2001考研英语阅读真题及详细解析

2001考研英语阅读真题及详细解析 Part One Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity. No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word 'amateur' does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professiona l or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way. Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science. 1. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ________. [A] sociology and chemistry [B] physics and psychology [C] sociology and psychology [D] physics and chemistry 2. We can infer from the passage that ________. [A] there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation [B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science [C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community [D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones 3. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ________. [A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation [B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study [C] the change of policies in scientific publications [D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs 4. The direct reason for specialisation is ________. [A] the development in communication [B] the growth of professionalisation [C] the expansion of scientific knowledge [D] the splitting up of academic societies Unit 8 (2001) Part 1 重点词汇: 1.specialisation(专业化)即special+is(e)+ation，special(特别的;额外的)，-ise动词后 缀(specialise即v.专业化)，-ation名词后缀;specialist(专家;专科医生)?special+ist后 缀表“人”。Love is a special affection for a man or a woman, which is stronger than that for any other person.爱情是对一个男人或女人的特殊的好感，它比对其他任何人的好感都强烈。 2.response (回复;响应)是respond的名词形式。The sartorial artist no less than the sculptor, the painter and the musician dreams of creations that will awaken a response in the soul of the world.好裁缝跟雕塑家、画家和音乐家一样，梦想着能在世人灵魂中引起反响的作品。 3.accumulation(积累，堆积)即accumulate+ation，accumulate(v.积累，堆积)，-ation名词 后缀。University are full of knowledge; the freshmen bring a little in and the seniors take none away, and knowledge accumulates.大学里充满了知识，新生带进来一些，高年级学生则一点 也不带走，于是知识就积累了下来。Books are the ever-burning lamps of accumulated wisdom.书籍是积累智慧的明灯。 4.professionalisation(职业化)即professional+is(e)+ation，professional(职业的;职业人员)，-ise动词后缀(professionalise即v.职业化)，-ation名词后缀。In love woman are professionals, men are amateurs.在恋爱中女子是专业者，男子是业余者。 5.clear-cut 明确的，清晰的。 6.amateur(业余的;业余爱好者)可记谐音“爱慕它”，“业余爱好者”选择某专业必定是“爱慕它”。Every artist was once an amateur.所有的艺术家都曾经是业余爱好者。amateur — a young man who, when flattering women, is afraid of overdoing it 业余选手——奉承女人时怕做过头的年轻人。 7.distinction (差别，区分)即distinct+ion，distinct(清楚的，明显的)，-ion名词后缀。同根词:extinct灭绝(因为有x而省略s);instinct本能。Success seems to be that which forms the distinction between confidence and conceit.成功似乎是形成自信与自负区别的东西。 8.connotation (涵义)即con+not(e)+ation，con-前缀“一起”，note记录，-ation名词后缀，“所有东西都被一起记录在其中”?涵义。 9.integrate(使成为一体)?integr完整+ate 10.Participation(参加;分享)即Parti+cip+ation，Parti(=Part)，cip(=cap)抓(参captive，2003年Text 3)，-ation名词后缀，“抓取其中一部分”?分享;动词为Participate?Parti+cip+ate。We Participate in a tragedy; at a comedy we only look.悲剧我们参加，喜剧我们仅仅观看。 11.in terms of 依据;用„„措辞。 12.reveal?(v.展现;揭示;泄露)即re+veal，re-前缀(=away)，veal(=veil)面纱，“揭开面纱”?展示。A person reveals his character by nothing so clearly as the joke he resents.没有什么比一个人所反感的笑话更能显露他的为人。If you reveal your secrets to the wind, you should not blame the wind for revealing them to the trees.你如果把秘密泄露给风，就不应责怪风把秘密泄露给树。 13.emphasis(强调，重点)可看作em+phasis，em-前缀“强调”，phasis看作是phase(阶段)的复述形式，于是“在各阶段里最值得强调的”?强调。I sometime wish that people would put a little more emphasis upon the observance of the law than they do upon its enforcement.有时候我但愿人们多把重点放在遵循法律上，而非强调其实施。 14.primacy (首要，首位)即prim(e)+acy，prime首要的，-acy名词后缀，primacy与privacy(隐私)一字母之差，“隐私”是最“首要”的。 15.definition(定义)即defin(e)+ition，define(下定义;限定)-ition名词后缀。