专四语法词汇总结

专四语法词汇总结 了解TEM4考试要求 专四作为全国各大专院校英语专业学生的水平测试，其测试要求与硕士研究生招生英语考试截然不同。前者属于水平性测试，意在考察考生是否达到高校英语专业教学大纲规定水平，这个水平包括听力理解、阅读理解、词汇语法、写作等等方面，在考纲和教学大纲中都有明确要求。而后者属于选拔性测试，意在为高校挑选一批具备一定研究能力和潜质的本科毕业生或相同学力人员。难怪在现实中经常出现这样一种“悖论”，专四优秀甚至是专八合格的英语专业学生并不一定能在考验公共英语测试轻而易举地拿到好成绩，更曾出现过不及格的情况。其实对此不必讶异，了解到考试的不同之处我们就能明白，专四需要的是考生夯实基本语言技能，在听、说、读、写、译等方面达到教学大纲要求，如此则能顺利通过水平性测试。因此对于通过考试，广大考生一定要充满信心。 　　强化词汇语法能力 　　高等学校英语专业教学大纲规定专四水平学生应认知词汇5，500-6，500个，正确而熟练地运用其中的3，000-4，000个及其最基本的搭配。词汇学习是英语学习的基石。对于英语专业学生而言这个要求自然会更高一些，故而在考试的词汇和语法部分出现超纲词汇也是理所应当。无论是单纯为了应付考试还是提高英语能力，我们的词汇学习都必须和语法联系在一起，达到通过词汇强化语法意识，通过语法熟练运用词汇的目的。我国著名英语教育专家张道真教授在其著作中也一再叮嘱英语学习者要把语法和词法结合在一起，其指导意义不言而喻。 　　日常词汇学习过程中首先要注意同义词的积累和辨析。同义词越多写作和翻译起来就会愈发得心应手，当然背得也更熟。举几个例子。“笑”一个词在英文中有laugh, smile, giggle, chuckle, chortle, guffaw等等，不一而足；“擦”这一个动词则有rub、 strike 、scratch、 wipe 、mop 、dry 、polish 、scrub、 oil 、clean等等一些。类似的情况当词汇量增长到6000左右时将会非常频繁。若一一背诵则不仅痛苦异常而且效率低下。若用中文含义接近这一点把它们串在一起构成词汇网络那么背词的效果将会显著提高。 　　在记住这些同义词之后就要通过查阅参考书或者日常阅读来辨明其区别，方便口头和笔头使用，使语言更加地道。比如“擦”这一组词，说擦地板常用mop the floor，擦火柴用strike a match, 擦眼泪是wipe one’s tears，等等。如果做了这样细致的比较工作，那么经过一段时间之后我们的语言运用将会更加纯熟，作对几道单选 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 就更不在话下了。 　　积累阅读量 　　要想在完形和阅读考试里面取得高分没有一定的阅读量积累是不可能完成的。专四的阅读考察重在阅读速度理解能力，要求考生在规定时间内读懂难度相当于Newsweek的新闻类或者Sons and Lovers的文学原著。不难理解平常如果只知死读精读课本，没有阅读大量鲜活的日常百科文章，或者没有养成定期阅读英文报刊文章(以及网络)的习惯训练良好的语感，那么在理解准确度和速度两个方面面对考试都会是望洋兴叹。 　　英语学习中的阅读应以精读和泛读相结合的方式进行。这也符合我们第二语言习得中所谓的输入—输出规律的要求。精读基本体现的是输入过程——大量密集语言养料的吸收、分析和记诵，还有语感的培养。在泛读中我们必须动用所有掌握的语法和词汇知识来迅速了解文章大意，知晓作者观点，或者根据要求有目的地提取出有用信息。这个输出过程在无形当中强化了语感意识提高了对各种篇章类型的熟悉程度，从而最终达到准确度和速度双丰收的目的。 　　如果在身边查阅英文报刊比较困难，大家可以上网浏览。英文各大门户网站都有新闻报导和深度报导。当然也可以通过Google in English直接查阅一天热点资讯，确实非常方便！和10年前比起来大家现在学习英语的渠道更多了，更丰富了，资料更新颖了，在全球化时代学习英语更是有得天独厚的优势。提醒大家注意的是，对国外网站的信息大家要学会批判性吸收，不可不假思索尽信无疑，对其中的失实报导要保持警惕。 　　问题一：请问专四考试要求的词汇量是多少？与大学英语六级相比，哪个考试词汇量要求更大？ 　　高等学校英语专业教学大纲规定专四水平学生应认知词汇5,500～6,500个，正确而熟练地运用其中的3,000～4,000个及其最基本的搭配。而考生们比较熟悉的大学英语六级考试要求5,500个单词。从考纲规定来说，专四的词汇量比六级更大，而且专四对词汇搭配、词义辨析考查得更加细化和专业；由于新六级考试已经取消了词汇语法题，因此在词汇用法的掌握方面要求明显低于专四。 　　问题二：专四的词汇语法题和完形填空题包含哪些题型和考点？又该如何复习？ 　　无论是词汇语法还是完形填空，主要包含以下六大题型，每一种题型的考点各具特色： 　　1．近义词辨析题 　　表示“真实的”的形容词可以有true, genuine, real等，不一而足，但含义上彼此有差异，用法也不尽相同，比如true强调“符合真理的，正确的”，genuine强调“非人造的，货真价实的”，real则强调“事件的真实性”，可理解为“显示的，并非虚假的”。此时就要注意结合考题的上下文，选择符合要求的词汇。 　　2．词根词缀辨析题 　　英语单词的构成可包含三个成分：前缀(prefix)+词根 (root)+后缀(suffix)。下面我们以respectable（体面的，高尚的，值得尊敬的）这个词为例：“re-”是前缀，表示“重复做某动作”；“spect”是词根，意思是一个动作——“看”；而“-able”是后缀，它首先揭示了该单词的词性是形容词，另外，这个形容词后缀的意思是“能够……的，值得……的”。而英语中，很多单词含有相同的词根，即含义上有一定的联系性，此时就比较难判断词义用法。如respectable的同根词有 respectful （态度恭敬的）和respective （各自的）。这三个单词的词根都是“spect”，拼写也有些相似，但词义相去甚远。平时复习时，考生应当重点积累这类含有相同词根的词汇，并且背单词时要学会掌握常见词根、前缀、后缀的含义，从而在解题时才可以运用构词法知识来判断词语含义。 　　3．动词词组题 　　动词词组永远是考试的重点，尤其要注意同一个动词与不同介词组合，可结合成含义不同的词组，以动词give为例：“give out”表示“分发物品”；“give off”表示“散发出光芒或气味”；“give up”表示“放弃”；“give in”表示“屈服，投降，让步”。考题中常给出一个动词，而后面用什么介词与之搭配，则需要考生在选项中选词填空。因此，考生在背单词时，需要专门花时间积累“动词+介词”词组。 　　4．从句引导词题 　　英语的从句包括主语从句、表语从句、状语从句、定语从句、同位语从句、宾语从句等。根据从句部分在句子里不同的表情达意作用，又可细分为更多类型，如状语从句包含表示原因的原因状语从句、表示时间概念的时间状语从句、表示假设的条件状语从句；根据从句语义的重要性和语气的强弱又可进一步细分，比如定语从句可细分为限定性定语从句（此时从句含义与主句紧密相关）以及非限定性定语从句（此时从句含义与主句联系不紧密，仅起到补充 说明 关于失联党员情况说明岗位说明总经理岗位说明书会计岗位说明书行政主管岗位说明书 作用）。综上所述，各种从句都有各自常用的引导词，如限定性定语从句常用that引导，非限定性定语从句常用which引导，条件状语从句常用if引导，主语从句常用what引导等。考生应该根据上述从句分类，搞清常用的引导词的用法。 　　5．逻辑连词题 　　这类题目通常在选项中出现表示不同逻辑关系的连词，如表示转折关系的but，表示递进关系的then，表示并列关系的and和or，表示因果关系的 because, since, therefore等。此类题目要求考生理解上下文的逻辑关系，再选择符合要求的连词。平时复习时考生要把上述常考的逻辑关系词反复熟悉并练习使用。 　　6．形近词辨析题 　　这类题目指在选项中故意安插拼写形式相近、具有混淆功能的单词，让考生辨别。如virtual与visual，前者表示“实质上的”，后者表示“视觉的”。对于这类题目考生只有具备扎实的词汇背记基本功，才能做到对单词的拼写形式有清晰的判断力。 　　问题三：能否推荐几种高效的背单词 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 ？每一种背单词方法适用于哪一种考 试题 中考模拟试题doc幼小衔接 数学试题 下载云南高中历年会考数学试题下载N4真题下载党史题库下载 型？ 　　众所周知，捧着词汇手册死记硬背绝不是积累词汇的好方法。当然，也不能迷信所谓“一天背出500个词汇”的不切实际的方法。良好的词汇积累，应建立在英语构词法基础上，结合词组扩展、近义词对比及适当联想来强化记忆，从而编织出由点及面的知识网。现向各位专四考生推荐以下四大背单词方法。 　　1．词根词缀法 　　英语词根词缀的概念之前已经介绍过，这些构词成分往往都带有鲜明的含义特色，而很多英语单词就是各个词根词缀的排列组合。如果能够熟练了解词根词缀的含义，那么当考生看到时此类生词时就能马上推测出其含义了，比如respect这个词，“re-”前缀表示“重复做某事，再一次做某事”，“spect”则表示“看”，可由此想到：反复看某人或某事，表示心存尊敬，因此可轻松记住的单词含义。