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Resistive Products
What is a ResistoR?
The resistor is the most common and well-known of the passive electrical components.
A resistor resists or limits the flow of electric current in a circuit. There are many uses for
resistors: they are used to drop voltage, limit current, attenuate signals, act as heaters,
act as fuses, furnish electrical loads and divide voltages.
intRoduction
This Resistors 101 provides an overview of the resistor types and common terminology,
before going on to show a summary of resistor products and the various technologies.
Resistor symbol (US and Japan) Resistor symbol (Europe)
ThiS doCUmENT iS SUbJECT To ChANgE WiThoUT NoTiCE. ThE PRodUCTS dESCRibEd hEREiN ANd ThiS doCUmENT ARE SUbJECT To
SPECiFiC diSCLAimERS, SET FoRTh AT www.vishay.com/doc?91000
ResistoRs 101
IN
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V i S h Ay i N T E R T E C h N o Lo gy, i N C .
VmN-Sg2113-12051/8iNSTRUCTioNAL gUidE
Discrete Semiconductors and Passive Components
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特许专业代理商
WESTPAC ELECTRONICS LIMITED
威柏电子
香港威柏电子(Westpac Electronics)创办於 1992年,为日本富士电机(FUJI ELECTRIC)半导体
器件之中国及香港地区专业代理。主要产品为 FUJI 富士电源 IC,FUJI 富士 MOSFET,FUJI
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FUJI ELECTRIC富士电机简介:
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香港威柏电子(Westpac Electronics)于 1996年成为 BC components(后被 VISHAY收购)分
立元件授权分销商;威柏电子于 2005年正式成为 VISHAY国内汽车全线电子元器件代理及
各电子行业之分立元件代理;
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等。作为富士电机半导体器件国内最大的代理商,威柏电子完善的销售网络、丰富的市场经
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进中国电力电子行业的飞速发展。
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特许专业代理商
WESTPAC ELECTRONICS LIMITED
威柏电子
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Resistive Products
What is ohm’s Law?
• ohm’s law is a simple equation that shows the relationship between resistance, voltage and current through a metal
wire, or some other type of resistive material. in mathematical terms, ohm’s law is written as:
I = V/R
where I is the current (amps), V is the voltage, and R is the resistance.
• ohm’s law can also show the relationship between resistance, voltage and power using the following equation:
P = V2/R
where P is the power (watts), V is the voltage, and R is the resistance.
types of Resistors
Fixed Resistors
A fixed resistor is one in which the value of its resistance cannot change.
Variable Resistors
A variable resistor is a resistor whose value can be adjusted by turning a shaft or sliding a control. They are also called
potentiometers or rheostats and allow the resistance of the device to be altered by hand.
non-Linear Resistors
A non-linear resistor is a resistor that has resistances that vary significantly with applied voltage, temperature or light.
Types of non-linear resistors are varistors, thermistors and photoresistors.
P = Watts
Watts =
Watts = Amperes² x ohms
Watts = Volts x Amperes
V = Volts
Volts = Watts x ohms
Volts =
Volts = Amperes x ohms
R = ohms
ohms =
ohms =
ohms =
i = amperes
Amperes =
Amperes =
Amperes =
Volts²
ohms
Watts
Amperes
Volts2
Watts
Volts
Amperes
Watts
Amperes2
Volts
ohms
Watts
Volts
Watts
ohms√
√
V•I
I²•R
I•R
V²/R
V²/P
P/I²
√P/R
P/I
V/I
P/V
P I
V R√P•R
V/R
Watts Amps
Volts Ohms
ThiS doCUmENT iS SUbJECT To ChANgE WiThoUT NoTiCE. ThE PRodUCTS dESCRibEd hEREiN ANd ThiS doCUmENT ARE SUbJECT To
SPECiFiC diSCLAimERS, SET FoRTh AT www.vishay.com/doc?91000
VmN-Sg2113-12052/8iNSTRUCTioNAL gUidE
ResistoRs 101
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Resistive Products
common Resistor terminology
critical Resistance Value
The maximum nominal resistance value at which the rated power can be loaded without exceeding the maximum working
voltage. The rated voltage is equal to the maximum working voltage in the critical resistance value.
derating curve
The curve that expresses the relation between the ambient temperature and the maximum value of continuously loadable
power at its temperature, which is generally expressed as a percentage.
dielectric Withstanding Voltage
The rated voltage that can be applied to a designated point between the resistive element and the outer coating, or the
resistive element and the mounting surface, without causing dielectric breakdown.