It is almost a definition of a gentleman to say that he is one who never inflicts pain.说一个人从不给人造成痛苦，这基本上是下了一个关于君子的定义。 16.represent(v.描述;代表)?re+present。Books only Partially represent their authors.图书只 是部分地体现了作者。 17.reflect (v.反射;反映;思考)?re回+flect弯曲。There are two ways of spreading light: To be the candle, or the mirror that reflects it.散布光的办法有两种:当蜡烛或者当反射烛光的镜 子。Who reflects too much will accomplish little.思虑过多者一事难成。 18.referee(仲裁者v.仲裁)?refer+ee。 19.separate(分离的v.分离)?se+par+ate，se-前缀“分离”，par看作Part“分离”，-ate后 缀。同前缀词:select(v.选择a.精选的)?se+lect选。You can't separate peace from freedom because no one can be at peace unless he has his freedom.你无法将安宁与自由分开，因为得不 到自由谁都不会安宁。 20.delay (v.n.耽搁，延迟)看作de+lay，de-向下，lay放，把事情暂时“放下”?耽搁。 Never delay that should be done today until tomorrow.不要把今日应做的事推迟到明天。 21.reckon (v.认为;估算)看作re+ckon，re-前缀“反复”，ckon谐音“啃”，题目太难了， 需要“re啃”才能“估算”出答案。I reckon being ill as one of the great pleasures of life, provided one is not too ill and is not obliged to work till one is better.我把生病当作人生一大乐趣，只要病 得不太严重，并且在好转之前不被规定工作。To sensible men, every day is a day of reckoning.对明智的人来说，每一天的时间都要精打细算。 22.crucial(极重要的，决定性的)即cruc+ial，cruc词根(=cross)，-ail形容词后缀，“处于 十字路口的”?关键的。 23.psychology(心理学)?psycho+logy，psycho词根“心理”，-logy后缀“„„学”。The purpose of psychology is to give us a completely different idea of the things we know best.心理学的用途 是告诉我们对最熟悉事物的完全不一样的观念。 24.in one's own right 凭自身条件; 25.under way 在开展中。 难句解析: ? No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific commUnity and, in Particular, may not fully share its values. 先看前面的句子的主干是No... distinction can be drawn between...，冒号后面的内容是进一步 说明前面的观点。在第二个句子中，一上来就有一个转折词nevertheless，表示语意的转折， 其主句是the word "amateur" does carry a connotation，后面有一个同位语从句，里面有两个 并列谓语。 注意nevertheless表示转折，其后的资讯与其前面的资讯意思相反，前面讲二者没有很明显 的区别，后面便说业余和专业就是不一样。其次要看清the word "amateur" DOES carry a connotation而非DOES NOT。 ? The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. 两个分句有同一个主语，即the trend，两个谓语为was obvious和can be illustrated。前一个 分句中based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training修饰areas of science。 注意be illustrated的用法，这里是“举例说明，例证说明”的意思;另外in terms of是“就 某事来说，以某事为例”的意思。 ? A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. 本句的主语是a comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half(中 心词为a comparison)，谓语是reveals，宾语主体结构是not simply... but also...所连接的两个 并列宾语，注意宾语emphasis和definition前都有分词来修饰。 an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research译为“对科研的重要性的强调不断攀升”，a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper译为“一篇过得去的科研论 文创作 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 也有所变化”，其中what指代the elements that。 ? The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. 全句的主干结构是The... result has been to do sth.。注意逗号后面只是一个名词性的短语，其 核心词是a result，可以被看成是前面句子主语的同位语，在其内部主要是一个长的定语从 句，而定语从句中又有两个并列的状语first by..., and then by...。 entrance入口，此处指发表文章，进入专业圈子。reinforce增强，也就是使难度更高。本句 的理解重点在于理顺句子结构，要看到在第一个逗号之后没有动词了，可以一层一层地把这 个名词短语分解开。 ? A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way. 这是一个并列关系的并列句，两个分句由whereas(而)连接，说明了两种情况，前面是在说professional，而后面说amateurs。 coming together nationally within one or two specific societies理解为“组成一到两个全国性的专科学术社团”。 试题解析: 1. 【正确答案】 [D] 根据第二段第三、四句，19世纪开始的专门化规定更长时间、更复杂的培训，日益增长的专门化给参与科学活动的业余爱好者带来了更大的问题。在特别是以数学和实验为基础的那些科学领域里，这一倾向自然表现得最为明显，英国地质学领域的成长充分地说明了这一点。 在这四个选择项中，虽然没有提到地质学，但是，众所周知，就19世纪而言，物理学和化学均是以数学和实验作为基础的科学，因此[D]是正确答案。 2. 【正确答案】[B] 意为:业余研究者可以在某些科学领域与专业研究者相匹敌。根据第三段，在20世纪，局部的研究(local studies)只有在能被纳入并反映出更广泛研究框架的时候，才为专业研究者所接受。这说明，某些地方的研究是为专业研究者所认可的。第二段还提到，目前并存着分别以业余研究者和专业研究者为对象的两种杂志，专业地质学家组成了全国性的一两个协会，而业余研究者则通常是或者参加本地的研究协会，或者也以不一样的 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 结成全国性的组织。这些都说明了业余研究的不可或缺性以及与职业研究并存状况。 A意为:专门化和专业化过程基本上没有区别。根据本文，专门化过程(specialisation)和专业化过程(professionalisation)实质上是同一个过程，即:研究领域的专门化带来了研究人员的专业化，一个是针对研究对象而言，另一个是针对研究者而宫，二者同时发生，不可比较。C不对。根据第三段第四句，专业研究者对业余研究者甚至还有排挤的倾向。D不对。参阅本题对选择项[B]的解释。 3. 