再比如前文所举例的 respectful和respectable这两个词，很多考生总记不清两者的含义区分，因为都是由同一个动词respect派生出来的形容词。此时，应抓住两者唯一的不同——后缀的区别来进行突破。“-able”后缀表示“值得……的”，所以respectable用以形容人或事物“值得尊敬的”；而 “-ful”后缀表示“充满……的”，因此respectful是形容一个人对待他人或事物的态度“充满尊敬的，恭敬的”。词根词缀法不仅是词汇记忆体系的基石，更能帮助考生有效应对词义辨析题目。 　　适用题型：词根词缀辨析题及其他所有词汇题 　　2．词组拓展法 　　此方法指背单词时，不能只背孤立的个别单词，而是要把与之相关联的搭配用法和词组一网打尽，从而使自己的词汇量在短期内成倍数增长。如 accordance (符合，依照)，考生不应仅仅满足于把单词的拼写和中文意思记住，考试中真正常考的是词组 “in accordance with sth.”，只有记住了单词的用法，才能在考试中解答出题目。另外，也要特别关注一些看似简单的动词，如 give, take与不同介词搭配的词组。 　　适用题型：动词词组题 　　3．近义词串联法 　　每背一个单词或词组，就同时熟悉与之含义用法有类似的词汇，也是迅速而有效的背词法。如前面所提到的词组 “in accordance with sth.”, 与另一个词组“be in line with sth.”含义接近，都表示“符合，依照”，因此可把含义相似的词组串联在一起同时记。而如果同义词之间含义用法有细微差别，尤其要注意辨清。 　　适用题型：近义词辨析题 　　4．联想记忆法 　　此方法指结合单词拼写特征或者在发音上与汉语的谐音效果来辅助记忆，如strong这个单词，发音非常接近汉语“死壮”，且单词本身确实表示“强壮”之意，因此可巧妙地联想到中文来记忆。另外，对于一些拼写非常接近的词汇，尤其要利用联想来加以区分，比如：stationary是形容词，表示“静止不动的”；stationery是名词，表示“文具”。这两个单词发音完全相同，拼写仅在黑体字部分有一字母之差，确实很难记忆。此时可抓住唯一有区别的黑体字部分展开联想——由stationery中的字母e联想到时下文案工作最常用的email，因此可记住含有e的stationery是“文具”之意，而另一个同音词stationary就表示“静止不动的”。 　　适用题型：形近词辨析题 非谓语动词考点 1.接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以，但在意思上有区别的动词的用法 mean to do想要(做某事) mean doing意味(做某事) propose to do 打算(做某事) propose doing建议(做某事) forget to do忘记(要做的事) forget doing忘记(已做的事) remember to do记得(要做某事) remember doing记得(做过) go on to do继而(做另一件事) go on doing继续(做原来的事) stop to do停下来去做另一件事 stop doing停止正在做的事 regret to do(对将要做的事)遗憾 regret doing(对已做过的事)后悔 2.不定式的习惯用法 句型：cannot help but do cannot but do cannot choose but do can do nothing but do have no choice/alternative but to do上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。如： Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction. When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift. 3.动名词的习惯用法 句型：be busy/active doing sth. have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth. It’s no good/use/picnic doing sth. have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth. spend/waste time doing sth. There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth. cannot help doing sth. There is no doing sth. I know it isn’t important but I can’t help thinking about it. There is no use crying over spilt milk. Alice was having trouble controlling the children because there were so many of them. 4.there be 非谓语动词的用法 (1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求。如： The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams.(expect要求接不定式做宾语) (2)做目的状语或程度状语时用for there to be，做其他状语用there being。如： For there to be successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present. (for there to be…在句中做目的状语) It isn’t cold enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely. (for there to be…在句中做程度状语) There being no further questions, we’ll stop here today. (there being…做原因状语) (3)引导主语用for there to be。如：It is unusual for there to be no late comers today. (4)做除for外的介词宾语，用there being。如： He would always ignore the fact of there being such a contradiction in his inner thought 分词 分词起形容词和副词的作用，在句中做定语或状语。在概念上应清楚： ·现在分词表示主动，表示动作在进行。 ·过去分词表示被动，表示动作结束了的状态或结果。 1.分词做定语，弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别 分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句，考生应掌握： (1)现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义。如： It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place in our ever-increasing world.(相当于the changes which take place...) There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.(相当于which gave...) How many of us attending, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion? (相当于How many of us who will attend...) (2)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。如： Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered. (相当于…recapture of the port which had been announced…) Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out. (相当于…each new phone which is added to…) The author gave a detailed description based on his personal observation of nature. (相当于…description which was based on…) (3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义： deceased, departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, grown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-travelled, newly arrived, recently come。