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[单片机英文参考文献]单片机[单片机英文参考文献]单片机 篇一 : 单片机_英文参考文献1 Structure and function of the MCS-51 series Structure and function of the MCS-51 series one-chip computer MCS-51 is a name of a piece of one-chip computer series which Intel Company produces. This company introduced 8 top-gra...

[单片机英文参考文献]单片机
[单片机英文参考文献]单片机 篇一 : 单片机_英文参考文献1 Structure and function of the MCS-51 series Structure and function of the MCS-51 series one-chip computer MCS-51 is a name of a piece of one-chip computer series which Intel Company produces. This company introduced 8 top-grade one-chip computers of MCS-51 series in 1980 after introducing 8 one-chip computers of MCS-48 series in 1976. It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have,such as 8051, 8031, 8751, 80C51BH, 80C31BH,etc., their basic composition, basic performance and instruction system are all the same. 8051 daily representatives- 51 serial one-chip computers . An one-chip computer system is made up of several following parts: One microprocessor of 8 . At slice data memory RAM ,it use not depositting not can reading /data that write, such as result not middle of operation, final result and data wanted to show, etc. Procedure memory ROM/EPROM , is used to preserve the procedure , some initial data and form in slice. But does not take ROM/EPROM within some one-chip computers, such as 8031 , 8032, 80C ,etc.. Four 8 run side by side I/O interface P0 four P3, each mouth can use as introduction , may use as exporting too. Two timer / counter, each timer / counter may set up and count in the way, used to count to the external incident, can set up into a timing way too, and can according to count or result of timing realize the control of the computer. Five cut off cutting off the control system of the source . One all duplexing serial I/O mouth of UART ), is it realize one-chip computer or one-chip computer and serial communication of computer to use for. Stretch oscillator and clock produce circuit, quartz crystal finely tune electric capacity need outer. Allow oscillation frequency as 12 megahertas now at most. Every the above-mentioned part was joined through the inside data bus .Among them, CPU is a core of the one-chip computer, it is the control of the computer and command centre, made up of such parts as arithmetic unit and controller , etc.. The arithmetic unit can carry on 8 persons of arithmetic operation and unit ALU of logic operation while including one, the 1 storing device temporarilies of 8, storing device 2 temporarily, 8’s accumulation device ACC, register B and procedure state register PSW, etc. Person who accumulate ACC count by 2 input ends entered of checking etc. temporarily as one operation often, come from person who store 1 operation is it is it make operation to go on to count temporarily , operation result and loopback ACC with another one. In addition, ACC is often regarded as the transfer station of data transmission on 8051 inside . The same as general microprocessor, it is the busiest register. Help remembering that agreeing with A expresses in the order. The controller includes the procedure counter , the order is depositted, the order decipher, the oscillator and timing circuit, etc. The procedure counter is made up of counter of 8 for two, amounts to 16. It is a byte address counter of the procedure in fact, the content is the next IA that will carried out in PC. The content which changes it can change the direction that the procedure carries out . Shake the circuit in 8051 one-chip computers, only need outer quartz crystal and frequency to finely tune the electric capacity, its frequency range is its 12MHZ of 1.2MHZ. This pulse signal, as 8051 basic beats of working, namely the minimum unit of time. 8051 is the same as other computers, the work in harmony under the control of the basic beat, just like an orchestra according to the beat play that is commanded. There are ROM and RAM in 8051 slices two to read, they have each independent memory address space, dispose way to be the same with general memory of computer. Procedure 8051 memory and 8751 slice procedure memory capacity 4KB, address begin from 0000H, used for preserving the procedure and form constant. Data 8051- 8751 8031 of memory data memory 128B, address false 00FH, use for middle result to deposit operation, the data are stored temporarily and the data are buffered etc.. In RAM of this 128B, there is unit of 32 byteses that can be appointed as the job register, this and general microprocessor is different, 8051 slice RAM and job register rank one formation the same to arrange the location. It is not very the same that the memory of MCS-51 series one-chip computer and general computer disposes the way in addition. General computer for first address space, ROM and RAM can arrange in different space within the range of this address at will, namely the addresses of ROM and RAM, with distributing different address space in a formation. While visiting the memory, corresponding and only an address Memory unit, can ROM, it can be RAM too, and by visiting the order similarly. This kind of memory structure is called the structure of Princeton. 8051 memories are divided into procedure memory space and data memory space on the physics structure, there are four memory spaces in all: The procedure stores in one and data memory space outside data memory and one in procedure memory space and one outside one, the structure forms of this kind of procedure device and data memory separated form data memory, called Harvard structure. But use the angle from users, 8051 memory address space is divided into three kinds: In the slice, arrange blocks of FFFFH , 0000H of location , in unison outside the slice . The data memory address space outside one of 64KB, the address is arranged from 0000H 64KB FFFFH too to the location. Data memory address space of 256B . Three above-mentioned memory space addresses overlap, for distinguishing and designing the order symbol of different data transmission in the instruction system of 8051: CPU visit slice, ROM order spend MOVC , visit block RAM order uses MOVX outside the slice, RAM order uses MOV to visit in slice. 