【正确答案】 [A] 参阅第二段第三、四句并第51题题解。请特别注意第四句中illustrate(举例说明)。另外，第四段第一句也提到，虽然专业化和专门化过程早在19世纪已在英国的地质学领域展开，但直到20世纪我们才看到其全面影响。这句话也是对上一段的总结。 B意为:业余研究者在科学研究中碰到的艰辛。例子中虽然提到了专业化结业余研究者带来的不利影响(但就总体而言，这个例子说明的是专业化和专门化过程的形成及其影响。C意为:科技出版物出版方针的变化。第三段提到了科学杂志的问题(参阅第52题题解)， 但这显然不是例子旨在说明的问题。D意为:专业研究者对业余研究者的歧视。 4. 【正确答案】 [C] 全文第一句指出，专门化过程可以看做是对日益积累的科学知识的反应。该句的含义是:科学知识的积累促进了知识的进一步分类和分化(或专门化)。 A不对。第一段第二、三句话的意思是，通过将研究课题分作更小企业，人们可以继续处理资讯(注意:这里所说的information指上一句中的scientific knowledge)，用之作为进一步研究的基础，但是，专门化只是影响交流过程的一系列科学成长的一部分。这里所说的communication指科学知识的交流。B不对。专业比是随着知识的进一步分类而产生的，不是其成因。参阅第2题对选择项A的解释。D意为:学术团体的分裂。 全文翻译: 专业化可被视为针对科学知识不断膨胀这个问题所做出的反应。通过将学科细化，个人能够继续处理这些不断膨胀的资讯并将它们作为深入研究的基础。但是专业化仅是科学领域内一系列影响交流过程的有关现象之一。另一现象是科学活动的日益职业化。 在科学领域内，专业与业余之间没有绝对的区分:任何规律都有其例外。但是“业余”这个词的确具有特殊的含义，那就是所指的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家群体，具体地说，他可能并不完全认同这个群体的价值观。19世纪的专业化的成长，以及随之而来的对训练的长期性和复杂性的规定，对业余人员进入科学界造成了更大的困难。特别是在以数学和实验室训练为基础的科学领域，这种倾向自然尤为明显，这可以通过英国的地质学成长过程得到证实。 对过去一个半世纪的英国地质出版物开展比较，我们不但发现人们对研究的重视程度在不断增加，而且人们对可以接受的 论文 政研论文下载论文大学下载论文大学下载关于长拳的论文浙大论文封面下载 的定义也在不断变化。因此，在19世纪，局部的地质研究本身就可形成一种有价值的研究;而到了20世纪，如果局部的研究能够被专业人员接受，那么它越来越倾向于必须体现或思考更广阔的地质面貌。另一地方业余人员继续以旧的方法从事局部的研究。其整体的结果是使业余人员进入专业性地质学杂志更加困难，而审稿制度的全面引进使这个结果得到加强，这一制度开始是在19世纪的全国性杂志开展，进入20世纪后也在一些地方性地质杂志实施。这样成长的必然结果是出现了针对专业读者和业余读者的不一样杂志。类似的分化过程也导致专业地质学家聚集起来，形成一两个全国性的团体，而业余地质学家则要么留在地方性团体中，要么以不一样方法组成全国性的团体。 虽然职业化和专业化过程在19世纪的英国地质学界中已经得到迅速成长，但是它的效果直到20世纪才充分呈现出来。然而，从科学这个整体来看，19世纪必须被视为科学结构发生变化的关键时期。 Part Two A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so called digital divide-the division of the world into the info(information)rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic. There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access-after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we've ever had. Of course, the use of the Internet isn't the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential. To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society)in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn't have the capital to do so. And that is why America's Second Wave infrastructure-including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on-were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain's former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you're going to be. That doesn't mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet. 5(Digital divide is something _________. ,A,getting worse because of the Internet ,B,the rich countries are responsible for ,C,the world must guard against ,D,considered positive today 6(Governments attach importance to the Internet because it _________. ,A,offers economic potentials ,B,can bring foreign funds ,C,can soon wipe out world poverty ,D,connects people all over the world 7(The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of _________. ,A,providing financial support overseas ,B,preventing foreign capital's control ,C,building industrial infrastructure ,D,accepting foreign investment 8(It seems that now a country's economy depends much on _________. ,A,how well developed it is electronically ,B,whether it is prejudiced against immigrants ,C,whether it adopts America's industrial pattern ,D,how much control it has over foreign corporations Unit 8 (2001) Part2 重点词汇: 1.divide(分开;分配;除)是division / (分开;部门;除法)的动词形式。The only way on earth to multiply happiness is to divide it.世上唯一能使幸福成倍增加的办法是将其分作几份。 Grief can take care of itself, but to get the full value of a joy you must have somebody to divide it with.悲伤只需其自身就足够了，然而要获取一件乐事的充分价值，你就必须找人分享。Instead of this absurd division into sexes they ought to class people as static and dynamic.为取代性别这 种荒唐的区别，他们应该把人分成静态与动态两种。 2.loom (v.隐约出现;织布机)可看作loo+m，loo即数字100，m即国际企业“米”，能 织出100米长的布的“织布机”;另外布在织成以前是透明的，所以布后面的东西是可以“隐 约出现”的。 3.commercialize(使商业化)即commercial+ize，commercial(商业的)?commerc(e)+ial， -ize动词后缀“使„„化”。