2009年新目标初中英语语法讲稿

Grammar-Band Two 先讲一些句子让学生感受句子的结构：看 材料 关于××同志的政审材料调查表环保先进个人材料国家普通话测试材料农民专业合作社注销四查四问剖析材料 ，读每一个句子，然后叫学生翻译句子并说出句子结构，最后随便说出一个句子的汉语意思，叫学生翻译句子。 再讲不同词性的单词可以在句子里的时态和成分 1> 1. Three plus four is (equals) seven. 主语 2. Marry has been working at the dress store since 1994. 谓语 3. The story of my life may be of help to others. 表语 4. She covered her face with her hands. 宾语 5. Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here. 定语 6. There is no such a word in English so far as I know. 状语 7. I should advise you not to miss the chance. 宾语补足语 8. She was elected director of public relations. 主语补足语 2> 1. The weather is getting quite warm. 正在进行时 2. They have been singing and dancing for two hours. 现在完成进行时 3. The teacher corrected her poor pronunciation more than once. 一般过去时 4. Can you spare me a few minutes of your valuable time? 一般现在时 5. The board of directors elected Charles president of the university. 一般过去时 3> 1. They had no way to communicate with Paul. 陈述句 2. Can you guess who will disagree with this statement? 一般疑问句 3. Why does the moon look much bigger than any other star except the sun? 特殊疑问句 4. Does your sister work in the wholesale department or in the retail? 疑问句 5. You haven’t seen Mary up to now, have you? 选择疑问句 6. Let us look at the other side of the problem. 祈使句 7. What a pity it is to lose the game again! 感叹句 8. How lucky I am to be invited to the party! 感叹句 <1> Noun 1. China, Jim, Ye Jianming, the Great Wall, No.1Middle School, Lesson one, The United States of America 专有名词： 比如说看下面这一行……… 强调：专有名词的第一个字母要大写。 2. body, school, class, water, tea, news, room, box, traffic, building, machine, medicine, maths, teacher, man, 普通名词： 分四种：个体名词 1） 集体名词 2） 物质名词 3） 抽象名词 4） 1) dog, girl, car, teacher, student, book, window, day 2) class, team, people, family, group 3) water, tea, milk, coffee, clothing, wheat, meat, steel, gold 4) secret, news, work, love, health, friendship 3. 名词的数： 1) book –books [s] day – days dog – dogs tree – trees [z] 一般情况，直接加“S”，且在清辅音后读[S]，在浊辅音后读[Z]。 特殊情况： 2) s, sh, ch, x [iz ] glasses watches boxes brushes 在“s、sh、ch、x”后加“es”，读作[iz] 3) o [z ] tomatoes potatoes / photos radios zoos 以o结尾的词，一般以辅音字母加o结尾的加-es，以元音字母加o结尾的加-s，但是有特殊的辅音字母加o结尾的加-s。 4) f ,fe [vz ] knives leaves lives thieves 以“f、fe”结尾的单词，应先变“f、fe”为“V”，再加“es”，读作[VZ] 5) y [iz ] stories cities families babies / boys toys keys days 以“y”结尾的单词，如“y”的前一个字母是辅音字母，则应先变“y”为“i”，再加“es”，读作[iz]；如“y”的前一个字母是元音字母，则直接加“S”，读作[Z]。 6) men women teeth feet 不规则的变化： man---men woman---women tooth---teeth foot---feet policeman---policemen policewoman---policewomen 7) deer Chinese sheep Japanese 本身是单数形式的单词，单数、复数同形的特殊单词后不加“s或es” 8) physics maths politics news 本身是复数形式的单词，后不加“s或es” physics maths politics news 9) people police public 集体名词，其后也不加“s或es” 10) stomachs epochs Czechs “ch”在发[K]的音时，其后加“S”，在发[K]以外的其他音时，后加“es”。 lookers-on passers-by sons-in-law名词和其它词性组成的复合名词，变单数为复数时，直接把名词变为复数即可，但仍遵循以上原则。 good - for - nothings go -betweens forget-me-nots grow-ups其他词性的词和名 词组成的复合名词，变单数为复数时，也是直接把名词变为复数即可，也遵循以上原则。 men-servants women teachers gentlemen farmers两个名词组成的复合名词，变单数为复数时，两个名词都要变为复数，也遵循以上原则。 特殊 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 写： f’s表示某单词中连续重复了几个“f”，可简写为“数字+f’s” Eg: office There are 2f’s in the office. VIPs 表示会员的缩写。 pp8~10 表示从8页到10页，“P”是“page”的缩写。 