英国简史

Timeline · 6000-5000 BC – Landbridge陆地桥 to Europe · 3000 BC – Iberians伊比利亚人 to Scandanvia · (some settle in Britain) · 750 BC – Celts begin to settle; Gaels盖尔人 in Scotland · 500 BC – Celts & Britons in Wales · 100 BC – Celts and Gauls高卢人 · 55 BC – Julius Caesar (Romans) invade · 43 BC – England becomes Roman Province · 410 – Roman Empire falls · 410 - 871 – Germanic tribes arrive · Jutes, Angles, Saxons invited to defend against the Celts · Celts fled to Wales, Scotland and Ireland · Angles/Saxons brought the OLDE ENGLISH language to England · 700 - 829 – The Septarchy (7 Kingdoms) · 800 – Viking invaders from Denmark appear · 829 – Egbert of Wessex unites the 7 kingdoms and becomes the first King of England. · 839 – King Egbert dies and his sons continue his fight against the Viking invaders. · 886 – King Alfred defeats the Dane Vikings · King Alfred the Great becomes the First Hero of England. · But he makes a deal with Guthrum, King of the Danes – Guthrum is allowed to rule the north of Britain (Scotland). In exchange, Guthrum agrees to accept Christianity which had become a strong part of English society by 700. · Feudalism emerges in English society. Nobles are granted land from the king and the nobles have the serfs农奴 (peasants) work the land. · Nevertheless, King Alfred is considered one of the greatest and wisest kings in U.K. history. He is known as “King Alfred the Great”. · 900’s – the Danes attack France as well – by 912 the French king settles with them and gives them a piece of land in northwestern France, called “Normandy” (Northern People’s Land). The Normans (Northern People) rule that area of France. · 978 - King Ethelred becomes king – New Danish Viking attacks on England. · 1013 – Danes successful – Danish King Sweyen becomes master of England. Ethelred flees to Normandy (home of his wife) · 1016 – Sweyen dies and Ethelred returns but dies. Ethlered’s son Edmond becomes King of England but is too weak to drive the Danes out. · Edmond (Ethelred’s son) and Canute (Sweyen’s son) agreed to divide the country. · Edmond rules the south. · Canute rules the north · 1016 – Edmond dies mysteriously soon thereafter. · 1016 – Canute becomes King of England – England is in control of the Danes once again. Canute is also King of Denmark and Norway and Normandy (in France). · 1035 – Canute dies. His son Harold I becomes king. · 1040 – Harold I dies. Canutes 2nd son Harde Canute becomes king. · 1042 – Harde Canute dies. There is no Dane to claim the throne, so Ethelred’s younger son Edward (the Confessor) steps back in and becomes King. The Danish rule of England is over. The Anglo/Saxon’s are back in power · 1042 – King Edward the Confessor – a holy and saintly man (Westminster Abbey) · And then… 1066 A turning point in U.K. history Importance of the Norman Conquest · Norman law introduced to England. · Feudalism introduced and established. · The Manor庄园 system replaces the Village system. (King > Lords > Vassals [væsəl]从属者) · A strong monarchy and centralized government established. · Most highly organized state in Europe. · French language becomes state language. · Catholic Church established as state religion. · William undertakes an extensive survey of the land and population – Domesday最后审判日 Book (1086) · 1087 – William the Conqueror dies. His second son, William II succeeds him · William II is a wicked man, hated by everyone. Killed in a hunting “accident”. · 1100 – Henry I, William the Conqueror’s 3rd son seizes the treasury国库 and is chosen king · 1100-1135 – Henry I · Henry I invades France and unites Normandy and England · 1135-1154 – Internal wars as barons and lords gain much land and power · 1154-1189 – Henry II (Henry I’s grandson) · Has a difficult time because of turmoil + he also had to rule part of France (Normandy) · Re-centralizes royal power at expense of the noblemen · All land under royal jurisdiction司法权 · Establishes Circuit Courts巡回法庭 · Establishes the Common Law习惯法 · 1189-1199 – Richard I (Henry II’s son) · Known as Richard Coeur de Lion (Richard the Lion-Hearted狮心王理查德) · Crusader · He was away in Europe leading the Crusades · Ruled for 10 years – but was only in England for 10 months · 1199-1216 – John I (Henry II’s son) · Most hated king in English history – NOBODY liked him · King of France (Phillip II) hated him and had French army march into Normandy and take away the Norman’s land · Thus England became politically separated from the Continent · 1215 – The Magna Carta (Great Charter) · The Great Council of barons forced King John to sign the Magna Carta limiting his power · King could not levy [levi]征税 extra taxes without people’s consent · King could not change laws · If King refused to obey laws, the vassals诸侯 could resort to civil war · Freedom of trade and self-government to townspeople · Beginning of civil rights · No imprisonment unless convicted by a jury · Life and property protected · First step