Good manners are the settled medium of social, as specie is of commercial life.礼貌是社会生活固定的中介，就像硬币之于商业生活。 4.universalize(使通通化)即universal+ize，universal(宇宙的;通通的)?univers(e)+al， -ize动词后缀“使„„化”。Envy is the most universal passion.忌妒是最通通的情感。universe — merely a fleeting idea in God's mind — a pretty uncomfortable thought, Particularly if you're just made a down payment on a house 宇宙——不过是上帝头脑里一个稍纵即逝的想法—— 一种让人很不舒服的想法，特别是在你刚预付过房子的定金之后。 5.impoverish ?(使贫穷;使枯竭)?im加强前缀+pover词根+ish动词后缀;同根词:poverty (贫穷)?pover+ty名词后缀。 6.prejudice(偏见v.n.损害)即pre+jud+ice，pre-前缀“在前”，jud词根“判断”(=judge)， -ice后缀，“在弄清事实之前就做出判断”?偏见，而“偏见”是会招致“损害”的。Prejudice is the child of ignorance.偏见是无知的产物。 7.respect(v.n.尊敬)即re+spect，re-反复，spect词根“看”，反复看一个人是对其表示“尊 敬”;with respect to 关于。All the great religions are fundamentally equal. We must have innate respect for other religions as we have for our own.一切伟大的宗教在根本上都是等同的。我们 对于其它宗教，必须像对自己的宗教一样怀着天然的敬意。To respect a person is not possible without knowing him.不了解一个人却要尊敬他，那是不可能的。respect — to admire from a distance 尊敬——从远处赞赏。 8.sovereignty (主权;主权国家)即sover+(r)eign+ty，sover(=over)在上，reign统治， -ty名词后缀，“在上面统治”;sovereign(统治的;统治者)?sover+(r)eign。 9.infrastructure基础设施)即infra+structure，infra-前缀“在下”，structure(v.n.构造)。以infra- 为前缀的词:infrahuman(类人猿的;类人生物)?infra+human;infrared(红外线的;红外 线)?infra+red。 10.telecom (电信)即telecommunication。 11.responsible(承担责任的;可靠的;责任重大的)即respons(e)+ible，response回应(见 2001年Passage 1)，-ible能„„的，“能得到回应的”?承担责任的。An idea isn't responsible for the people who believe in it.一种思想对信仰它的人并不负有责任。To be a man is, precisely, to be responsible.确切地说，做男人就是承担责任任。 12.in the interest of 为了„„的利益; 13.may well 很有可能; 14.lie down 屈从。 难句解析: ? A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide — the division of the world into the info(information) rich and the info poor. 本句的结构较简单，抓住attention is being paid to the digital divide就可以了，注意破折号后 面的名词短语现实上是对digital divide一词的定义。 so-called所谓的，注意要学会利用如破折号、括号、逗号等标点符号来定位一个词的补充说 明成分。 ? As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access — after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are 注意主句是It is in the interest of business to do sth.，前面as引导的是伴随状语，而非缘故状 语，要理解为“随着”，而非“因为”。后面破折号的部分是进一步解释说明前面的主句。 注意几个词的含义:commercialized商业化;universalize access普及上网条件。 ? To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. 本句的主干是some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices。前面的不定式可以被看成是一个目的状语。 tool指上文的internet;impoverished贫困的;get over克服，摒弃;with respect to在某个地 方。 ?The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you're going to be. 此处用了the more... the more...的句型。逗号之间的which today is an electronic infrastructure是Third Wave infrastructure的非限定性定语从句。 capital资金;Third Wave第三次浪潮，指后工业时代，即“资讯时代”;infrastructure基础设 施;better off的原形是well off家境好，富裕。 试题解析: 5. 【正确答案】[C] 意为:全世界应该警惕的。第一段第一句对“数字分化”下了一个定义。其后作者提到，他 和妻子20年前就在讲演中谈到这种随时将至的危险，这里，this looming danger当指the digital divide，即在世界范围内产生资讯富裕和资讯贫乏的两类国家。当时，作者就认为前途是乐 观的，因为早在20年前就已经出现了一些防止产生这种分化的积极因素，只是当时这些因 索还不太明显。同时，在第二段，作者提到了网络的普及使这种分化正得到缩小。可见，在 作者看来，这种分化是不好的现象，而网络的普及能帮助世界战胜贫困(combating world poverty, defear poverty)。 有关选择项A和D，参阅本题对选择项C的解释。B不对。该选择项表达的内容本文 没有提到。 6. 【正确答案】[A] 第二段提到，随着国际互联网越来越趋于商业化，普及上网会对商家有利，因为上网的 人越多，潜在的顾客人数就越多，因此，不少国家的政府惟恐落后于形势，想要扩大上网率。 第二段最后一句指出，“数字分化”的缩小是一个好现象，因为，国际互联网很可能是我们 迄今所拥有的战胜贫困的最强有力的工具。所谓“战胜贫困”即指使这些贫穷国家富裕起来。 第三段第三句则直截了当地指出，国际互联网有巨大的(经济)成长潜力。 B意为:可以带来海外投资。在第四段，作者建议贫穷国家在利用外资地方放弃一些过 时的偏见——如殖民、侵犯主权等概念，积极利用外资建立自己的电子基础设施，以便充分利用国际互联网提供的机遇，走向富裕(better off)。这里的逻辑并不是互联网带来外资，而是利用外资成长网络 工程 路基工程安全技术交底工程项目施工成本控制工程量增项单年度零星工程技术标正投影法基本原理 。C意为:能很快消灭贫困。虽然作者提到了国际互联网的利用可能是战胜贫困的工具，但这仅仅是一种潜在的力量，把这种力量转化为现实则取决于不一样国家的努力。D不对。正像上面所分析的，政府注意国际互联网是因为它为经济的成长带来的巨大潜力，而不仅仅是它将世界连成一片这个事实。 7. 【正确答案】[D] 在第四段，美国和巴西的例子都用以说明抛弃过去的在利用外资上的错误观念，充分利用外资建立电子基础设施的重要性，因为，哪个国家在建设“第三次浪潮”(指目前正在开展的资讯产业革命)的基础设施上利用外资多，哪个国家就将变得更富裕(见第四段倒数第三句)。 A意为;向海外提供资金援助。B意为:防止外资的控制。第四段最后两句指出，利用外资并不意味着缴械或受愚弄，也不意味着放任外国企业肆意妄为，但是这的确意味着:对于利用外资建设能源和电信基础设施的重要性人们已有所认识，而这些设施是充分利用国际互联网的基础。