seem logical 合理的； standpoint point of view 立场、观点； steadily continuously/gradually逐步不断地； stop cease 停止； stroll walk 散步； subject topic 主旨、主题； substantial significant 实质的重大的； summit top of the mountain 山顶； survive live 生存存活； sustain maintain 维持坚持； talk over discuss 讨论、谈论； tender kind 善良的； terminate end 结束； terminate put an end to 结束； thorough careful 细致周密的； token sign 信号标志表征； tolerate bear/ put up with 忍受，忍耐； touching moving 动人、感人的； tough strong 强壮的； tremble shake 颤抖、发抖； try test 尝试； tumoil confusion 混乱； turn out produce 生产，制造； typical characteristic 典型的； uncertainty doubt 怀疑、不确定； uneasy uncomfortable/anxious不安焦虑的； up to now so far 迄今为止； upgrade improve 升级改善； uphold support 支持； urge advise/push 敦促、建议； utterly totally 完全地、彻底地； vague unclear 模糊不清楚的； vague imprecise 不确切的； vanish disappear 消失； vary change 使变化，使不同； vigorous energetic 精力充沛的； vigorous healthy 有活力的、健康的； virtually almost 几乎； weary exhausted 疲惫的； while although/though 虽然尽管； while when 当…的时候； wholesome healthy 健康的； widen broaden 变宽、加宽； without bias fairly 公平地； witty smart 智慧聪明的； wreck damage 毁坏、破坏； yield harvest 收成、产量；