Maximum overload Voltage
The maximum value of voltage capable of being applied to resistors for a short period of time in the overload test.
Typically the applied voltage in the short time overload test is 2.5 times larger than the rated voltage. however, it should
not exceed the maximum overload voltage.
Maximum Working Voltage (or Maximum Limiting element Voltage)
The maximum value of dC voltage or AC voltage (rms) capable of being applied continuously to resistors or element.
however, the maximum value of the applicable voltage is the rated voltage at the critical resistance value or lower.
noise
Noise is an unwanted AC signal from within the resistor. Resistive noise can have a devastating effect on low-level
signals, charge amplifiers, high gain amplifiers, and other applications sensitive to noise. The best approach is to use
resistor types with low or minimal noise in applications that are sensitive to noise.
Power Rating
Power ratings are based on physical size, allowable change in resistance over life, thermal conductivity of materials,
insulating and resistive materials, and ambient operating conditions. For best results, employ the largest physical size
resistors at less than their maximum rated temperature and power.
Rated ambient temperature
The maximum ambient temperature at which resistors are capable of being used continuously with the prescribed rated
power. The rated ambient temperature refers to the temperature around the resistors inside the equipment, not to the air
temperature outside the equipment.
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VmN-Sg2113-12053/8iNSTRUCTioNAL gUidE
ResistoRs 101
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Resistive Products
common Resistor terminology
Rated Power
The maximum amount of power that can be continuously loaded to a resistor at a rated ambient temperature. Network
and array products have both rated power per package as well as per element.
Rated Voltage
The maximum value of dC voltage or AC voltage (rms) capable of being applied continuously to resistors at the rated
ambient temperature.
Reliability
Reliability is the probability that a resistor (or any other device) will perform its desired function. There are two ways of
defining reliability. one is mean Time between Failures (mTbF) and the other is Failure Rate per 1000 hours of operation.
both of these means of evaluating reliability must be determined with a specific group of tests and a definition of what
is the end of life for a device, such as a maximum change in resistance or a catastrophic failure (short or open). Various
statistical studies are used to arrive at these failure rates and large samples are tested at the maximum rated temperature
with rated load for up to 10 000 hours (24 hours per day for approximately 13 months). Reliability is generally higher at
lower power levels.
Resistor tolerance
Resistor tolerance is expressed as the deviations from nominal value in percent and is typically measured at 25 °C.
A resistor’s value will also change with applied voltage (VCR) and temperature (TCR). For networks, absolute resistor
tolerance refers to the overall tolerance of the network. Ratio tolerance refers to the relationship of each resistor to the
others in the package.
stability
Stability is the change in resistance with time at a specific load, humidity level, stress, or ambient temperature. When
these stresses are minimized, the better the stability.
temperature coefficient of Resistance (tcR also known as Rtc)
TCR is expressed as the change in resistance in ppm (0.0001 %) with each degree Celsius of change in temperature.
TCR is typically referenced at + 25 ˚C and changes as the temperature increases (or decreases). A resistor with a TCR of
100 ppm/°C will change 0.1 % over a 10 °C change and 1 % over a 100 °C change. in the context of a resistor network,
the TCR value is called the absolute TCR in that it defines the TCR of a specific resistor element. The term TCR tracking
refers to the difference in TCR between each specific resistor in a network.
temperature Rating
Temperature rating is the maximum allowable temperature at which the resistor may be used. it is generally defined with
two temperatures. For example, a resistor may be rated at full load up to + 70 °C derated to no load at + 125 °C. This
means that with certain allowable changes in resistance over the life of the resistor, it may be operated at + 70 °C at rated
power. it also may be operated with temperatures in excess of + 70 °C if the load is reduced, but in no case should the
temperature exceed the design temperature of + 125 ˚C with a combination of ambient temperature and self-heating due
to the applied load.
Voltage coefficient of Resistance (VcR)
The voltage coefficient is the change in resistance with applied voltage. This is entirely different and in addition to the
effects of self-heating when power is applied. A resistor with a VCR of 100 ppm/V will change 0.1 % over a 10 V change
and 1 % over a 100 V change. in the context of a resistor network, this VCR value is called the absolute VCR in that
it defines the VCR of a specific resistor element. The term VCR tracking refers to the difference in VCR between each
specific resistor in a network.
ThiS doCUmENT iS SUbJECT To ChANgE WiThoUT NoTiCE. ThE PRodUCTS dESCRibEd hEREiN ANd ThiS doCUmENT ARE SUbJECT To
SPECiFiC diSCLAimERS, SET FoRTh AT www.vishay.com/doc?91000
VmN-Sg2113-12054/8iNSTRUCTioNAL gUidE
ResistoRs 101
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Product overview
surface Mount / substrates / Wirebondable Resistors
technology * examples of Vishay Models
Resistance
Range
Best tolerance
(%)
Best tcR
(ppm/°c) strengths
thick Film (chips) RCWP,
RCWPm,
RC, CRhV, m,
CRmV
0.1 Ω to 50 gΩ ± 1 ± 100
• General purpose
• Wide resistance range
• Performance at
high frequency
thick Film (networks)
dFP, dFm,
SomC, SogC,
CZA
10 Ω to 1 mΩ ± 1 ± 100 • General purpose
thin Film (chips) E/h, P-NS,
PTN, FC,
L-NS, PAT,
PLT, PLTT,
PNm
0.03 Ω to 3 mΩ ± 0.01 ± 5
• Stability
• Performance at
high frequency
• High density
thin Film (networks) oRN, NomC,
TomC, oSoP,
mPm, mP,
mPd, mPh,
PR, LCC,
FP200, VR,
VTSR, VSSR,
VSoR
10 Ω to 1.5 mΩ ± 0.02 ± 5
• Stability
• Performance at
high frequency
• High density
• Tight ratio tolerances
• Tight TCR tracking
• Integrated
construction
thin Film (Wirebondable)
SFm, bCR,
CTR
0.1 Ω to 25 mΩ ± 0.05 ± 10 • Small footprint
thin Film (substrates)
SPF, PSS, iNT 0.1 Ω to 2 mΩ ± 0.05 ± 10
• Low noise
• Better tracking
Wirewound
WSC, WSN,
WSZ
0.1 Ω to 15 kΩ ± 0.1 ± 20
• High power ratings
• Performance in harsh
environments
Metal Film
WSF, PSF 5 Ω to 100 kΩ ± 0.01 ± 5
• Stability
• Performance at
high frequency
Power Metal strip® WSL, WSR,
WSK, WSh,
WSLP, WSLT,
WSLS, WSbS,
WSmS
0.00005 Ω
to 1 Ω
± 0.1 ± 30
• Current sensing
• Ultra low values
* Resistor technology also offered by other divisions of Vishay
ThiS doCUmENT iS SUbJECT To ChANgE WiThoUT NoTiCE. ThE PRodUCTS dESCRibEd hEREiN ANd ThiS doCUmENT ARE SUbJECT To
SPECiFiC diSCLAimERS, SET FoRTh AT www.vishay.com/doc?91000
VmN-Sg2113-12055/8iNSTRUCTioNAL gUidE
ResistoRs 101
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Product overview
axial Leaded / through-hole Resistors
technology * examples of Vishay Models
Resistance
Range
Best
tolerance
(%)
Best tcR
(ppm/°c) strengths
Metal Film
CmF, PTF, CCF,
ERL, ERC,
gSR, hdN
0.1 Ω to 50 mΩ ± 0.01 ± 5
• General purpose
• Wide resistance range
• Good high frequency
characteristics
high Voltage, high
Pulse Films
CPF, FP, hVW,
mVW, TR, Td, FhV
0.1 Ω to 3 TΩ ± 0.1 ± 25
• Pulse resistant
• Flameproof
• Good high frequency
characteristics
• High power
Metal oxide
RoX, RNX, RJU 100 Ω to 3 gΩ ± 0.5 ± 50
• High voltage
• High resistance values
carbon Film
g, d, b, T, SPW 50 Ω to 500 mΩ ± 5 > ± 250
• High power
• High wattages
• High resistance values
thick Film (networks)
