过氧化钠与水、二氧化碳反应的规律剖析

过氧化钠与水、二氧化碳反应的规律剖析 过氧化钠与水、二氧化碳反应的规律剖析 过氧化钠与水、二氧化碳反应的规律剖析 过氧化钠(NaO)是一种淡黄色的固体，结构中存在过氧键“—O—O—”，22 具有强氧化性。NaO可以与HO、CO发生反应，由于在反应过程中涉及固体2222 质量、气体体积的变化及产物的判断问题，再加上 试题 中考模拟试题doc幼小衔接 数学试题 下载云南高中历年会考数学试题下载N4真题下载党史题库下载 考查角度灵活多变，因此也就成了学习的难点和考试的热点。下面就NaO与HO、CO反应的特点进行2222剖析，以便使大家在学习中能轻松突破该 知识点 高中化学知识点免费下载体育概论知识点下载名人传知识点免费下载线性代数知识点汇总下载高中化学知识点免费下载 。 一、组成符合(CO)(H)形式的物质与NaO反应地增重问题 n2m22 NaO与HO、CO反应的化学方程式分别为: 2222 2NaO + 2CO = 2NaCO + O ? 222232 2NaO + 2HO = 4NaOH + O ?? 2222 在上述两个反应中，对于NaO而言，根据原子守恒，在反应?中NaO2222增加的质量实际上是2CO,O即2CO的质量，根据1 mol NaO ,1 mol CO,2222其结果可以看作:NaO+CO= NaCO(注意该反应实际不发生);同理，在反应2223 ?中NaCO增加的质量实际上是HO中H的质量，根据2 mol NaO , 4 mol 23222H,其结果可以看作:NaO+H= 2NaOH(注意该反应实际不发生)。 222 根据上述分析，可以得出结论: 1.将CO或H的燃烧产物CO或HO通过足量的NaO，可以看成是由CO22222 或H直接与NaO反应，所以NaO固体质量的增加值就是“参加反应”的CO22222 或H的质量。 2 2.凡是分子组成符合(CO)(H)形式的一种或几种物质，wg该物质在O中n2m2完全燃烧，将其产物(CO和水蒸气)通过足量的NaO后，NaO固体增重必为22222wg。 中学阶段常见的符合这一关系的物质有:(1)无机物:H、CO及H和CO22的混合气体;(2)有机物:CHOH、HCHO、CHCOOH、HCOOCH、333CHCH(OH)COOH(乳酸)、CHO(葡萄糖)等。 36126 【例1】取ag某物质在氧气中完全燃烧，将其产物与足量过氧化钠固体完全反应，测其反应后固体质量仍为ag，下列物质中不能满足上述结论的是( ) A. H B. CO C. CHO D. CHO 26126122211 accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welding specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation 【答案】D 【解析】A项和B项中的H、CO可以看作直接与NaO反应，增加的质量222等于气体的质量，符合题意;C项中葡萄糖的分子式可改写成(CO)(H)，则将626a g葡萄糖完全燃烧后的产物与足量过氧化钠反应，反应后过氧化钠固体增加的质量也等于葡萄糖的质量 ag，C项正确;D项中物质CHO只能改写成122211(CO)C(H)，分子组成不符合(CO)(H)，故不满足增加a g的结果，D项错误。 11211n2m 二、NaO与HO(g)、CO反应的差量问题 2222 1.CO、HO(g)与过量的NaO反应，所得O的体积为相同状况下CO、HO(g)2222222体积的一半。 2.将NaO粉末加入HO(l)中，根据反应NaO + 2HO = 4NaOH + O ?，2222222可知2 mol NaO生成1 mol O，相当于直接加入2 mol NaO，即液体增加的质2222量等于同“物质的量”的NaO的质量。 2 根据CO或HO与NaO反应的化学方程式，利用体积差量或质量差量进2222 行计算，可以简化运算过程，减少出错几率，提高解题速度。 【例2】(2011?上海卷)过氧化钠可作为氧气的来源。常温常压下二氧化碳和过氧化钠反应后，若固体质量增加了28g，反应中有关物质的量正确的是(NA 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示阿伏加德罗常数) ( ) 二氧碳转移电 化碳 酸钠 子数 1 A N A mol 22.4 1 B L mol 10 C 1 mol 6 g 10 D 2N A 6 g 【答案】AC accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welding specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation 【解析】根据反应2NaO + 2CO = 2NaCO + O，设有xg过氧化钠参加反222232 应，则: 2NaO + 2CO = 2NaCO + O ?m 222232 156 88 212 32 212-156=56 x g 28g 所以有，156/56=x/28，解得:x=78，即有1 mol CO参加反应，生成1 mol 2 NaCO。 23 根据反应可知转移的电子数为N，故A、C两项正确;常温常压下，1 mol COA2的体积不是22.4L，故B项错误;在反应中有106 g NaCO参加反应，转移的电23 子数为N，D项错误。 