C意为:建立工业基础设施。由以上的分析可以看出，本文提到的不是建立“工业”基础设施的问题。 8. 【正确答案】 [A] 意为:其电子工业成长的程度。参阅对以上三个题的题解。 B意为:它是否反对外来移民。C意为:它是否采用美国的产业模式。美国的例子仅仅是利用外资建设基础设施的一个成功例子。D意为:它在多大程度上控制着外企。 全文翻译: 今日，人们十分注意所谓的是资讯差别问题——世界上资讯资源丰富的地区和资讯资源贫乏的地区之间的差别;这个差别确实存在，我和我妻子20年前就曾谈及这个临近的危险。然而，那时还不太明显的是一些抵制资讯差别的、新的积极因素。现实上我们是完全有理由感到乐观的。 一些技术上的因素使我们有理由期望差别会缩小。随着互联网的日趋商业化，上网普及对商家是有利的——毕竟，上网人数越多，潜在的客户就越多。越来越多的政府，惟恐自己的国家落后，纷纷推广互联网的普及。一二十年之内，全球将有一二十亿人互联。因此，我认为在未来的数年中，资讯差别将缩小而不会变大。那是好消息，因为互联网很可能成为我们消除所面临的贫困的最强有效的工具。 当然，使用互联网不是惟一消灭贫困的办法。互联网也不是我们所拥有的惟一工具，但它却有巨大的潜力。 要想利用互联网，某些贫困国家必须克服对国外投资所持的过时了的反殖民的种种偏 见。那些认为外国投资是对本国主权的侵犯的国家最好还是研究一下美国的基础设施(社会 的基本结构基础)建设历史。当初美国建设自己的工业基础设施时，缺乏必要的资金，因此 美国的第二次浪潮基础设施——包括公路、港口，高速公路、港口城市等等——都是用国外 资金建造的。英国人、德国人、荷兰人和法国人都在前英国殖民地投资。他们提供资金，美 洲移民建造。想想看，现在谁拥有这一切,美国人。我想，在这件事上，像巴西或其他任何 地方同样也该这样。你拥有的去建造第三次浪潮基础设施(今日主要指电子基础设施)的外 国资金越多，那么你的情况就越好。这并不是说卑躬屈膝，任人愚弄，也不是对外国企业不 加控制。但这的确意味着你已认识到外国企业对本国能源及通信基础设施建设的重要性，这 些基础设施是充分利用互联网所必要的。 Part Three Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want. But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns)into which they plug each day's events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news. There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the "standard templates" of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions. Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they're less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community. Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn't rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers. This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class. 9(What is the passage mainly about? ,A,needs of the readers all over the world ,B,causes of the public disappointment about newspapers ,C,origins of the declining newspaper industry ,D,aims of a journalism credibility project 10(The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be . ,A,quite trustworthy ,B,somewhat contradictory ,C,very illuminating,D,rather superficial 11(The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their _________. ,A,working attitude,B,conventional lifestyle ,C,world outlook,D,educational background 12(Despite its efforts, he newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its _______. ,A,failure to realize its real problem ,B,tendency to hire annoying reporters ,C,likeliness to do inaccurate reporting ,D,prejudice in matters of race and gender Part 8 (2001) Part 3 重点词汇: 1.journalism (新闻;新闻业)即journal+ism，journal(期刊;日志)，-ism后缀。journalism — that with which you may fill the space between advertisements 新闻——用以填充宣传与宣 传之间的空隙的东西。 2.credibility ?(可信性)即cred+ibility，cred词根“相信”(如credit?cred+it?信用)，-ibility 名词后缀“可„„性”(如ability?a+(i)bility)。credibility gap — what happens to the same news between the morning telecast and the evening paper 信用差距——早间电视新闻与晚报之 间同一条新闻发生的情况。 3.head-scratching即head+scratch+ing，head头，scratch抓，-ing形容词后缀，“急得直抓头”?为难的。 4.template(模板)可看作templ(e)+ate，temple寺庙，ate吃，当今倾向于素食者日益增多，而temple是ate素的“模板”(template)。 5.conventional(传统的，惯例的)?convention+al 6.newsroom(编辑室;阅览室)?news+room。 7.backbone ?(主干)?back+bone。 8.survey? (v.n.俯瞰;调查)即sur+vey，sur-前缀=super，vey词根“看”，故“从上面看”?俯瞰?引申为“调查”。An informal survey shows that what most people wanted for Christmas was two more weeks to prepare for it.一项非正式调查呈现，大多数人圣诞节想要的东西是再给两个星期准备过节。 9.questionnaire (调查表)?question+naire名词后缀表“物”。 10.metropolitan??(大都市的;大都市的人)即metro+polit+an，metro-前缀“母体，大”，同matri-，《黑客帝国》里的电脑“母体”就叫Matrix(即母体这东东太复杂，对任何人来说都是个大的未知数X)，polit词根“城市”，-an后缀表“„„的”或“„„的人”;也可把polit看作polite(有礼貌的)，于是“懂礼貌的大地方”?大都市的。 11.upscale(高消费阶层的;质优价高的)?up向上+scale等级。 12.volunteer(志愿的;志愿者v.志愿)?volunt意愿+eer;voluntary(自愿的)?volunt+ary形容词后缀。Maintain outside interests — volunteer in not-for-profits and stay physically fit. 保持业余爱好——自愿做无利可图的事情而保持身体健康。 13.sponsor (v.发起;赞助n.主办者)?spons(e)词根+or后缀; 14.symposium (专题讨论会;专题论文集)即sym+pos+ium，sym-前缀“一同”，pos词根“放”，-ium后缀表“地方”，“把一同的问题放在一起讨论”?