如： an escaped prisoner逃犯 a retired worker退休工人 a faded curtain褪了色的窗帘 a newly arrived student新来的学生 2.分词做状语，注意区分分词的一般式与完成式 (1)表示时间，多置于句首，注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词，要用完成式。如： Having completed one task, we started on another one. (complete先于start之前发生) (2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根据情况有时要用完成式，有时用一般式。如： He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, being considered insufficiently popular with all members. There seemed little hope that the explorer, having been deserted in the tropical forest, would find his way through it. (3)表示伴随、方式，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如： Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely lost to the outside world. (4)表示结果，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：The city found itself in a crisis situation last summer when the air conditioning on dozens of the new buses broke down, them unusable. (5)表示补充说明(同位)，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each making one major point in contrast with the other. Ford tried dividing the labor, each worker assigned a separate task. 3.分词的独立主格结构 分词的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语，称为分词独立主格结构。分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分。如：All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train. Darkness setting in, the young couple lingered on merrymaking 不定式 1.不定式做主语 (1)引导逻辑主语的介词：不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时, 不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。如： Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy. It’s clever of you to have invented such a device. (2)不定式做主语补足语： 掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间，并采用相应形式。如： be said / reported / thought / believed / known / supposed + to do sth. 2.不定式做宾语 掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词： afford, arrange, attempt, claim, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, endeavor, intend, pledge, pretend, resolve, request, swear, tend, venture。如： Even though the children pretended to be asleep, the nurses were not deceived when they came into the room. 3.不定式做定语 (1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next, last, only, not a, the, very等限定词时，该名词用不定式做定语。如：the first woman to set foot on the moon 第一个登上月球的女性 (2)如果其动词要求不定式做宾语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如： tendency to do→tend to do, decision to do→decide to do  This book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used. (3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如： ambition to do “干……的雄心”→be ambitious to do“有雄心干……” curiosity to do “对……的好奇心”→be curious to do“对……好奇” ability to do“做……的能力”→able to do“有能力做……” According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species’ ability to survive are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation. (4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语，这些名词包括： way, method, reason, time, place, chance, occasion, opportunity, evidence, power, right, movement, drive (运动)，effort等。如：I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus. We appreciate your efforts to bring about a comprehensive solution to the existing problem. (5)不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot习惯上用不定式做定语。如： Though we have made great progress, there is still much to be improved. 4.不定式做状语 不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。 (1)in order to(do), so as to(do)结构引导目的状语，so as to不能置于句首。 (2)so…as to, such…as to, enough…to, too…to结构做程度状语。如： The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don’t have small children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together. The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed. (3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的结果，有时用only加强语气。 