8051 one-chip computer have four 8 walk abreast I/O port, call P0, P1, P2 and P3. Each port is 8 accurate two-way mouths, accounts for 32 pins altogether. Every one I/O line can be used as introduction and exported independently. Each port includes a latch , one exports the driver and a introduction buffer . Make data can latch when outputting, data can buffer when making introduction , but four function of passway these self-same. Expand among the system of memory outside having slice, four port these may serve as accurate two-way mouth of I/O in common use. Expand among the system of memory outside having slice, P2 mouth see high 8 address off; P0 mouth is a two-way bus, send the introduction of 8 low addresses and data / export in timesharing Output grade , P3 of mouth , P1 of P1 , connect with inside have load resistance of drawing , every one of they can drive 4 Model LS TTL load to output. As while inputting the mouth, any TTL or NMOS circuit can drive P1 of 8051 one-chip computers as P3 mouth in a normal way . Because draw resistance on output grade of them have, can open a way collector too or drain-source resistance is it urge to open a way, do not need to have the resistance of drawing outerly . Mouths are all accurate two-way mouths too. When the conduct is input, must write the corresponding port latch with 1 first . As to 80C51 one-chip computer, port can only offer milliampere of output electric currents, is it output mouth go when urging one ordinary basing of transistor to regard as, should contact a resistance among the port and transistor base , in order to the electricity while restraining the high level from exporting P1~P3 Being restored to the throne is the operation of initializing of an one-chip computer. Its main function is to turn PC into 0000H initially , make the one-chip computer begin to hold the conduct procedure from unit 0000H. Except that the ones that enter the system are initialized normally,as because procedure operate it make mistakes or operate there aren’t mistake, in order to extricate oneself from a predicament , need to be pressed and restored to the throne the key restarting too. It is an input end which is restored to the throne the signal in 8051 China RST pin. Restore to the throne signal high level effective , should sustain 24 shake cycle the above its effective times. If 6 of frequency of utilization brilliant to shake, restore to the throne signal duration should exceed 4 delicate to finish restoring to the throne and operating. Produce the logic picture of circuit which is restored to the throne the signal: Restore to the throne the circuit and include two parts outside in the chip entirely. Outside that circuit produce to restore to the throne signal hand over to Schmitt’s trigger, restore to the throne circuit sample to output , Schmitt of trigger constantly in each S5P2 , machine of cycle in having one more , then just got and restored to the throne and operated the necessary signal insidly. Restore to the throne resistance of circuit generally, electric capacity parameter suitable for 6 brilliant to shake, can is it restore to the throne signal high level duration greater than 2 machine cycles to guarantee. Being restored to the throne in the circuit is simple, its function is very important. Pieces of one-chip computer system could normal running,should first check it can restore to the throne not succeeding. Checking and can pop one’s head and monitor the pin with the oscillograph tentatively, push and is restored to the throne the key, the wave form that observes and has enough range is exported , can also through is it restore to the throne circuit group holding value carry on the experiment to change. At present,MCU to infiltrate all areas of our lives, which is almost difficult to find traces of the field without SCM. Missile navigation equipment, aircraft, all types of instrument control, computer network communications and data transmission, industrial automation, real-time process control and data processing, extensive use of various smart IC card, civilian luxury car security system, video recorder, camera, fully automatic washing machine control, and program-controlled toys, electronic pet, etc., which are inseparable from the microcontroller. Not to mention the area of robot control, intelligent instruments, medical equipment was. Therefore, the MCU learning, development and application of the large number of computer applications and intelligent control of the scientists, engineers. SCM is widely used in instruments and meters, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, specialized equipment, intelligent management and process control fields, roughly divided into the following several areas: In the application of Intelligent Instruments SCM has a small size, low power consumption, controlling function, expansion flexibility, the advantages of miniaturization and ease of use, widely used instrument, combining different types of sensors can be realized Zhuru voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, flow, speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, elemental, physical pressure measurement. SCM makes use of digital instruments, intelligence, miniaturization, and functionality than electronic or digital circuits more powerful. Such as precision measuring equipment . In the industrial control application With the MCU can constitute a variety of control systems, data acquisition system. Such as factory assembly line of intelligent control,all kinds of alarm systems,and computer networks constitute a secondary control system. In the Appliance of Household appliances It can be said that the appliances are basically using SCM, praise from the electric rice, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, color TV, and other audio video equipment, to the electronic weighing equipment, varied, and omnipresent. In the field of computer networks and communications applications MCU general with modern communication interface, can be easy with the computer data communication, networking and communications in computer applications between devices had excellent material conditions, are basically all communication equipment to achieve a controlled by MCU from mobile phone, building telephone, automated mini-program-controlled switchboards, communications call system, train radio communication, to the daily work can be seen everywhere in the mobile phones, trunked mobile radio, walkie-talkies, etc.. Microcomputer in the field of medical device applications MCU in the use of medical devices is also quite extensive, such as medical respirator, the various analyzers, monitors, ultrasound diagnostic equipment and hospital beds, etc. call system. In a variety of major appliances in the modular applications Designed to achieve some special single specific function to be modular in a variety of circuit applications, without requiring the use of personnel to understand its internal structure. If music integrated single chip, seemingly simple function, miniature electronic chip in the net , you need a computer similar to the principle of the complex. Such as: music signal to digital form stored in memory , read by the microcontroller, analog music into electrical signals . In large circuits, modular applications that greatly reduce the volume, simplifies the circuit and reduce the damage, error rate, but also easy to replace. Microcontroller in the application field of automotive equipment SCM in automotive electronics is widely used, such as a vehicle engine controller, CAN bus-based Intelligent Electronic Control Engine, GPS navigation system, abs anti-lock braking system, brake system, etc.. In addition, the MCU in business, finance, research, education, national defense, aerospace and other fields has a very wide range of applications. 译文 51系列单片机的功能和结构 结构和功能的监控监-51系列之一--计算机芯片监控监-51名是 一幅一个电脑晶片,英特尔公司生产系列. 这家公司推出8级一个计 算机芯片监控监-51系列之后,于1980年8引入一个计算机芯片监控 监,于1976年48系列.。[]它属于这一类型很多行一个芯片的电脑芯 片都如8051、8031、8751、80c51bh,80c31bh等,其基本组成、性能和 基本教学 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 ,都是一样的. 8051每日代表-51系列之一--电脑晶片 有一个芯片的计算机系统是由以下几个方面: 18微处理器. 在切片数据存储羊,使用可以不读书不数据写如因经营不中,最后结果要和数据显示等. 存储器存储程序/可擦写可编程只读存储器,用于保存程序和数据,初步形成片. 但并不存储器/可擦写可编程只读存储器在一些人的电脑芯片,如8031、8032、80c等. 在智能仪器仪表上的应用 单片机具有体积小、功耗低、控制功能强、扩展灵活、微型化和使用方便等优点,广泛应用于仪器仪表中,结合不同类型的传感器,可实现诸如电压、功率、频率、湿度、温度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、长度、硬度、元素、压力等物理量的测量。采用单片机控制使得仪器仪表数字化、智能化、微型化,且功能比起采用电子或数字电路更加强大。例如精密的测量设备。 在工业控制中的应用 用单片机可以构成形式多样的控制系统、数据采集系统。例如工厂流水线的智能化管、电梯智能化控制、各种报警系统,与计算机联网构成二级控制系统等。 在家用电器中的应用 可以这样说,现在的家用电器基本上都采用了单片机控制,从电饭褒、洗衣机、电冰箱、空调机、彩电、其他音响视频器材、再到电子秤量设备,五花八门,无所不在。 在计算机网络和通信领域中的应用 现代的单片机普遍具备通信接口,可以很方便地与计算机进行数据通信,为在计算机网络和通信设备间的应用提供了极好的物质条件,现在的通信设备基本上都实现了单片机智能控制,从手机,电话机、小型程控交换机、楼宇自动通信呼叫系统、列车无线通信、再到日常工作中随处可见的移动电话,集群移动通信,无线电对讲机等。 单片机在医用设备领域中的应用 单片机在医用设备中的用途亦相当广泛,例如医用呼吸机,各种 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 仪,监护仪,超声诊断设备及病床呼叫系统等等。 在各种大型电器中的模块化应用 某些专用单片机设计用于实现特定功能,从而在各种电路中进行模块化应用,而不要求使用人员了解其内部结构。,就需要复杂的类似于计算机的原理。如:音乐信号以数字的形式存于存储器中,由微控制器读出,转化为模拟音乐电信号。 在大型电路中,这种模块化应用极大地缩小了体积,简化了电路,降低了损坏、错误率,也方便于更换。 单片机在汽车设备领域中的应用 单片机在汽车电子中的应用非常广泛,例如汽车中的发动机控制器,基于CAN总线的汽车发动机智能电子控制器,GPS导航系统,abs防抱死系统,制动系统等等。 此外,单片机在工商,金融,科研、教育,国防航空航天等领域都有着十分广泛的用途。 单片机英语文献翻译 学校:数理与软件 工程 路基工程安全技术交底工程项目施工成本控制工程量增项单年度零星工程技术标正投影法基本原理 学院 专业:应用物理 姓名:郭瑞 学号: 200705211 篇二 : 单片机毕业参考英文文献及翻译 南京工程学院毕业设计说明书 附录:英文技术资料翻译 英文原文: Structure and function of the MCS-51 series Structure and function of the MCS-51 series one-chip computer MCS-51 is a name of a piece of one-chip computer series which Intel Company produces. This company introduced 8 top-grade one-chip computers of MCS-51 series in 1980 after introducing 8 one-chip computers of MCS-48 series in 1976. It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have,such as 8051, 8031, 8751, 80C51BH, 80C31BH,etc., their basic composition, basic performance and instruction system are all the same. 8051 daily representatives- 51 serial one-chip computers . An one-chip computer system is made up of several following parts: One microprocessor of 8 . At slice data memory RAM ,it use not depositting not can reading /data that write, such as result not middle of operation, final result and data wanted to show, etc. Procedure memory ROM/EPROM , is used to preserve the procedure , some initial data and form in slice. But does not take ROM/EPROM within some one-chip computers, such as 8031 , 8032, 80C ,etc.. Four 8 run side by side I/O interface P0 four P3, each mouth can use as introduction , may use as exporting too. Two timer / counter, each timer / counter may set up and count in the way, used to count to the external incident, can set up into a timing way too, and can according to count or result of timing realize the control of the computer. Five cut off cutting off the control system of the source . One all duplexing serial I/O mouth of UART ), is it realize one-chip computer or one-chip computer and serial communication of computer to use for. Stretch oscillator and clock produce circuit, quartz crystal finely tune electric capacity need outer. Allow oscillation frequency as 12 megahertas now at most. Every the above-mentioned part was joined through the inside data bus .Among 南京工程学院毕业设计说明书 them, CPU is a core of the one-chip computer, it is the control of the computer and command centre, made up of such parts as arithmetic unit and controller , etc.. The arithmetic unit can carry on 8 persons of arithmetic operation and unit ALU of logic operation while including one, the 1 storing device temporarilies of 8, storing device 2 temporarily, 8’s accumulation device ACC, register B and procedure state register PSW, etc. Person who accumulate ACC count by 2 input ends entered of checking etc. temporarily as one operation often, come from person who store 1 operation is it is it make operation to go on to count temporarily , operation result and loopback ACC with another one. In addition, ACC is often regarded as the transfer station of data transmission on 8051 inside . The same as general microprocessor, it is the busiest register. Help remembering that agreeing with A expresses in the order. The controller includes the procedure counter , the order is depositted, the order decipher, the oscillator and timing circuit, etc. The procedure counter is made up of counter of 8 for two, amounts to 16. It is a byte address counter of the procedure in fact, the content is the next IA that will carried out in PC. The content which changes it can change the direction that the procedure carries out . Shake the circuit in 8051 one-chip computers, only need outer quartz crystal and frequency to finely tune the electric capacity, its frequency range is its 12MHZ of 1.2MHZ. This pulse signal, as 8051 basic beats of working, namely the minimum unit of time. 8051 is the same as other computers, the work in harmony under the control of the basic beat, just like an orchestra according to the beat play that is commanded. There are ROM and RAM in 8051 slices two to read, they have each independent memory address space, dispose way to be the same with general memory of computer. Procedure 8051 memory and 8751 slice procedure memory capacity 4KB, address begin from 0000H, used for preserving the procedure and form constant. Data 8051- 8751 8031 of memory data memory 128B, address false 00FH, use for middle result to deposit operation, the data are stored temporarily and the data are buffered etc.. In RAM of this 128B, there is unit of 32 byteses that can be appointed as the job register, this and general microprocessor is different, 8051 slice RAM and job register rank one formation the same to 南京工程学院毕业设计说明书 arrange the location. It is not very the same that the memory of MCS-51 series one-chip computer and general computer disposes the way in addition. General computer for first address space, ROM and RAM can arrange in different space within the range of this address at will, namely the addresses of ROM and RAM, with distributing different address space in a formation. While visiting the memory, corresponding and only an address Memory unit, can ROM, it can be RAM too, and by visiting the order similarly. This kind of memory structure is called the structure of Princeton. 8051 memories are divided into procedure memory space and data memory space on the physics structure, there are four memory spaces in all: The procedure stores in one and data memory space outside data memory and one in procedure memory space and one outside one, the structure forms of this kind of procedure device and data memory separated form data memory, called Harvard structure. But use the angle from users, 8051 memory address space is divided into three kinds: In the slice, arrange blocks of FFFFH , 0000H of location , in unison outside the slice . The data memory address space outside one of 64KB, the address is arranged from 0000H 64KB FFFFH too to the location. Data memory address space of 256B . Three above-mentioned memory space addresses overlap, for distinguishing and designing the order symbol of different data transmission in the instruction system of 8051: CPU visit slice, ROM order spend MOVC , visit block RAM order uses MOVX outside the slice, RAM order uses MOV to visit in slice. 8051 one-chip computer have four 8 walk abreast I/O port, call P0, P1, P2 and P3. Each port is 8 accurate two-way mouths, accounts for 32 pins altogether. Every one I/O line can be used as introduction and exported independently. Each port includes a latch , one exports the driver and a introduction buffer . Make data can latch when outputting, data can buffer when making introduction , but four function of passway these self-same. Expand among the system of memory outside having slice, four port these may serve as accurate two-way mouth of I/O in common use. Expand among the system of memory outside having slice, P2 mouth see high 8 address off; P0 mouth is a two-way bus, send the introduction of 8 low addresses and data / export in timesharing 南京工程学院毕业设计说明书 Output grade , P3 of mouth , P1 of P1 , connect with inside have load resistance of drawing , every one of they can drive 4 Model LS TTL load to output. As while inputting the mouth, any TTL or NMOS circuit can drive P1 of 8051 one-chip computers as P3 mouth in a normal way . Because draw resistance on output grade of them have, can open a way collector too or drain-source resistance is it urge to open a way, do not need to have the resistance of drawing outerly . Mouths are all accurate two-way mouths too. When the conduct is input, must write the corresponding port latch with 1 first . As to 80C51 one-chip computer, port can only offer milliampere of output electric currents, is it output mouth go when urging one ordinary basing of transistor to regard as, should contact a resistance among the port and transistor base , in order to the electricity while restraining the high level from exporting P1~P3 Being restored to the throne is the operation of initializing of an one-chip computer. Its main function is to turn PC into 0000H initially , make the one-chip computer begin to hold the conduct procedure from unit 0000H. Except that the ones that enter the system are initialized normally,as because procedure operate it make mistakes or operate there aren’t mistake, in order to extricate oneself from a predicament , need to be pressed and restored to the throne the key restarting too. It is an input end which is restored to the throne the signal in 8051 China RST pin. Restore to the throne signal high level effective , should sustain 24 shake cycle the above its effective times. If 6 of frequency of utilization brilliant to shake, restore to the throne signal duration should exceed 4 delicate to finish restoring to the throne and operating. Produce the logic picture of circuit which is restored to the throne the signal: Restore to the throne the circuit and include two parts outside in the chip entirely. Outside that circuit produce to restore to the throne signal hand over to Schmitt’s trigger, restore to the throne circuit sample to output , Schmitt of trigger constantly in each S5P2 , machine of cycle in having one more , then just got and restored to the throne and operated the necessary signal insidly. Restore to the throne resistance of circuit generally, electric capacity parameter suitable for 6 brilliant to shake, 南京工程学院毕业设计说明书 can is it restore to the throne signal high level duration greater than 2 machine cycles to guarantee. Being restored to the throne in the circuit is simple, its function is very important. Pieces of one-chip computer system could normal running,should first check it can restore to the throne not succeeding. Checking and can pop one’s head and monitor the pin with the oscillograph tentatively, push and is restored to the throne the key, the wave form that observes and has enough range is exported , can also through is it restore to the throne circuit group holding value carry on the experiment to change. 注:文献 南京工程学院毕业设计说明书 中文译文: 51系列单片机的功能和结构 51系列单片机是Intel公司设计的单片机产品。,, 这家公司于1976年推出8位MCS-48系列之后又在1980年推出了MCS-51系列单片机。它属于这一类型很多行一个芯片的电脑芯片都如8051、8031、8751、80c51bh,80c31bh等,其基本组成、性能和基本教学制度,都是一样的. 8051通常是51系列的代表。 每个单片机系统是由以下几个方面构成: 18微处理器. 片中内数据存储器RAM中如果结果不在操作过程中,结果也要显示出来 存储器存储程序/可擦写可编程只读存储器,用于保存程序和数据,初步形成片. 但并不存储器/可擦写可编程只读存储器在一些人的电脑芯片,如8031、8032、80c等. RAM是按功能来划分模块的。,]MCS – 51系列单片机和和一般电脑的处理方式不同。一般电脑会自动分配地址空间,ROM和RAM的计算机可以安排在不同的空间内,地址范围会根据ROM和RAM的位置分配不同的地址空间。在访问的内存,不管是ROM和RAM,只有一个地址对应一个内存单元,都要按这个顺序访问。这种内存结构是所谓的普林斯顿结构。8051的存储结构按物理结构划分可分为程序存储空间和数据存储空间,共有四个内存空间,按结构位置的不同分为内部程序存储空间,外部程序存储空间,内部数据存储空间,外部数据存储空间。但从用户的使用角度来看,8051存储 器地址空间可分为三类:片内,安排FFFFH的块,片外的串口0000H地址。外部数据存储器地址空间为64KB,地址从0000H到FFFFH的位置排列。256B的数据存储器的地址空间。上述三个重叠的内存空间地址,用8051指令系统的传输不同的数据和使用的功能区分。,,,访问内存时,访,,,使用,,,,,语句,访问,,,块顺序使用片外操作的,,,,语句,访问内存片段使用,,,语句。 8051单片机有四个8并行的I/O端口,分别为p0,p1,p2和p3.每个端口是8位精确的双向口,共占32针。每个I/O线可作为独立的入口和出口。每个端口包括一个锁存器,一个出口驱动器和引进缓冲器,是数据能够锁存输出,数据可以及时缓冲,其余四个具有相同的功能。接外部存储扩大他们的内存时,这四个口就可作为双向口常用的I/O口,这时P2口看到高8位地址,p0口是一个公共两用口,传送输出低8的地址和数据。P3口输出级别小于小于p1口,可以在里面绘制负载电阻,每一个能驱动4个LS型TTL负载输出。作为输入口时,所有的TTL或NMOS电路都可以驱动一个正常的方式。P3口作为单片机的P1口。可以利用改变电阻的输出大小,直接的充当震荡开路,不需要添加外部电阻。其中每个口都是 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 的双向口。当在当做输入口时,必须把相应的端口置1来锁闭输出。比如8051单片机,所有端口提供的输出电流只能几毫安,用作输出口时接一个普通的晶体管,要稳定使用,还要接一定电阻。其主要功能是把初始地址设为0000H,使单片机从0000H的地址开始运行程序。除了正常进入系统的初始化,由于操作失误或者操作过程错误,也要能够解决 错误,重新运行。在8051中RST引脚是一个输入复位键,复位键高 电平信号有效,要保证24倍以上的时钟周期。如果收到高频的6v输 入信号,单片机就会复位。 南京工程学院毕业设计说明书 初始化时,需要两部分外部电路。[,外部电路采用施密特触发 方式触发了复位键,形成了复位信号输出电路,并把信号传送到每个 引脚,按顺序到了复位引脚,就会迅速响应信号指令。复位功能的可 靠性,适合6v电压的电容震荡电路,复位信号的周期可以大于两个 机器周期。虽然复位电路的结构简单,但他的功能是非常重要的。一 个单片机系统是否正常运行,应先检查他有没有正确的复位电路。检 查和检测启发出的信号,用示波器显示时,结合复位电路很重要,观 察波形时,输出口的波动范围很大的,也可以通过复位电路对其进行 必要的改变。 篇三 : 单片机_英文参考文献1 Structure and function of the MCS-51 series Structure and function of the MCS-51 series one-chip computer MCS-51 is a name of a piece of one-chip computer series which Intel Company produces. This company introduced 8 top-grade one-chip computers of MCS-51 series in 1980 after introducing 8 one-chip computers of MCS-48 series in 1976. It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have,such as 8051, 8031, 8751, 80C51BH, 80C31BH,etc., their basic composition, basic performance and instruction system are all the same. 8051 daily representatives- 51 serial one-chip computers . An one-chip computer system is made up of several following parts: One microprocessor of 8 . At slice data memory RAM ,it use not depositting not can reading /data that write, such as result not middle of operation, final result and data wanted to show, etc. Procedure memory ROM/EPROM , is used to preserve the procedure , some initial data and form in slice. But does not take ROM/EPROM within some one-chip computers, such as 8031 , 8032, 80C ,etc.. Four 8 run side by side I/O interface P0 four P3, each mouth can use as introduction , may use as exporting too. Two timer / counter, each timer / counter may set up and count in the way, used to count to the external incident, can set up into a timing way too, and can according to count or result of timing realize the control of the computer. Five cut off cutting off the control system of the source . One all duplexing serial I/O mouth of UART ), is it realize one-chip computer or one-chip computer and serial communication of computer to use for. Stretch oscillator and clock produce circuit, quartz crystal finely tune electric capacity need outer. Allow oscillation frequency as 12 megahertas now at most. Every the above-mentioned part was joined through the inside data bus .Among them, CPU is a core of the one-chip computer, it is the control of the computer and command centre, made up of such parts as arithmetic unit and controller , etc.. The arithmetic unit can carry on 8 persons of arithmetic operation and unit ALU of logic operation while including one, the 1 storing device temporarilies of 8, storing device 2 temporarily, 8’s accumulation device ACC, register B and procedure state register PSW, etc. Person who accumulate ACC count by 2 input ends entered of checking etc. temporarily as one operation often, come from person who store 1 operation is it is it make operation to go on to count temporarily , operation result and loopback ACC with another one. In addition, ACC is often regarded as the transfer station of data transmission on 8051 inside . The same as general microprocessor, it is the busiest register. Help remembering that agreeing with A expresses in the order. The controller includes the procedure counter , the order is depositted, the order decipher, the oscillator and timing circuit, etc. The procedure counter is made up of counter of 8 for two, amounts to 16. It is a byte address counter of the procedure in fact, the content is the next IA that will carried out in PC. The content which changes it can change the direction that the procedure carries out . Shake the circuit in 8051 one-chip computers, only need outer quartz crystal and frequency to finely tune the electric capacity, its frequency range is its 12MHZ of 1.2MHZ. This pulse signal, as 8051 basic beats of working, namely the minimum unit of time. 8051 is the same as other computers, the work in harmony under the control of the basic beat, just like an orchestra according to the beat play that is commanded. There are ROM and RAM in 8051 slices two to read, they have each independent memory address space, dispose way to be the same with general memory of computer. Procedure 8051 memory and 8751 slice procedure memory capacity 4KB, address begin from 0000H, used for preserving the procedure and form constant. Data 8051- 8751 8031 of memory data memory 128B, address false 00FH, use for middle result to deposit operation, the data are stored temporarily and the data are buffered etc.. In RAM of this 128B, there is unit of 32 byteses that can be appointed as the job register, this and general microprocessor is different, 8051 slice RAM and job register rank one formation the same to arrange the location. It is not very the same that the memory of MCS-51 series one-chip computer and general computer disposes the way in addition. General computer for first address space, ROM and RAM can arrange in different space within the range of this address at will, namely the addresses of ROM and RAM, with distributing different address space in a formation. While visiting the memory, corresponding and only an address Memory unit, can ROM, it can be RAM too, and by visiting the order similarly. This kind of memory structure is called the structure of Princeton. 8051 memories are divided into procedure memory space and data memory space on the physics structure, there are four memory spaces in all: The procedure stores in one and data memory space outside data memory and one in procedure memory space and one outside one, the structure forms of this kind of procedure device and data memory separated form data memory, called Harvard structure. But use the angle from users, 8051 memory address space is divided into three kinds: In the slice, arrange blocks of FFFFH , 0000H of location , in unison outside the slice . The data memory address space outside one of 64KB, the address is arranged from 0000H 64KB FFFFH too to the location. Data memory address space of 256B . Three above-mentioned memory space addresses overlap, for distinguishing and designing the order symbol of different data transmission in the instruction system of 8051: CPU visit slice, ROM order spend MOVC , visit block RAM order uses MOVX outside the slice, RAM order uses MOV to visit in slice. 8051 one-chip computer have four 8 walk abreast I/O port, call P0, P1, P2 and P3. Each port is 8 accurate two-way mouths, accounts for 32 pins altogether. Every one I/O line can be used as introduction and exported independently. Each port includes a latch , one exports the driver and a introduction buffer . Make data can latch when outputting, data can buffer when making introduction , but four function of passway these self-same. Expand among the system of memory outside having slice, four port these may serve as accurate two-way mouth of I/O in common use. Expand among the system of memory outside having slice, P2 mouth see high 8 address off; P0 mouth is a two-way bus, send the introduction of 8 low addresses and data / export in timesharing Output grade , P3 of mouth , P1 of P1 , connect with inside have load resistance of drawing , every one of they can drive 4 Model LS TTL load to output. As while inputting the mouth, any TTL or NMOS circuit can drive P1 of 8051 one-chip computers as P3 mouth in a normal way . Because draw resistance on output grade of them have, can open a way collector too or drain-source resistance is it urge to open a way, do not need to have the resistance of drawing outerly . Mouths are all accurate two-way mouths too. When the conduct is input, must write the corresponding port latch with 1 first . As to 80C51 one-chip computer, port can only offer milliampere of output electric currents, is it output mouth go when urging one ordinary basing of transistor to regard as, should contact a resistance among the port and transistor base , in order to the electricity while restraining the high level from exporting P1~P3 Being restored to the throne is the operation of initializing of an one-chip computer. Its main function is to turn PC into 0000H initially , make the one-chip computer begin to hold the conduct procedure from unit 0000H. Except that the ones that enter the system are initialized normally,as because procedure operate it make mistakes or operate there aren’t mistake, in order to extricate oneself from a predicament , need to be pressed and restored to the throne the key restarting too. It is an input end which is restored to the throne the signal in 8051 China RST pin. Restore to the throne signal high level effective , should sustain 24 shake cycle the above its effective times. If 6 of frequency of utilization brilliant to shake, restore to the throne signal duration should exceed 4 delicate to finish restoring to the throne and operating. Produce the logic picture of circuit which is restored to the throne the signal: Restore to the throne the circuit and include two parts outside in the chip entirely. Outside that circuit produce to restore to the throne signal hand over to Schmitt’s trigger, restore to the throne circuit sample to output , Schmitt of trigger constantly in each S5P2 , machine of cycle in having one more , then just got and restored to the throne and operated the necessary signal insidly. Restore to the throne resistance of circuit generally, electric capacity parameter suitable for 6 brilliant to shake, can is it restore to the throne signal high level duration greater than 2 machine cycles to guarantee. Being restored to the throne in the circuit is simple, its function is very important. Pieces of one-chip computer system could normal running,should first check it can restore to the throne not succeeding. Checking and can pop one’s head and monitor the pin with the oscillograph tentatively, push and is restored to the throne the key, the wave form that observes and has enough range is exported , can also through is it restore to the throne circuit group holding value carry on the experiment to change. At present,MCU to infiltrate all areas of our lives, which is almost difficult to find traces of the field without SCM. Missile navigation equipment, aircraft, all types of instrument control, computer network communications and data transmission, industrial automation, real-time process control and data processing, extensive use of various smart IC card, civilian luxury car security system, video recorder, camera, fully automatic washing machine control, and program-controlled toys, electronic pet, etc., which are inseparable from the microcontroller. Not to mention the area of robot control, intelligent instruments, medical equipment was. Therefore, the MCU learning, development and application of the large number of computer applications and intelligent control of the scientists, engineers. SCM is widely used in instruments and meters, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, specialized equipment, intelligent management and process control fields, roughly divided into the following several areas: In the application of Intelligent Instruments SCM has a small size, low power consumption, controlling function, expansion flexibility, the advantages of miniaturization and ease of use, widely used instrument, combining different types of sensors can be realized Zhuru voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, flow, speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, elemental, physical pressure measurement. SCM makes use of digital instruments, intelligence, miniaturization, and functionality than electronic or digital circuits more powerful. Such as precision measuring equipment . In the industrial control application With the MCU can constitute a variety of control systems, data acquisition system. Such as factory assembly line of intelligent control,all kinds of alarm systems,and computer networks constitute a secondary control system. In the Appliance of Household appliances It can be said that the appliances are basically using SCM, praise from the electric rice, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, color TV, and other audio video equipment, to the electronic weighing equipment, varied, and omnipresent. In the field of computer networks and communications applications MCU general with modern communication interface, can be easy with the computer data communication, networking and communications in computer applications between devices had excellent material conditions, are basically all communication equipment to achieve a controlled by MCU from mobile phone, building telephone, automated mini-program-controlled switchboards, communications call system, train radio communication, to the daily work can be seen everywhere in the mobile phones, trunked mobile radio, walkie-talkies, etc.. Microcomputer in the field of medical device applications MCU in the use of medical devices is also quite extensive, such as medical respirator, the various analyzers, monitors, ultrasound diagnostic equipment and hospital beds, etc. call system. In a variety of major appliances in the modular applications Designed to achieve some special single specific function to be modular in a variety of circuit applications, without requiring the use of personnel to understand its internal structure. If music integrated single chip, seemingly simple function, miniature electronic chip in the net , you need a computer similar to the principle of the complex. Such as: music signal to digital form stored in memory , read by the microcontroller, analog music into electrical signals . In large circuits, modular applications that greatly reduce the volume, simplifies the circuit and reduce the damage, error rate, but also easy to replace. Microcontroller in the application field of automotive equipment SCM in automotive electronics is widely used, such as a vehicle engine controller, CAN bus-based Intelligent Electronic Control Engine, GPS navigation system, abs anti-lock braking system, brake system, etc.. In addition, the MCU in business, finance, research, education, national defense, aerospace and other fields has a very wide range of applications. 译文 51系列单片机的功能和结构 结构和功能的监控监-51系列之一--计算机芯片监控监-51名是一幅一个电脑晶片,英特尔公司生产系列. 这家公司推出8级一个计算机芯片监控监-51系列之后,于1980年8引入一个计算机芯片监控监,于1976年48系列.。它属于这一类型很多行一个芯片的电脑芯片都如8051、8031、8751、80c51bh,80c31bh等,其基本组成、性能和基本教学制度,都是一样的. 8051每日代表-51系列之一--电脑晶片 有一个芯片的计算机系统是由以下几个方面: 18微处理器. 在切片数据存储羊,使用可以不读书不数据写如因经营不中,最后结果要和数据显示等. 存储器存储程序/可擦写可编程只读存储器,用于保存程序和数据,初步形成片. 但并不存储器/可擦写可编程只读存储器在一些人的电脑芯片,如8031、8032、80c等. 。 最初实验用的计算机是由象我一样有着广博知识的人构造的。我们在电子工程方面都有着丰富的经验,并且我们深信这些经验对我们大有裨益。后来,被证明是正确的,尽管我们也要学习很多新东西。