Nos. 表示数字。 PCs 表示私人电脑 personal computer 11) 大多不可数名词无复数形式，但某些不可数名词表示种类时，就有复数形式。如：teas fruits fishes waters 大多抽象名词也无复数形式，但少数抽象名词也有复数形式。如：jobs hopes 4. 名词的格 1) 一般情况，直接在有生命的名词后加“’s”。如：cow’s parents’ Marx’s Children’s Palace 2) 无生命的名词，可用“of”连接，使无生命的名词变为有生命的名词。如：the leg of a table the name of the ship the end of the week the use of atomic bomb 特殊： 3) 在时间或国家这些名词后加“’s”，再加一个名词，也可使无生命的名词变有生命的名词，如：an hour’s ride three weeks’ holiday China’s future today’s newspaper 在地名这些名词后加“’s”，再加一个名词，也可使无生命的名词变有生命的名词，如：Guilin’s hill the school’s history 4) a friend of my brother’s (a any some no few several two three ) / one of my brother’s friends 不同表达，相同意思，都强调众多中的一个。 5) 在讲某某人是做某项工作时，要具体到人的名字，不能只说工作名称。如：That’s a play of Guo Moruo’s ~That’s a play of a writer’s. (x) 6) 强调众多中的一个，要在名词后加“’s”，如：He is a friend of my father’s. /This is a picture of my brother’s. 强调众多，名词后不加“’s”，如： This is a picture of my brother. / He is a friend of my father. 5. 名词的成分。 1) The little girl is about six years old. 主语 2) His father is a worker. 表语 3) She borrow a book from the library. 宾语 4) It’s a colour movie. (paper tiger, fire brigade, time table, feature film, power plant, apple pie, orange juice, weather forecast ) 定语（名词充当了形容词的作用。） 5) The car runs 40 kilometres an hour. / The book costs 21 dollars. / The match lasted a week. 状语，状语，状语 6) Mr. Wang, our English teacher is very much knowledgeable. 主语同位语 <2> Pronoun （代词） 1. 指示代词：this, that , these, those 1. This is a desk and that is a table. 主语 2. At that time we were very busy with our lesson. These are American cars and those are English cars. 定语，主语，主语 3. You must do like this:… That’s why Remember these during those days 启下，承上，启下，承上，定语 4. The weather in Wuhan is much colder than that in Guanzhou in winter. 代“the weather” 2. the + same / the same … as These two books look the same. 表语 Although you did not help me, thank you all the same. 状语 The two boys were born on the same day. 定语 Every day she does the same things: 定语 cooking, washing …. She has the same book as you (have). 定语 They have made the same mistakes as we have.定语 3. such + a, such … that …, such as …, 1) We have never met such a difficult problem. 定语 Such is our plan for the coming holiday. 主语 I have such good teachers that I can be proud of them. 定语 2) 1. He has many books such as English book, Chinese books and Japanese books. He is such a person as I spoke of. 比如，这样 2. I have three such books. All such problems must be solved at once. ( no ~, all~, these ~ those ~ ) 奇数词/no/all/these/those+such 3. There is such a good person here. ~ There is no such good person here. / Such is the fact. ~ Such are the facts.such后面的系动词的数与后面紧跟的名词的数一致。 人称代词： 4. I my me mine myself, you your you yours yourself, He his him his himself, she her her hers herself, it its it itself, we our us ours ourselves, you your you yours yourselves, they their them theirs themselves, 1) I you he she it we you they（主格） 1. I like basketball. / I have a lovely cat. She is my favourite. ~ The elephant is proud of himself because he has a big body./ A ship is coming to us. She is very big and beautiful.(ship, motherland, land, moon )主语 2.You, he/ she and I will be sent there by air. We, you and they all enjoy music./ Who broke the door? I and Mike did. / It is she that told me about it.