towards constitutional government · 1216 – 1272 Henry III (John I’s 9 year old son) · At first, controlled by noblemen. Later, he took over the power and ruled in his own way. Like father, like son. · Tried to fight a war against France to regain his family’s lost land but was opposed by the Great Council because he was disobeying the Magna Carta. · In 1264, Simon de Montfort (King’s brother-in-law) fought with the King, defeated his army, and imprisoned the King. · 1265 de Montfort and the Great Council made changes and established the first Parliament (called the All Estates Parliament) · In addition to lords and nobles, 2 knights from each county and two citizens from each town were invited to join the discussions · Later the they split into two groups Lords and Commonerss · 1295 Model Parliament Established · 2 Houses – House of Lords & House of Commons · The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) · Edward III (grandson of Henry III) becomes King at age 15. Claims to be King of France too because he is a Norman. · King launches a series of wars against France to reclaim Norman land. · Richard II (grandson of Edward III) becomes king at age 11. (1377-1399). Makes 15 year peace treaty with France in 1389 and marries King of France’s 7 year old daughter. · By 1453, France had won back their land (with gunpowder) except for city of Calais. · Black Death 1348 – almost ½ population die · Peasant Uprising 1381 – serf system农奴 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 comes to an end · The War of the Roses (1455-1485) · Rival factions of nobles, returning from 100 Year War in France fight for power · House of Lancaster – white rose · House of York – red rose · Many nobles killed · House of Tudor wins · The Tudors (1485-1603) · Capitalism replaces fuedalism · Textile industry · Enclosure Movement圈地运动 – cheap labor · Foreign trade and colonialism grow · Find a faster way to India · Find vacant land to plant new colonies · Fight with Spain and Portugal over New World · The Reformation · Henry VIII (1509-1547) · Marries Catherine of Aragon (1509) · She is his elder brother’s widow · Also a Spanish princess – to maintain ties with Spain · Decides to divorce Catherine · Because she has given him only one child – a daughter (Mary) · Because he loves the 16 year-old Anne Boleyn who is the sister of his mistress · And because Spain is becoming too powerful and he wants to team up with France vs. Spain · The Reformation · Henry VIII (1509-1547) · 1533 - Asks Pope for permission to divorce · Pope is friends with King of Spain (Catherine’s uncle) so Pope refuses. · Henry issues Act of Supremacy至尊法案 · Church of England is independent of Roman Pope · King of England is head of the Church of England · Thus, the Catholic Church in England is reformed into the Church of England · As head of Church of England, Henry gives himself permission to divorce Catherine and marry Anne · The Reformation · Henry VIII (1509-1547) · Marries Anne of Cleves 1540 · Divorces Anne of Cleves after 7 months to marry… · Katherine Howard – she is executed in 1542 for adultery · Marries Catherine Parr (1543) · 1547 Henry Dies · His son – Edward VI rules for 6 years and dies · Mary (1st daughter by Catherine) becomes Queen (1553-1558) and marries the King of Spain · “Bloody Mary” – tries to restore Catholic Church · 1558 Mary dies · Elizabeth (Anne’s daughter) becomes Queen · “Virgin queen” · Seen by many as the “Illegitimate Queen” · King Philip of Spain says Mary Queen of Scots (Mary’s cousin) is real Queen · Sends Spanish Armada西班牙无敌舰队 to attack · Armada destroyed in North Sea (1588) and England becomes master of the seas · 1603 – Elizabeth dies childless and James I from Scotland becomes King joining Scotland and England · The Renaissance (1450-1600) · Europe rediscovers its ancient Greek and Roman culture · Arts and literature flourish · Shakespeare, Chaucer, Milton · Industrial Revolution (1750-1850) · Capitalism grows · Lots of labor · Lots of capital from foreign trade and colonialism · New machines invented to increase production · British Empire (18th-19th Century) · Colonialism expands · American Revolution · Opium wars England has existed as a unified country since the 10th century. · The union between England and Wales, was formalized in 1536 with an Act of Union. · In another Act of Union in 1707, England and Scotland agreed to permanently join as Great Britain. · The union of Great Britain and Ireland was implemented in 1801, with the adoption of the name the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. · The Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921 formalized a partition of Ireland; six northern Irish counties remained part of the United Kingdom as Northern Ireland and the current name of the country, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, was adopted in 1927. 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