常见的不定式动词有find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce等。如： Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, only to find it locked. (4)not/never too… to, too… not to, but/only too…to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义。如： I am only too pleased to hear from you further. 能再听到你的消息，我太高兴了 时态、语态 1.表达将来时的形式： (1)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如： I’ll tell him when you will ring again. (宾语从句) 比较：I’ll tell him when you ring again. (状语从句) (2)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如： See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didn’t know the answer to last time. (include 不能用will include或其他形式) 2.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语： (1)by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by the time/when +表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。如：We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door. Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced. (表示1919年时已发生的情况) (2)by +将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如： By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks. I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year. (3)by now、since +过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具体数字)years/days/months，主句用现在完成时, 但在it is +具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。如： The changes that had taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century. It is four years since John left school. (4)在It is the +序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如： It isn’t the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation. (5)在no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely…when…句型中，主句常用过去完成时。 3.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如： The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened. 时态、语态答题思路： (1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确答案； (2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态 情态动词 注意情态动词完成式的用法有两方面的含义： 1.表示已经发生的情况 (1)must have +过去分词，表示对已发生情况的肯定推测，译为“(昨天)一定……”。如：My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?” (2)can’t/couldn’t have +过去分词，表示对已发生情况的否定推测，译为“(昨天)一定没……”。 如： Mary couldn’t have received my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now. (3)may/might have +过去分词，表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测，或事实上根本没发生，译为“也许……”。如：At Florida Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician. 2.表示虚拟语气 (1)needn’t have+过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，译为“其实没必要……”。如： As it turned out to be a small house party, we needn’t have dressed up so formally. (2)should /should not have +过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上未做，或本不应该做但实际上做了, 译为“本(不)应该……”。如：I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully. (3)ought to have+过去分词，表示动作按理该发生了，但实际上未发生，译为“该……”，与should的完成式含义类似。如： The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke. (4)could have+过去分词，表示过去本来可以做但却未做，译为“完全可以…”。如： What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully. (5)may/might have + 过去分词，表示过去可以做但实际未做，译为“(那样)也许会……”。如： It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers. 3.几个情态动词常考的句型 (1)may/might (just) as well“不妨，最好”，与had better相近。如：Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train. (2)cannot/can’t…too… “越……越好，怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot…over…。如： You cannot be too careful when you drive a car. The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be overemphasized. (3)usedn’t或didn’t use to为used to (do)的否定式。 (4)should 除了“应该”一层意思外，大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：I didn’t expect that he should have behaved like that 虚拟语气 1.主从句谓语动词的时态 (1)掌握主从句谓语动词的 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 搭配: 主句 从句 与现在事实相反 would/情态动词过去式+do were (不分人称)/did 与过去事实相反 would/情态动词过去式+have done had done 与将来事实相反 would/情态动词过去式+do should do / were to do 如：If the doctor had been available, the child could not have died. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, should there be a sudden loud noise. (2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念： 主从句谓语动词所指时间不同，这叫做错综时间条件句，动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。如： Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is. (主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反) Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now. (主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反) (3)识别事实和假设混合句： Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.(句子前半部分为假设情况，而“父母病了”是事实) I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.  (前半部分为假设，后半部分是事实) 2.名词性从句的虚拟形式 名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。考生应熟悉： (1)下列动词做谓语时，that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式：desire, advise, recommend, command, direct, order, ask, demand, request, require, insist, maintain, move, propose, prefer, urge, vote。如：I move that he be discharged for his serious mistake. In the past men generally preferred that their wives work in the home. (2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：advisable, desirable, insistent, preferable, urgent, appropriate, compulsory, crucial, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory, possible, probable, proper, vital, advised, arranged, commanded, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, required, suggested。如： The board deem it urgent that these files should be printed right away. It is essential that all these figures be checked twice.(3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式：insistence, preference, recommendation, suggestion, proposal, motion, desire, requirement, request, order, necessity, importance, regulation, rule, resolution, understanding。如： John Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference. They keep telling us it is of utmost importance that our representative be sent to the conference on schedule. 3.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式 含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达，而是暗含在其他结构中。考生应熟悉： (1)连词but, but that, or, or else；副词otherwise, unfortunately等表示转折假设。如： A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done. Victor obviously doesn’t know what’s happened; otherwise he wouldn’t have made such a stupid remark. (2)介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：without, but for, under more favorable conditions等。如： But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday. (3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann或was/were +不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished +不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如：I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time. (4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如：I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t. 4.常用虚拟形式的句型 (1)从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型： would rather would as soon as though suppose… had rather would sooner as if supposing… If only… It is (high) time that…(从句中动词只用过去式) 如：His wife would rather they didn’t talk about the matter any more. I’d rather you went by train, because I can’t bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather. If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry. My father always talks as though he were addressing a public meeting. (2)If it were not for… (与现在事实相反) If it had not been for… (与过去事实相反) 相当于but for。如： If it had not been for his help (= but for his help), we would not have succeeded. (3)If only…谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。如： If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible. (4)lest/for fear that/in case 从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。如： The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself. (5)whether…or…有时谓语用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法经常采用倒装结构。如： Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on. The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, wen