CSC, mSP, mSm,
mdP, mdm, TxxS,
T14L, T16L
10 Ω to 2.2 mΩ ± 1 ± 100
• General purpose
• Wide resistance range
• High frequency
thin Film (networks)
TSP, VTF, TdP, CS,
hVPS, hd,
100-267, 100-268
20 Ω to 10 mΩ ± 0.01 ± 5
• Low noise
• Stability
• High frequency
• Tight ratio tolerances
• Tight TCR tracking
Wirewound
RW, RWR, g, RS,
CW, CP, CA, CPR,
CPL, CPCx, mR,
mRA
0.01 Ω to 6 mΩ ± 0.005 ± 2
• Wide power ranges
• Wide resistance range
• Excellent overload
capabilities
Wirewound (tubular)
hL, hLW, hLZ,
FxE, FxT, AxE, AxT,
Cmx, Fx
0.05 Ω to 645 kΩ ± 5 ± 30
• Wide power ranges
• Wide resistance range
• Excellent overload
capabilities
Wirewound (housed)
Rh, RE, RER 0.01 Ω to 273 kΩ ± 0.05 ± 20
• Wide power ranges
• Wide resistance range
• Excellent overload
capabilities
Metal element
LVR, SR,
SPU open,
SPU molded
0.001 Ω to 0.8 Ω ± 0.1 ± 30
• Wide power ranges
• Excellent overload
capabilities
• Low ohmic values
* Resistor technology also offered by other divisions of Vishay
ThiS doCUmENT iS SUbJECT To ChANgE WiThoUT NoTiCE. ThE PRodUCTS dESCRibEd hEREiN ANd ThiS doCUmENT ARE SUbJECT To
SPECiFiC diSCLAimERS, SET FoRTh AT www.vishay.com/doc?91000
VmN-Sg2113-12056/8iNSTRUCTioNAL gUidE
ResistoRs 101
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Technologies
Fixed Resistor technologies
Wirewound (surface-Mount / Leaded)
A type of resistor made from winding a metal wire, such as nichrome, on an insulating form,
such as a ceramic, plastic, or fiberglass core.
Power Metal strip® / Metal element (surface-Mount / Leaded)
A type of resistor constructed using a solid metal alloy, such as nichrome or manganese-
copper, as the resistive element, which is then welded to copper terminals. Used in current
sense and shunt applications.
Film (surface-Mount / Leaded)
Metal Film (Leaded/MeLF)
A type of cylindrical resistors made by depositing a resistive element made of a thin conducting
film of a metal or metal alloy, such as nichrome, onto a cylindrical ceramic or glass core. The
resistance is controlled by cutting a helical groove through the conducting film.
Metal oxide (Leaded)
A type of cylindrical resistor that uses materials such as ruthenium oxide or tin oxide as the resistive
element. These resistors can be excellent high-voltage or high-power devices.
thick Film (chip Resistors/chip arrays/networks)
Specially built surface-mount film resistor that carries high power for the part size.
For thick film resistors, the ruthenium oxide “film” is applied using traditional screen-printing
technology.
thin Film (chip Resistors/chip arrays/networks)
A type of surface-mount film resistor with a relatively thin resistive element, measured in
angstroms (millionths of an inch). Thin film resistors are made by sputtering (also known as
vacuum deposition) a resistive material, such as nichrome or tantalum nitride, onto the surface of a
substrate.
carbon Film (Leaded/MeLF)
A general class description for cylindrical resistors made by depositing a carbon film on the surface of a center
core insulator.
Metal Foil (surface Mount/Leaded)
A type of resistor made from photo fabricating a homogeneous metal in a specific pattern onto a ceramic substrate.
The uni