作主语表示礼貌时：单数时的人称顺序：二、三、一；复数时的人称顺序：一、二、三。作主语时表示承担 责任 安全质量包保责任状安全管理目标责任状8安全事故责任追究制幼儿园安全责任状占有损害赔偿请求权 时：人称顺序是：一、二、三。It is （……）that（……）此句型是固定句式，强调括号里的成分。 2) me you him her it us you them（宾格） 1. Mr. Liu teaches her English.动宾 2. Today I’ll have to look after her./ There is a chair between you and me./ It is impossible for me to finish the work within a day. 介宾、介宾、介宾 3. Who’s knocking at the door? It’s me. Who broke the glass. It’s her. 表语，表语 3) it（主格、宾格） 1. Look at the poor little child, it has just fallen down. 指代不名性别的人。 2. It is necessary to by that dictionary. / I consider it important to ask the teacher.形式主语，形式宾语。 3. Hello, it is Jackson. 打电话中用，打电话时不能用“I,my”等。 4. It is five o’clock. / It is fine today. 指代时间、天气、距离等。 5. It is Mary who is a nurse. / It was a book that I received yesterday.强调句，it放句首，无实际意义。It is （……）that……，强调括号中的内容。 4) my your his her its our you’re their（形容词性物主代词） Our teacher is coming to see us. This is her pencil-box, and that is your pencil-box.作定语。 5) mine, yours his hers its ours yours theirs （名词性物主代词） 1. Our school is big, and theirs is small./ Is this English book yours? No, mine is in my bag. 主语，主语 2. Whose radio is this? It’s hers. Is that car yours? Yes , it’s mine. 表语，表语 3. You need not clean my room because my room / mine is clean. Please, clean yours. 宾语 4. He is very good friend of mine. That san of hers This painting of hers is painted. 介词宾语 6) myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves（反身代词） 1. We really enjoyed ourselves at the party last week. / She teaches herself English when she is free. Enjoy oneself （宾语） 2. I myself did it. / You heard the news yourself. 同位语，同位语 3. He is ill, but he’ll be himself again soon./ I don’t know what’s wrong with me. I’m not myself today.表示身体好坏（表语，表语） 1. get up, sit down, stand up, wake up (x) (x)表示后面不能跟反身代词。 2. Help yourself! “自便” Make yourself at home. “别客气” make yourself + 动词-ed：使自己被………… help yourself + to sth. 请自己做某事 Mr. Li, please speak louder so that you can make yourself heard./ Boys and girls help yourself to some apples .3. by oneself, 独自的、单独的 of oneself 自动的 Although she has ten children, she lives by herself. / Suddenly the door opened of itself and out came an old woman. 3. among themselves, between ourselves among 表示三者之间 between表示两者之间 1. Did you do your homework by yourself. 2. The ice disappeared of itself. The ice disappeared of itself. 3. They quarreled among themselves. 4. Between ourselves, I think he is dishonest. 5. I’m still my old self. 7) all each every both either neither one none little few many much other another some any no （不定代词） 1. all 1. All of us are interested in English. 主语（人）+复数 All is going well.主语（物）+单数 2. We want all of you to help us宾语 . He told me all about it.宾语（直接） 3. That’s all. 表语（物） Is that all you can help me?表语（物） 4. All the apples in that box go bad.定语 5. We all agree to spend the winter holiday in Guilin. 主语同位语 I know you all. 宾语同位语 6. He felt all excited at the news. 状语 7. 1）All of us are not students. Only one is. / Not all of us are students. There is a teacher.“all”后加“not”是部分否定。 2）All the students / All of the students have passed the examination. “all”后加“of”可省略。 3）They all know the answer. ~They are all women. 同位语。位置：放在实意动词之前或助动词、情态动词之后 They have all finished their homework. ~ You can all come to see me again next Monday.表语。位置：放在系动词之后。 4）you all, them all, us all all放在宾格之后作同位语。如下： I’ll have to think them all again. Happy New Year to you all. You need not introduce us to her, for she knows us all. 2. none （all的反义词，“一个也不”） 1) 1. Are there any maps on the wall? None. 主语 2. We none of us said anything. 同位语 3. I like none of these books. 宾语 2) 1. None of these pictures are / is good. None of后跟可数名词的复数，后面的谓语用单/复数均可。 2. None of them like it. 强调全部，后面谓语用复数。 3. None of us has got a car. 强调个体，后面谓语用单数。 4. That’s none of your business. (none of = not) “与你无关”。（none of=not） 5. A friend to all is a friend to none. “滥交者无友” 6. All of them are here. 全肯定 None of them are /is here.全否定 All of them are not here.部分否定=Not all of them are here. 3. each every 1)each 1. Each student has got a new pen./ Every student has got a new pen. 作定语，当each作定语时，就可以和every互换。 2. Each of us has a bike. 主语，（强调个体，谓语动词用单数）不能和every互换。 3. We each have a new schoolbag now. 同位语（主语是We）We each have=Each of us has 不能和every互换。 4. He gave two to each of them.宾语，不能和every互换。 2) every 1.He comes here every other day. every other day 意思是“每两天/每隔一天” 2. She comes to see me every three days. every three days 意思是“每三天/每隔两天”=“every third day” 3. The Olympic Games are held every fourth year. every fourth year 意思是“每四年/每隔三年”=“every four years” 4. both either neither 1) both / both …and… 1. Both of us are doctors. 主语 2. Which book would you like to buy, the English book or the Chinese book? I’ll buy both. 宾语 3. You both go to school right now./ They can both stay here until next week./You are both wrong. 同位语、同位语、同位语 4. Both the students are American. Both you and he are right. 主语、主语 5. Both of them come from Japan. Neither of them comes from Japan. 主语，主语：Neither作主语，谓语用单数；Either作主语，谓语用复数。 6. Both of them don’t come from Japan. Both of us are not right. 部分否定 2) either 1. Would you like a cup of tea or a glass of water? Either will do. 主语 2. There are many trees on either side of the river. 定语 3. Either of them can finish the work today. 主语 4. She is a good girl, and she is a good girl, too./ She isn’t a good girl, and she isn’t a good girl, either. Too用于肯定句中， either用于否定句中。 3) neither / neither…nor… 1. Neither of the students is fifteen. 主语（谓语用单数） 2. Do you know Jack and tom? No, I know neither of them. 宾语 3. What about the two books? Neither book is interesting. 定语（后面的名词和谓语只能用单数） 4. Neither you nor she speaks Japanese. neither…nor…（既不……也不……）后面谓语就近原则 4） one one’s oneself 1. One should always be strict with oneself. 指代人“be strict with”表“对某人严格要求” 2. One should know one’s work. 指代人 5) One/ones 1. Which do you like better, the red one or the yellow one? 指代事物 2. He doesn’t like red shirts. He likes white ones. 指代事物 5. Little a little few a few Little和 few都是“几乎不”，不过Little后加不可数单数，few后加可数复数，均表否定。a little和 a few都是“一点”，不过a little后加不可数单数，a few后加可数复数，均表肯定。 1. Can you speak English? Yes, I can speak a little./ There is little left. 宾语，主语 left意思是“剩下” 2. I have a few books but I have few notebooks. “一点”、“几乎没有” 1) only a few ~ very few / only a little ~ very little only a few表否定= very few only a little表否定= very little 1. He can speak only a little Chinese. 2. She has only a few clothes. 2) a little ~ a bit / not a little (very) ｘ not a bit (not at all ) a little= a bit表是“一点” not a little =very表示“非常” not a bit =not at all表示“根本不，一点也不” 1. It is a little/a bit cold today. 2. I am not feeling a bit tired. 3. They are not a little angry. 6. many much 1) Many people are over there now. Many expressed themselves at the meeting. 定语，主语 2) There is much to talk about. Much time has been wasted that way. 主语，定语 3) a lot of = lots of =many 或much a lot of = lots of均可加可数和不可数名词，many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词。 1. We have got a lot of new books. 2. They haven’t built many houses here. 3. There is not much milk in the bottle. 4) little less least / few fewer fewest / many much more most less和 fewer表示更少，least 和 fewest表示最少。 5) many a +n= many +n many a +名词的单数 many +名词的复数 Many a boy came here a minute ago. ~ Many boys came here a minute ago. 7. other another 1) other / the ~ the定指proposal.，特指 1. The seat is free, the other seat is taken. The other+名词单数 2. These books are hers, and the other ones are mine. The other+名词复数 3. She always thinks of other people and never thinks of herself. Other+名词复数 2) another / the x the x意思是在another前面不能加“the ” 1. Would you like another cup? Another+名词单数 2. Please give me another umbrella. Another+名词单数 3. We need another few days before I finish this book. Another后有few或奇数词时，后面的名词用复数 4. We need another ten chairs. Another后有few或奇数词时，后面的名词用复数 3) one … another …the third…the forth…用于两者以上的人，事物。表示“第一……第二……第三……第四……” 4) one …the other…用于两者之间的人，事物。表示“一个……另一个……”如下： She has two sons. One is a worker, the other is a farmer. 8. no ~ not any, not a/an 1) There’s no bread left on the plate. no = not any“没有” 2) Time and tide wait for no man. “岁月不等人”=Time and tide don’t wait for any men. 3) There are no students at school today. 4) Do you do morning exercise every day? No, not every day. No是副词 5) She is no younger than I. ~ She is as old as I. No +adj-er/adv-er=as+该形容词或副词的反义词+as。表示“和……一样” 9. some ~ any 1) 1. I have some friends here. 用于肯定句中，作定语 2. He has not any bananas. 用于否定句中 3. Is there any milk in the bottle. 用于一般疑问句中 4. If there is any time left before we go back home, we’ll him. 在条件句中，不能用some，只能用any。 2)表示乞求、请求、邀请、介意等委婉语气时，用some 1. Could you lend me some books? 2. Why don’t you buy some sweets? 3) 1. Some students like basketball, some like football. 定语，主语 2. My son needs some colour paper. Have you got any? 定语，宾语 4) 1. I’ll come and visit you some day next month. 表示“某一/个”时，some+可数名词单数 2. You can come to see me any day if you like. 表示“随便一个”时，any+可数名词单数 5) 1. There are some 3,000 workers in the factory. Some：副词，“大约”=about 状语 2. Do you feel any better today? Any：副词，“稍微，丝毫” 状语 10. somebody anybody nobody everybody / someone anyone no one everyone / something anything （不定复合代词） 1) everybody nobody anyone ~ they / everything anything something ~ it 1. Everybody is here, aren’t they? 主语，Everybody代人时，反意部分主语用they。 2. Everything is ready, isn’t it? 主语，Everything代物时，反意部分主语用it。 2) ~ else, ~ important形容词放在不定复合代词之后。 1. Can you find anything else? 2. I have something important to tell you. 3. There is nothing wrong with your bike. 3) Everyone ~ every one Everyone“每个人” ；every one“每个人/物” 1. Everyone / every one likes Mary. 代人时，可以互换。 2. She took my bottles of whisky and emptied every one down the sink. every one代“bottles of whisky”代物时，不能互换。 11. who whose whom what which （疑问代词） 1.Which is yours, the white one or the black one? 主语 2.What is your father? 表语，问职业 3.What do you like to buy? 表语，问职业 4.What time do you usually get up? / Which bike is yours? 定语，定语 5.Do you know what they are talking about? What引导的宾语从句 6.Whom / Who are you talking about? / With whom / (who X) did you go there yesterday? 宾语，介词后只能跟宾语。 7.who what which + ever 起强调作用。 1）Whoever told you this? 2）Whatever you do, I’ll go with you! 3）Whichever do you want? 12. each other =one another （相互代词） 1.We two should look after each other. / All the students in our class should help one another. Two是We的同位语。 宾语，宾语 2.They often write to one another. / You two should learn from each other. one another 用于两者之间的相互 介词宾语 Each other用于三者或三者以上的相互 介词宾语 3.We two should point out each other’s shortcomings. / They all know one another’s opinions. 表所有格。 作宾语 <3> article（冠词）—— the / a an 1）the （定冠词）“这个” 1. There is a car under the tree. The car is red. 第二次提到的事物名词时，前面要加“the” 2. The sun the moon the world the earth the sky 在世界上独一无二的事物名词之前用“the” 3. Open the window, please. 在表说话双方都知道所指的事物前加“the” 4. February is the second month of the year. / The Changjiang River is the longest river in China. 在序数词之前用“the”，在形容词，副词的最高级前用“the” 5. The box on the desk is hers. / This is the letter that I received yesterday. 名词被一短语或从句修饰时，名词前用“the”如： on the desk 修饰“box” that I received yesterday 修饰“letter” 6. The sun rises in the east. 在表方向的名词前用“the” 7. The apple is a kind of fruit. / The horse is an animal. 在种类的名词前用“the”，表泛指一类 8. the yellow River the Tianshan Mountains the West Lake the Great Wall 在河、山、湖、海或岛屿前用“the” 9. the United Nations the People’s Daily the Communist Party of China 专有名词由普通名词和形容词构成时，前用“the” （读单词并翻译） 10. the old the poor the rich the blind the happy the beautiful 在形容词前加“the”，表一类人或事物 11. the piano the violin 在乐器名词前要加“the” 12. The Wangs have moved house. / The Bakers came to see us yesterday. 在姓氏负数形式前面要加“the”，表示“姓X的一家人”。 13. The sooner you go, the sooner you will be back. 在比较级前加“the”，“the+形容词/副词-er……，the+形容词/副词-er……”表示“越……就越……” 14. This cloth is sold by the yard. / Our car does 30 miles to the gallon. “by”表“按”，在单位名词前加“the”，表“每一” 2) a an 1. a book a chair a university / an egg an apple an hour 可数名词表一个时，用“a /an”，按音标的第一个音标，如果是元音音标，就用an，如果是辅音音标就用a 2. I only know it was a dog not a cat that bit me. 在名词前加“a /an”，表泛指一类中的一个 3. A post office is a place where people can post letters./ An elephant is stronger than a horse. 在名词前加“a /an”，表泛指一类中的一个 4. A Mr. Smith called you. / A Wang is looking for you. 表说话的人不认识的人前加“a /an” 5. I write to my father once a week. (a day a thousand pound a meter ) 在单位，数量，时间等名词前加“a /an”，表“一……” 6. A cold March is usual in the Northeast. (a windy morning a sunny Friday ) 专有名词有形容词修饰时，前要加“a /an” 7. He is a student. (an engineer a teacher a worker ) 表人的职务或头衔的名词前加“a /an”，翻译是要省略 8. The two shirts are much of a size. / Birds of a feather flock together. “a”相当于“the same” Birds of a feather flock together.“物以类聚” 9. such a quite a many a rather a so +adj. + a 后面都加名词单数，such a“这样一个”；quite a“十分”；many a=“many+名词复数”；rather a“相当不错” a. She is such a beauty. b. His lazy son is quite a bother to him. c. Many a man comes to work here. d. She is rather an artist. e. I had so wonderf