专题讨论会，“把一同讨论好的问题放在一起”?专题论文集。 15.bias(v.n.偏见)谐音“白饿死”，古人有骨气者不吃嗟来之食而饿死，后来某些人对此不以为然，认为这是古人的“偏见”，所以是“白饿死”(bias)?白白饿死。 16.gender (性别)可看作gen(e)+der，gene即单词“基因”，der谐音“的”，故“基因的”?“由基因决定的”?性别。 17.contradictory (反驳的;矛盾的;对立物)即contra+dict+ory，contra-前缀“相反”，dict词根“说”(如dictate?dict+ate动词后缀?口述;命令)，-ory后缀;contradict(v.反驳;矛 盾)?contra+dict。Assertion is not argument, to contradict the statement of an opponent is not proof that you are correct.坚定的看法不是论据，反驳对手的说法不能证明你是正确的。 18.illuminating(照明的;启发的)即illuminat(e)+ing形容词后缀，illuminate(照明;启 发)可看作illumin+ate，illumin谐音“一路明”，-ate动词后缀，“使”“一路明”?照明? 引申为“启发”。 19.superficial (表面的;肤浅的)即super+fici+al，super-前缀“上面的”，fici看作face“表 面”，-al形容词后缀，“表面上的”?肤浅的。To know things well, we must know them in detail; but as that is almost endless, our knowledge is always superficial and imperfect.为了充分认识事 物，我们必须详细了解它们，然而那基本上是没有穷尽的，所以我们的知识总是肤浅和不完 善的。 20.be known as 称为; 21.alien to 为„„所不熟悉; 22.put down roots in 定居; 23.get around to 抽时间做。 难句解析: ? Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want. 本句主语是this project，谓语是has turned out to be，findings为宾语，mostly low-level是宾 语的定语修饰成分，about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes是宾语的补语成分。 combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want是过去分词引导的伴随状语，其中about what in the world those readers really want是 puzzlement的补语。 要正确理解本句，一定要注意lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want这一部分并不包含在findings里面，而应该是与findings属于同一层次上 的东西，换言之，可以把turned out to be后面的表语看成是由两个并列的意思构成的。 ?In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news. 本句的主干是there is a conventional story line...，后面的that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news是定语从句修饰conventional story line。 本句的理解重点在单词的意思:a story line一种写新闻报道的故事主线;newsroom culture 报社文化;backbone本义为“脊柱”，此处是“主干”;otherwise否则。 ?There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the "standard templates" of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. 此句的结构和上句非常类似，主句也是一个there加系动词的用法。而表语后都有一个定语 从句。本句的定语从句是which helps explain why the "standard templates" of the newsroom seem alien to many readers。 alien本义为“异国的”，此处是“相差甚远，背道而驰”。如果学员不了解standard templates 的意思，可以从上下文中找与其有相同作用和功能的词组，如上句中的a story line和 backbone，那么就应该知道它们指的都是记者们在写新闻和评论时固定的套路和思维。 ?The astonishing distrust of the news media isn't rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers. 本句的主干是一个not... but结构。注意这个结构引导的是两个方法状语。其核心词分别是 inaccuracy和the daily clash。 to be rooted in...根源在于„„;另外注意not... but结构中，but后面的部分总是阅读的重点。 ?If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class. it代表上文提到的a troubled business，即“问题重重的新闻界”。now focused narrowly on race and gender是插入语，也是修饰program的定语。本句在would后面有两个并列宾语open up 和look for。 此句中含有一个虚拟语气:If it did, it would open up...。另外注意前两个逗号之间是对 diversity program(多样化项目)的修饰成分。 试题解析: 9. 【正确答案】 [B] 意为:造成公众对报纸失望的缘故。文章的第一句开门见山地提出了本文旨在说明的问题: 为什么那么多的美国人不相信自己在报纸上读到的内容呢,第二段驳斥了一种解释。第三段 指出人们怀疑心理的产生有更深刻的缘故。第三段以后具体分析了这个缘故:记者和报纸的 大多数读者生活在两个世界里，具有不一样的社会价值观。这造成了二者的分歧和冲突。 C意为:造成报业衰败的根源。该选择项不如选择项A表达的内容确切，注意选择项A 中的disappointment对应于原文的distrust(见第一段第一句和第三段第一句)。D意为:一 个新闻界信誉项目的目的。作者仅在第二段提到了这个项目的内容和发现，并驳斥了这些发 现。 10. 【正确答案】 [D] 意为:非常表面。在第二段作者指出，遗憾的是，该项目最终所发现的缘故大都是诸如报道失实、文章中有拼写和语法错误，以及对读者究竞想读什么的不少莫名其妙的困惑，在作者看来，这些发现大都是低级的(low-level)，而真正的缘故没有这么表面(go way deeper，见第三段第一句)。 C意为:很有启发。 11. 【正确答案】[C] 意为:世界观。在第三段作者指出，多数记者通过一套标准的范式来看世界，将每天报道的消息嵌入这些范式，换言之，在新闻界存在着一个写报道的传统路数，这一路数提供了一个框框和一种现成的叙事结构，将纷杂的事件顺理成章。第四段又指出，由于在记者和读者之间存在着一个社会和文化上的分歧，这就解释了为什么新闻报道的“标准范式”似乎不为不少读者所接受。第四、五段提到了一项调查，在解释这项调查结果的第六段作者指出，从广义的角度讲，记者似乎居于社会和文化名流的一分子，所以他们的工作倾向反映这部分人的传统价值现，因此，公众对新闻媒体的不信任，与其说根源于报道失实或报道技能的欠缺，不如说根源于记者和读者之间世界观的日常冲突。 可见，A、B、D是不确切的。 12. 【正确答案】[A] 最后一段指出，这(指上一段提到的世界观的冲突)对任何产业——特别是一个衰落的产业——来说都是一种危险的状况，报业目前就是处于这样一种麻烦的局面，但是，他们还在雇用那些自身态度与读者大大相悖的雇员(当指记者)。尔后又举办不少研讨会，搞什么信誊项目，企图了解顾客(当指读者)为什么对他们不满意，他们为什么大部份失去读者。但是，对于那么多过去的顾客所不满的文化和阶级偏见，他们似乎就是视而不见，置若罔闻。如果他们看到了这一地方的问题，他们就会深化自己的多样化项目(diversity program本来指企业雇用不一样种族、性别等的雇员以满足不一样群体的顾客的需要的做法)，而不是像现在这样将这一项目狭隘地局限于种族和性别:他们就会去雇用在世界观、价值观、教育背景、社会阶层上迥异的记者。 可见，在这段中，作者对报界开展了批评，认为他们还没有找到问题的根源，无法对症下药解决问题。另请参阅对以上三题的题解。 全文翻译: 为什么那么多美国人不相信自己在报纸上看到的东西,美国新闻编辑协会正试图回答这个痛苦的问题。该组织正深深陷入一个长期的自我剖析过程，即新闻可信度调查项目。 遗憾的是，这次新闻机构可信度调查计划结果只获得了一些肤浅的发现，诸如新闻报道 中的事实错误，拼写或语法错误，和这些低层次发现交织在一起的还有不少令人挠头的困惑， 譬如读者到底想读些什么。 但这种对媒体的不信任有更深刻的根源。多数新闻记者都学着用一套标准的模式去看待 世界，并把每天发生的事件纳入这种模式。换言之，在媒介机构的新闻采编室文化中存在着 一套约定俗成的写作模式，为纷繁复杂的新闻报道提供了一个主干框架和一个现成的故事叙 述结构。 新闻记者和读者之间存在着社会和文化地方的脱节，这就是为什么新闻编辑室的“标准 模式”与众多读者的意趣相差甚远的缘故。在最近一次调查中，问卷被送到了全国五座中等 城市及一座大都市的记者手中，然后随机地给这些城市的居民打电话，问他们同样的问题。 结果表明，与其他美国人相比，新闻记者更有可能居住在富人区，有女佣，有奔驰车， 炒股，而他们去教堂，参加支援服务，扎根社区的可能性却很小。 记者们往往属于广义的社会文化精英的一个部分，因此他们的工作往往反映了这些精英 传统的价值观。读者对新闻媒介令人震惊的不信任的根源并非是报道失实或低下的报道技 巧，而是记者与读者的世界观每天都发生着碰撞。 这对任何一个工业产业来说都算是爆炸性的形势，对于一个正在衰落的行业来说尤其如 此。这是一个棘手的行业，却不断地雇用观点总体上使客户恼怒的雇员。然后它又出资组织 研讨会和可信度调查项目，去探究为什么顾客们恼火了，为什么会有那么多人逃避新闻。但 它似乎从来就没回过头来去注意那么多以前的顾客所抱怨的文化和阶级偏见。如果它能注意 这个问题的话，它就应该进一步开放其多样化项目(这个项目现在还只单纯考虑招收不一样 种族和性别的员工)，进一步寻找那些世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层各不相同的各 种记者。 Part Four The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: Won't the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?" There's no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982.Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s,multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customer's demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. As productivity grows, the world's wealth increases. Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could recreate the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing-witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan-but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt. Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won't multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of "defending competition" on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case? 13(What is the typical trend of businesses today? ,A,to take in more foreign funds ,B,to invest more abroad ,C,to combine and become bigger ,D,to trade with more countries 14(According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is _________. ,A,the greater customer demands ,B,a surplus supply for the market ,C,a growing productivity ,D,the increase of the world's wealth 15(From paragraph 4 we can infer that _________. ,A,the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers ,B,WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs ,C,the costs of the globalization process are enormous ,D,the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition 16(Toward the new business wave, the writer's attitude can be said to be _________. ,A,optimistic ,B,objective ,C,pessimistic ,D,biased Unit 8 (2001) Part 4 重点词汇: 1.acquisition (收购;获得;获得物)即acquisit+(t)ion，acquisit为acquire(v.获得)之变形，-tion名词后缀。 2.hyperactive (过度活跃的)即hyper+active，hyper-前缀“超过;过度”(h脱落，元音y变u，即为uper)，active活跃的。 3.unsurpassed ?(未被超越的)即un+surpass+ed，un-否定前缀，surpass(v.超过)?sur前缀“超”+pass过，-ed形容词后缀。 4.concentration (集中;专心;浓度)即con+centr+ation，con-前缀“一起”，centr(=center)词根“中心”，-ation名词后缀，“一起聚集在中心的”?集中;专心。No fine work can be done without concentration and self-sacrifice and toil and doubt.没有全神贯注、自我牺牲、辛劳和怀疑，就做不出优秀的工作。multinational ?(跨国企业;跨国企业的)即multi+national，multi-前缀“多”(如multiple?multi+ple倍?v.加倍;多倍的;倍数)，national国家的。 5.affiliate(v.附属;附属机构)即af+fili+ate，af-加强前缀，fili谐音“费力”，-ate后缀，想让别人成为自己的“附属”是很“费力”的。 6.phenomenon (现象)复数形式为phenomena。Nature is by no means inferior to art, and no works of art is not the imitation of various phenomena of nature.自然绝对不低于艺术，艺术作品无一不是对种种自然现象的模仿。 7.M&A(兼并与收购)即文中提到的mergers and acquisitions。 8.detrimental (有害的)。 9.megamerger(大兼并)?mega大+merger。 10.supervise(监督;管理)?super在上面+vis看+e，参supervision(2002年Text 2)。 11.gigantic(巨大的)即gigant+ic，gigant(=giant)巨人，-ic形容词后缀，“巨人的”?巨大的。He has a gignatic appetite, and eats gigantic meals.