A 三、NaO与HO(g)、CO反应的先后问题 2222 NaO与HO(g)、CO的混合物反应，应看成NaO先吸收CO生成NaCO，222222223然后再吸收HO(g)生成NaOH。 2 【例3】将mmol NaHCO和nmol NaO固体混合物置于密闭容器中加热到322 250?，使其充分反应，最终生成的气体和剩余固体混合物均由两种物质组成，试完成下列问题: (1)最终生成的气体由什么组成, (2)分析m/n的数值范围及固体成分 【答案】(1) HO(g)、O (2) 1,m/n,2 NaCO、NaOH 2223 【解析】首先发生反应2NaHCONaCO+CO?+HO?,生成的CO和323222HO的物质的量n(CO)=n(HO)=m/2 mol，产生的CO和水蒸气再与过氧化钠反2222 应;当NaO与HO(g)、CO的混合物反应时，先与CO反应，再与HO(g)反222222应，即: 2NaO + 2CO = 2NaCO + O ? 222232 2NaO + 2HO = 4NaOH + O ?? 2222 当m/n?2时，只发生反应?，生成的固体为NaCO，生成的气体为O和232HO(g); 2 当1,m/n,2时，发生反应?和?，但HO(g)只消耗一部分，最后剩余固2 体为NaCO和NaOH，气体为O和HO(g); 2322 accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welding specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation 当m/n=1时，反应?和?恰好完全进行，剩余固体为NaCO和NaOH，气23体为O; 2 当m/n,1时，发生反应?和?后，剩余NaO，最后剩余固体为NaO、2222NaCO和NaOH，气体为O; 232 题目要求最终生成的气体和剩余固体混合物均由两种物质组成，即1,m/n,2，NaHCO分解生成的CO已全部与NaO反应消耗尽，HO(g)部分消耗，32222故最终生成的气体为HO(g)和O。 22 四、NaO与HO(g)、CO混合物反应的产物判断 2222 根据反应方程式2NaO + 2CO = 2NaCO + O、 2NaO + 2HO = 4NaOH 222232222+ O ?，结合反应的先后顺序:CO先反应，HO后反应，可以推知反应后，222 固体产物的成分为: ? 当n(CO) ? n(NaO)时，固体产物为NaCO; 22223 ? 当n(CO) , n(NaO)时，固体产物为NaCO和NaOH。 22223 我们在学习中一定要深入思考， 总结 初级经济法重点总结下载党员个人总结TXt高中句型全总结.doc高中句型全总结.doc理论力学知识点总结pdf 规律，灵活掌握知识间的内在联系，把握反应的实质，巧妙运用反应的关系，才能优化解题过程，减少中间步骤，降低出错几率。 【例4】将O、CH、NaO放入密闭容器中，在150?条件下用电火花引2422 燃反应，恰好完全反应后，容器中的压强为零，由此得出原混合物中O、CH、24NaO的物质的量之比为( ) 22 A. 1?1?1 B. 2?2?6 C. 1?2?6 D. 无法确定 【答案】C 【解析】由题意可知，三种物质完全反应后压强为零，说明最终生成NaCO23和NaOH。根据凡是分子组成符合(CO)(H)形式的一种或几种物质的混合物与n2m 足量过氧化钠反应，固体NaO增加的质量等于该混合物的质量的规律，要使22 O和CH的组成符合(CO)(H)的形式，则必有n(O)?n(CH)=1?2。假设有1 24n2m24 mol O、2 mol CH与nmol NaO反应:2CH+O+NaO?NaCO+NaOH，然后2422422223由氢原子守恒确定NaOH的物质的量为8 mol;由碳原子守恒确定NaCO的物23质的量为2 mol;最后求出O的物质的量为1 mol，即可得出下列方程式:2 2CH+O+6NaO=2NaCO+8NaOH，即C项正确。 422223 accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welding specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation 【练习】 1.一定温度下，wg下列物质在足量的氧气中充分燃烧后，产物与足量的过1 氧化钠充分反应，过氧化钠增重wg，且w= w，则符合此条件的物质是( ) 212 ?H ?CO ?H和CO的混合气体 ?HCOOCH ?CHCHO ?CHO 22336126 A. ????B.??? C.?????D.???? 2.将1 mol NaO与2 mol NaHCO固体混合后，在密闭容器中加热充分反应，223 排出气体物质后冷却，残留的固体物质是( ) A. NaCO B. NaO、NaCO 232223 C. NaOH、NaCO D. NaO、NaOH、NaCO 232223 【答案】1.C 2.A accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welding specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation