比较逻辑 英语辅导讲义

比较逻辑 英语辅导讲义 总原则: 1. 读句子时能反应出是属于何种比较，不同的比较情形有不同的比较重点; 2. 谨记，比较仍然是平行中的一种特殊情形，所以任何成分一般都有其Counter-part在句子 中出现。(特殊情形，一共没几个，后面再议~) 3. 固定搭配还是要记住的:more… than; as…as。这两个固定搭配肯定不能拆。 4. that, those是核心词指代，it, they是完全指代。在用代词的时候，代词的【数】一定是和 前面出现的名词的【数】是相同的。 情形一:一个东西A自身的横向比较 该情形的特点是，主语就是一样东西，它强调的是，这个东西(或人)的不同的两个方 向:比如，该东西更适用于X而不是Y，该人更愿意做X而非Y 该情形下，很少需要关注比较对象是否有助动词补出或省略情况的问题，因为更多的是 介宾结构或其他不涉及谓语动词结构的部分的比较。因此，在这种情形下，更应关注是否比 较对象的Counter-part存在，二者是否相辅相成。(counter-part必须存在～) Q35 According to a panel of health officials, there has been a great deal of confusion in the medical profession about whether obesity is a biological disorder posing serious health risks or a condition more related to appearance than to health. Q38 According to a recent study, the elderly in the United States are four times more likely to give regular financial aid to their children than to receive it from them. Q156 Balding is much more common among White males than among males of other races. Q425 Increases in the cost of energy, turmoil in the international money markets, and the steady erosion of the dollar have altered the investment strategies of United States corporations more radically than those of foreign corporations. Q540 Nowhere in Prakta is the influence of modern European architecture more apparent than in its government buildings. (终于想起来此题特殊在哪了。其倒装的理由是否定词在句首 要倒装，同理适用于In no historical sighting did Halley’s Comet cause such a worldwide sensation as in its return of 1910-1911.) Q562 One reason more young people lose their virginity during the summer than at other times of the year is undoubtedly that school vacations give adolescents more free time. Q588 Psychologists now contend that the way adults think and feel is determined as much by their early childhood peers as by their parents. 综上，这种情形的比较，大部分情况即是前人常说的“状语结构”的比较。但总之，此 种情况基本不用考虑助动词的问题，而更应该去关注Counter-part的存在问题。 情形二:东西A和东西B的横向比较 东西A和东西B的比较有许多情形，列序如下: 1. 主语A和主语B的比较(涉及是否补出助动词的问题) 2. 宾语A和宾语B的比较(一般省略助动词) 3. 宾语A自身修饰成分所引发的比较 4. 事件A和事件B的比较,一般是【句子对句子】，此时要比较的是两句话的核心主谓宾。 四种情形的总原则是:一定要保证比较对象的平行。A和B一定是具有同属性的可比的东西。 1. 主语比较:主语比较原则上是要补出助动词的，但在不引发歧义的时候，可以不补出助 动词。即比较主语，尽量补出谓语，少数情况可省略。【以下两种情况可省略助动词，(但第 2条，还有待进一步验证)。】 1 ?主语比较省略助动词的情形: A) 主系表结构，主谓结构:总之在无宾语的情况下助动词可省略(这点是肯定正确的。) Q42 According to a survey of graduating medical students conducted by the Association of American Medical Colleges, minority graduates are nearly four times as likely as other graduates to plan on practicing in socioeconomically deprived areas. Q71 Aging is a property of all animals that reach a fixed size at maturity, and the variations in life spans among different species are far greater than those among individuals of the same species: a fruit fly is ancient at 40 days, a mouse at 3 years, a horse at 30, a man at 100, and some tortoises at 150. Q261 During the 1980s it became clear that for environmentalists who sought financial aid, it was far more efficient to solicit private funds than to go to state or federal agencies. B) 当后一比较对象主语用that/those指代前一比较对象主语的核心词时，助动词可省略。 Q32 A study commissioned by the Department of Agriculture showed that if calves exercise and associate with other calves, they require less medication and gain weight more quickly than those raised in confinement. 【those指代calves，明确是主语的比较】 Q164 Because natural gas is composed mostly of methane, a simple hydrocarbon, vehicles powered by natural gas emit less of certain pollutants than those burning gasoline or diesel fuel. 【those指代vehicles，所以不会出现those burning…和certain pollutants比较的歧义】 ?主语比较不可省略助动词的情形: Q168 Because the Earth’s crust is more solid there and thus better able to transmit shock waves, an earthquake in the eastern United States will typically devastate an area 100 times greater than will a quake of comparable magnitude occurring in the West. 【后一项比较对象主 语是新名词，故补出助动词】 Q435 Inuits of the Bering Sea were isolated from contact with Europeans longer than were Aleuts or Inuits of the North Pacific and northern Alaska. Q461 Judge Forer recognizes that the American judicial system provides more safeguards for accused persons than does the legal system of any other country, but she believes there is a great disparity between the systems of justice accorded rich and poor. Q492 Los Angeles has a higher number of family dwellings per capita than does any other large city. 2. 宾语比较:宾语比较一般不用补出谓语动词，保证比较对象性质对等即可。 Q250 Domestic automobile manufacturers have invested millions of dollars in research to develop cars even more gasoline-efficient than those at present on the road. Q365 In addition to having more protein than wheat does, rice has protein of higher quality than that in wheat, with more of the amino acids essential to the human diet. 【此题是好题～对比E选项:rice has a protein higher in quality than E选项的错误就在于 than后面是wheat，一个新名词。如果变成wheat has/do，这个比较就正确了。但没有助动 词，有宾语比较之嫌。】 3. 宾语修饰词的比较:此点比较特殊，但因为是修饰词的缘故，所以一般都是名词和名词 的比较，很少见到比较对象出现主谓成分。【有待验证，看题说话】 2 Q177 Bihar is India’s poorest state, with an annual per capita income of $111, lower than that of in the most impoverished countries of the world. Q381 In his eagerness to find a city worthy of Priam, the German archaeologist Schliemann cut through Troy and uncovered a civilization a thousand years more ancient than the city known to Homer’s heroes. 【尤其第二题，a thousand years后面相当于是civilization的修饰成分。既然是修饰成分， 那就直接名词和名词相对称就好了，再补全主谓宾，有喧宾夺主之感。(我说不明白= =，大 家意会~会不明白就再讨论>.<)】 4. 句子和句子的比较(这种情况的出现，比较的 内容 财务内部控制制度的内容财务内部控制制度的内容人员招聘与配置的内容项目成本控制的内容消防安全演练内容 应该是整个句子的句意，是核心主谓宾。) Q384 Holland spends a larger percentage of its gross national product on defending its coasts from rising seas than the United States does on military defense. Q386 In Japan elderly people are treated with far greater respect than they are in most Western countries. , 其实可以改为:Elderly people are treated with far greater respect in Japan than in most Western countries. Q393 In one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War, fought at Sharpsburg, Maryland, on September 17, 1862, four times as many Americans were killed as would later be killed on the beaches of Normandy during D-Day. 【这里有个注意点:as, than有时在连接时可以顺带起代 词作用，代指了比较对象主语】 Q428 Inflation has made many Americans reevaluate their assumptions about the future; they still expect to live better than their parents did, but not so well as they once thought they could. 情形三:纵向比较 东西A自身在时间纵轴上的比较:因为涉及时间纵轴的时候，往往要涉及到变化助动词，所 以并不能简单的状语比较，而应该补出整个句子，体现出助动词时态不同的变化。 Q10 A large rise in the number of housing starts in the coming year should boost new construction dollars by several billion dollars, making the construction industry’s economic health much more robust than it was five years ago. Q299 Florida will gain another quarter-million jobs this year alone, many of them in such high-paying fields as electronics and banking, making the state’s economy far more diversified than it was ten years ago. 【而且这两题，在涉及时间纵轴变化的时候，前面并没有 counter-part，这也就造成要补出整个句子。所以一个东西古今的比较，应特别对待~】 情形四 特殊用法 特殊用法有几种吧，一一列举。 1. than usual/ ever before/ previously expected/previously estimated/ anticipated…等 ,注意:这些词和情形三不一样~这里的词都不是具体的时间 这些词，并不 要求 对教师党员的评价套管和固井爆破片与爆破装置仓库管理基本要求三甲医院都需要复审吗 比较对象前后的平行，并不需要第一个比较对象出现状语。 Q113 Analysts blamed May’s sluggish retail sales on unexciting merchandise as well as the weather, which was colder and wetter than usual in some regions, slowing sales of barbecue grills and lawn furniture. Q531 New techniques in thermal-scanning photography, a process that records radiation from surface areas, have made it possible to study in greater detail than ever before the effects of calefaction, or warming, of a river. 【这题更特别，它用到了长定语要后置更舒服的原则= = 3 真烦人】 2. 对于numbers dollars, gallons这样的词 ?以number为例，当number只是为了表达其自身所代表的数字，比如1000，比某个数字 少时，用few等修饰可数的词，而不用less。? PREP2 Q195 Q195 When drive-ins were at the height of their popularity in the late 1950s, some 4,000 existed in the United States, but today there are less than one-quarter that many. A. there are less than one-quarter that many B. there are fewer than one-quarter as many C. there are fewer than one-quarter of that amount D. the number is less than one-quarter the amount E. it is less than one-quarter of that amount 这道题D错在，less上，因为这里number就是用于表示【数字】，而并不是【数字下蕴含 的amount/size】等信息。 ?但是，当numbers, dollars, gallons这样的词，是去为了表示【该词数字下蕴含的amount/size】 的时候，要用less等不可数的词修饰，不能用few The gyrfalcon, an Arctic bird of prey, has survived a close brush with extinction; its numbers are now five times greater than when the use of DDT was sharply restricted in the early 1970's. . (A) a) extinction; its numbers are now five times greater than b) extinction; its numbers are now five times more than c) extinction, their numbers now fivefold what they were d) extinction, now with fivefold the numbers they had e) extinction, now with numbers five times greater than ?对于纯数字信息的处理，一般直接用less而不用few。 937.With a total population of less than two hundred and fewer breeding females than ever before, the American crocodile seemed a decade ago to be in danger of disappearing. (A) of less than two hundred and fewer (B) lower than two hundred and less (C) lesser than two hundred and fewer (D) fewer than two hundred and less (E) of fewer than two hundred and of fewer 所以，当直接面对纯数字信息时，默认其是在暗指【蕴含在其下的amount/size】，用less修 饰。 3. twice和double。这个我就不写在这了~ twice即代表了four times等一系列的词，在大 全里Q22 就是考的four times的用法 版主大人的帖子~ 以及在daisy帮助下，我的一个表述不是很清楚的帖子T T 4 4. 其他情形 ?number, figure, amount是可以平行的，而且出现这些词时是一定要平行的。 Q613 Sales of United States manufactured goods to non-industrialized countries rose to $167 billion in 1992, which is 14 percent more than the previous year and largely offsets weak demand from Europe and Japan. (E) (A) which is 14 percent more than the previous year (B) which is 14 percent higher than it was the previous year (C) 14 percent higher than the previous year’s figure (D) an amount that is 14 percent more than the previous year was (E) an amount that is 14 percent higher than the previous year’s figure PREP According to surveys by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, about 20 percent of young adults used cocaine in 1979, doubling those reported in the 1977 survey. (E) (A) doubling those reported in the 1977 survey (B) to double the number the 1977 survey reported (C) twice those the 1977 survey reported (D) twice as much as those reported in the 1977 survey (E) twice the number reported in the 1977 survey PREP 218 Only seven people this century have been killed by the great white shark, the man-eater of the movies—less than those killed by bee stings. (B) A. movies—less than those B. movies—fewer than have been C. movies, which is less than those D. movies, a number lower than the people E. movies, fewer than the ones 这道题，D错是因为前面没有与number可以对位的名词。而B对，是因为than可以既做连 词，又做主语代词。 ?有时，比较句可以放在句尾，以省略形式表现出来。【类似twice the number的那种用法】 652.Since the movie was released seventeen UFOs have been sighted in the state, which is more than had been sighted in the past ten years together. (B) (A) which is more than had been sighted (B) more than had been sighted (C) more than they had sighted (D) more than had reported sightings (E) which is more than had reported sightings 5