他食量很大，能吃不少食物。 12.infringement (侵害)即in+fringe+ment，in-否定前缀，fringe(边缘;刘海;穗)，-ment名词后缀，已经“不”在“边缘”?侵入内部?侵害;infringe(v.侵害)?in+fringe。China's sovereignty and territorial integrity must not be infringed.中国的主权和领土完整决不允许侵犯。 13.pessimistic (悲观的)即pessimist+ic，pessimist悲观主义者，-ic形容词后缀。pessimist — ?a man who thinks that God created the earth in six days and then was laid off ?an optimist with a sense of reality 悲观主义者——?一个认为上帝用六天时间创造了世界，然后就被解 雇了的人 ?具有现实感的乐观主义者。 14.warn against 告诫防范;take upon oneself 承担。 难句解析: ? International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. 本句的主干是International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies，后面的that open up and welcome foreign investment是economies的定语从句。 注意一些词汇的含义:affiliate名词，意为“分支机构”，此处是指在世界各地都有分支的多 国企业，并且是全句的主语;account for是„„的缘故;economies在此处指经济领域的国 家概念，因此用复数。 ?This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy. of smaller economic firms与of national businessmen都是the role的补语;而over the role of smaller economic firms，of national businessmen与over the ultimate stability of the world economy都与concern相关连，是其补语。 本句的重点在于看好concerns后面的结构，注意over the role与over the ultimate stability并 列，而the role的后面有两个并列的of结构。 ?I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands. 本句主语为I，谓语为believe，that引导了believe的宾语从句，其中的又一个that可替换为 as the ones that，是一个定语从句。冒号后面的部分是the most important forces的同位语，其 中markets后面的that从句是markets的定语，capable of meeting customers' demands是 operations的补语。 underlie在下面，作基础;barriers障碍物，壁垒;operations经营运作;meet sb's demands 满足某人需求。 ?And should one country take upon itself the role of "defending competition" on issues that affect many other nations, as in the US vs. Microsoft case? 此句的主干是should one country take upon itself the role，而that affect many other nations是issues的定语从句。as in the US vs. Microsoft case是issues的补语。on issues是take upon itself the role的状语。 注意本句在阅读的时候要抓住它本身是一个文句，另外，vs.的意思对正确理解也很重要，它是指“对垒，对阵”，在法律的情景中就是“起诉，对簿公堂”的意思。 试题解析: 13. 【正确答案】 [C] 意为:合并并变得庞大。第一段就指出，世界正在经历有史以来最大的合并和兼并热潮，这一热潮以前所未有的态势席卷了异常活跃的美国和欧洲，并延伸到新兴经济国家。 A意为:吸收更多的外资。B意为:更多地向海外投资。D意为:与更多的国家做买卖。 14. 【正确答案】 [A] 意为:顾客更大的需要。第三段剖析了造成合并和兼并热潮(M&A wave)的重要缘故。在作者看来，这些因素和导致(经济)日趋全球化的过程是一样的，如:交通运输成本的日趋下降，贸易和投资障碍的减少，以及扩大的市场:扩大的市场需要市场业务的扩大，以满足顾客的需要。作者又总结说，所有这些因素都对顾客有益，而不会有害。在以上提到的三个因素中，包括了根据顾客的需要扩大市场这个因素。 B意为:对市场的额外供给。C意为:日益增长的生产率。D意为:世界财富的增长。 以上提到的三个缘故不包括B、C、D提到的内容。 15. 【正确答案】 [D] 意为:标准石油联合企业可能曾对竞争形成过威胁。第四段第一、二句提到，要找出目前合并热潮带来的利益和降低成本的例子还很困难，但是，如果现在有几个石油企业合并，很难想像会再次产生近乎100年前所引起人们恐慌的对(公平)竞争的威胁，这一情况当时是由于美国的标准石油联合企业解体而造成的。 A意为:日益增长的合并热潮肯定会损害顾客的利益。第四段第三、四、五句提到，像WorldCom这样的电信企业合并基本上没有给消费者带来更高的价格，或减缓技术进步的步伐，相反，通信业务的价格迅速降低;汽车工业也在合并，但也没有迹象表明消费者的利益受到伤害。B意为:WorldCom是一个(合并)带来利益和降低成本的好例子。参阅第四段第三句，这句强调的是价格没有随着合并而提高，并没有提到价格降低问题，因此，合并虽然没有伤害消费者，也没有给他们带来利益。C意为:全球化过程成本巨大。本段没有涉及这地方的问题。 16. 【正确答案】[B] 意为:客观的。本文描述了目前的合并热潮，第二段用数据证明了目前这种情况的现实存在，第三段解释了造成这一现象的缘故，第四段具体分析了合并热潮的影响，认为人们没有必要担心，但是在最后一段，作者也提醒人们注意合并活动的动向。可见，作者没有对合并热潮过于悲观或乐观，而是提到了它可能产生的正反两地方的影响，对这一现象的产生采取了审慎理智的客观态度。 A意为:乐观的。C意为:悲观的。D意为:有偏见的。 全文翻译: 世界正在经历一场前所未有的巨大的并购浪潮。这个浪潮从异常活跃的美国席卷到欧洲，并以不可比拟的威力影响到正在崛起的国家。这些国家的不少人面对这个浪潮开始忧虑:“企业合并的浪潮会不会变成一股不可控制的反竞争的力量,” 无疑，大企业正在变得更大、更强。跨国企业在1982年只占有国际贸易不到20,的份额。而现在，这个数字上升到25,强，并且还在迅速上升。在那些对外开放并鼓励外资的国家的经济中国际分企业在国民生产中成为一个快速增长的部门。比如，在阿根廷，经过90年代初的改革之后，跨国企业在200家大型企业的工业生产中从43,增加到基本上70,。这个现象造成了人们对小型企业和民族资本的作用以及世界经济的最终稳定的严重忧虑。 我认为，推动这股巨大的并购浪潮的最主要的力量，也是推动全球化进程的力量，包括日趋下降的运输与通讯费用，较低的贸易与投资壁垒，以及市场的扩大和为满足市场需求而开展的扩大生产。所有这些对消费者来说都有益而无害的。随着生产力的提高，世界的财富也在增长。 目前证明这股合并浪潮是带来利还是弊的实例并不多。但是很难想像当今的几个石油企业的合并是否会重新造成约100年前美国标准石油企业对竞争造成的同样的威胁，那时由于人们对该企业的这种担心而导致了它最终的解散。像世界通讯这样的通讯企业合并似乎没有给消费者带来更高的价格，或者降低技术进步的速度。相反，通信的价格在迅速下降。在汽车行业，合并也同样在增加——比如戴姆勒与克莱斯勒，雷诺与尼桑的合并——但消费者看起来并未受到伤害。 但是合并运动必须受到严密监视这个事实仍然存在。就在几星期以前，格林斯潘对银行业的巨大合并发出了警告。如果合并后如此巨大的银行出现，谁来充当最终的借贷者，发挥监督、 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 和运作的作用呢,当一个国家对破坏公平竞争的做法的处理过于严厉时，跨国企业会不会把它们的生产从一地转到另一地呢,在那些将会影响不少其他国家的事情中，如美国政府与微软企业的诉讼案，一个国家是否应该担负起“保护竞争”的责任呢。