最重要的是瞬态一定要小心应付,虽然它只会在电视机的荧幕上一起一个无害的闪光,但是在计算机上这将导致一系列的错误。 在电路的设计过程中,我们经常陷入两难的境地。举例来说, 我可以使用真空二级管做为门电路,就象在EDSAC中一样,或者在两个栅格之间用带控制信号的五级管,这被广泛用于其他系统设计,这类的选择一直在持续着直到逻辑门电路开始应用。在计算机领域工作的人都应该记得TTL,ECL和CMOS,到目前为止,CMOS已经占据了主导地位。 在最初的几年,IEE仍然由动力工程占据主导地位。为了让IEE 认识到无线工程和快速发展的电子工程并行发展是它自己的一项权利,我们不得不面对一些障碍。由于动力工程师们做事的方式与我们不同,我们也遇到了许多困难。让人有些愤怒的是,所有的IEE出版的论文都被期望以冗长的早期研究的陈述开头,无非是些在早期阶段由于没有太多经验而遇到的困难之类的陈述。 60年代的巩固阶段 60年代初,个人英雄时代结束了,计算机真正引起了重视。世界上的计算机数量已经增加了许多,并且性能比以前更加可靠。这些我认为归因与高级语言的起步和第一个操作系统的诞生。分时系统开始起步,并且计算机图形学随之而来。 综上所述,晶体管开始代替正空管。这个变化对当时的工程师们是个不可回避的挑战。他们必须忘记他们熟悉的电路重新开始。只能说他们鼓起勇气接受了挑战,尽管这个转变并不会一帆风顺。 小规模集成电路和小型机 很快,在一个硅片上可以放不止一个晶体管,由此集成电路诞生了。随着时间的推移,一个片子能够容纳的最大数量的晶体管或稍 微少些的逻辑门和翻转门集成度达到了一个最大限度。由此出现了我们所知道7400系列微机。每个门电路或翻转电路是相互独立的并且有自己的引脚。他们可通过导线连接在一起,作成一个计算机或其他的东西。 这些芯片为制造一种新的计算机提供了可能。它被称为小型机。他比大型机稍逊,但功能强大,并且更能让人负担的起。一个商业部门或大学有能力拥有一台小型机而不是得到一台大型组织所需昂贵的大型机。 随着微机的开始流行并且功能的完善,世界急切获得它的计算能力但总是由于工业上不能规模供应和它可观的价格而受到挫折。微机的出现解决了这个局面。 计算消耗的下降并非起源与微机,它本来就应该是那个样子。这就是我在概要中提到的“通货膨胀”在计算机工业中走上了歧途之说。随着时间的推移,人们比他们付出的金钱得到的更多。 硬件的研究 我所描述的时代对于从事计算机硬件研究的人们是令人惊奇的时代。7400 系列的用户能够工作在逻辑门和开关级别并且芯片的集成度可靠性比单独晶体管高很多。大学或各地的研究者,可以充分发挥他们的想象力构造任何微机可以连接的数字设备。在剑桥大学实验室力,我们构造了CAP,一个有令人惊奇逻辑能力的微机。 7400在70年代中期还不断发展壮大,并且被宽带局域网的先 驱组织 Cambridge Ring所采用。令牌环设计研究的发表先于以太网。在这两种系统出现之前,人们大多满足于基于电报交换机的本地局域网。 令牌环网需要高可靠性,由于脉冲在令牌环中传递,他们必须不断的被放大并且再生。是7400的高可靠性给了我们勇气,使得我们着手Cambridge Ring.项目。 精简指令计算机的诞生 早期的计算机有简单的指令集,随着时间的推移,商业用微机的设计者增加了另外的他们认为可以微机性能的特性。很少的测试 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 被建立,总的来说特性的选取很大程度上依赖于设计者的直觉。 1980年,RISC运动改变了微机世界。该运动是由Patterson 和 Ditzel发表了一篇命名为精简指令计算机的情况论文而引起的。 除了RISC这个引人注目缩略词外,这个标题传达了一些指令集合设计的见解,随之引发了RISC运动。从某种意义上说,它推动了线程的发展,在处理器中,同一时间有几个指令在不同的执行阶段称为线程。线程不是个新概念,但是它对微机来说是从未有过的。 RISC受益于一个最近的可用的方法的诞生,该方法使估计计算机性能成为可能而不去真正实现该微机的设计。我的意思是说利用目前存在的功能强大的计算机去模拟新的设计。通过模拟该设计,RISC的提倡者能够有信心的预言,一台使用和传统计算机相同电路的RISC计算机可以和传统的最好的计算机有同样的性能。 模拟仿真加快了开发进度并且被计算机设计者广泛采用。随后,计算机设 计者变的多些可理性少了一些艺术性。今天,设计者们希望有满屋可用计算机做他们的仿真,而不只是一台, X86指令集 除非出现很大意外,要不很少听到有计算机使用早期的RISC指令集了。INTEL 8086及其后裔都与x86密切相关。X86构架已经占据了计算机核心指令集的主导地位。被认为是相当成功的RISC指令集现在的生存空间越来越小了。 对于我们这些从事计算机学术研究的人,X86的统治地位让我们感到失望。毫无疑问,商业上对于x86的生存会有更多的考虑,但是这里还有很多原因,尽管我们多么希望人们考虑其他的方面。高级语言并没有完全消除对机器原始编码的的使用。我们仍需要不断提醒我们自己:我们应该严格的与先前的应用在机器层面上保持兼容。然而,情况也许有所不同,如果Intel的主要目的是为是生产一个好的RISC芯片。有一个已经取得了更大的成功,我所说的i860。从许多方面来说,i860是个卓越的芯片,但是它的软件借口不适合在工作站上应用。 对于x86取得胜利的最后有一件有意思的事情。直接应用先前x86的实现方式对于满足RISC处理器的持续增长的速度要求,是不可能的。因此,设计者们没有完全实现RISC指令集,尽管这不是很明显。表面上,一片现代的x86芯片包含了隐藏实现的部分,好象和 实现RISC指令集的芯片一样。当致命的异常发生时,X86引入的代码是,经过适当的篡改后,被转化为它的内部代码并且被RISC芯片处理。 对于以上RISC运动的总结,我非常信赖最新版本的哈里斯和培生出版社的有关计算机设计的书籍。请参考特殊计算机体系构造,第三版,2003,P146,151-4,157-8 IA-64指令集 很久以前,Intel 和 Hewlett-Packard引进了IA-64指令集。这最初主要是为了满足通常的64位地址空间问题。在这种情况下,随后出现了MIPS R4000和Alpha。然而,人们普遍认为Intel应该与x86构架保持兼容,可令人疑惑的是恰恰相反。 进一步说,IA-64的设计与其他所有的指令集在主要实现方式上有所不同。特别的,每条指令它需要附加的6位。这打乱了传统的在指令字长和信息内容的平衡,并且它改变了编译器作者的原先的大纲。 尽管IA-64是个全新的指令集,但Intel发表了一个令人困惑的声明:基于IA-64的芯片将与早期的x86芯片保持兼容。很难弄懂它所指的是什么。 最新的称为Itaninu IA-64处理器显然需要特殊的兼容性的硬件,尽管如此,x86编码运行的相当慢。 由于以上的复杂因素,IA-64的实现需要更大的体积相对与传统的指令集,这暗示着更大的消耗。因此,在任何情况下,作为常识 和一般性的标准,Gordon Moore在访问剑桥最近开放的Betty and Gordon Moore 图书馆时所反复强调。在听到他说问题出现在Intel内部也许有所不同,我很不理解。但是我已经作好了准备,去接受这样的事实,我已经完全不了解半导体经济学了。 AMD已经定义了一种64位的与x86更加兼容的指令集,并且他们已经取得了进展。这种片子并不是很大。很多人认为这才是Intel应该做的。 更小晶体管的出现 集成度还在不断增加,这是通过缩小原始晶体管以致可以更容易放在一个片子上。进一步说,物理学的定律占在了制造商的一方。晶体管变的更快,更简单,更小。因此,同时导致了更高的集成度和速度。 31单片机英文参考文献_单片机英文参考文献 这有个更明显的优势。芯片被放在硅片上,称为晶片。每一个晶片拥有很大数量的独立芯片,他们被同时加工然后分离。因为缩小以致在每块晶片上有了更多的芯片,所以每块芯片的价格下降了。 单元价格下降对于计算机工业是重要的,因为,如果最新的芯片性能和以前一样但价格更便宜,就没有理由继续提供老产品,至少不应该无限期提供。对于整个市场只需一种产品。 附 录2 Progress in Computers Prestige Lecture delivered to IEE, Cambridge, on 5 February 2004 Maurice Wilkes Computer Laboratory University of Cambridge The first stored program computers began to work around 1950. The one we built in Cambridge, the EDSAC was first used in the summer of 1949. These early experimental computers were built by people like myself with varying backgrounds. We all had extensive experience in electronic engineering and were confident that that experience would stand us in good stead. This proved true, although we had some new things to learn. The most important of these was that transients must be treated correctly; what would cause a harmless flash on the screen of a television set could lead to a serious error in a computer. As far as computing circuits were concerned, we found ourselves with an embarass de richess. For example, we could use vacuum tube diodes for gates as we did in the EDSAC or pentodes with control signals on both grids, a system widely used elsewhere. This sort of choice persisted and the term families of logic came into use. Those who have worked in the computer field will remember TTL, ECL and CMOS. Of these, CMOS has now become dominant. In those early years, the IEE was still dominated by power engineering and we had to fight a number of major battles in order to get radio engineering along with the rapidly developing subject of electronics.dubbed in the IEE light current electrical engineering.properly recognised as an activity in its own right. I remember that we had some difficulty in organising a conference because the power engineers’ ways of doing things were not our ways. A minor source of irritation was that all IEE published papers were expected to start with a lengthy statement of earlier practice, something difficult to do when there was no earlier practice Consolidation in the 1960s By the late 50s or early 1960s, the heroic pioneering stage was over and the computer field was starting up in real earnest. The number of computers in the world had increased and they were much more reliable than the very early ones . To those years we can ascribe the first steps in high level languages and the first operating systems. Experimental time-sharing was beginning, and ultimately computer graphics was to come along. Above all, transistors began to replace vacuum tubes. This change presented a formidable challenge to the engineers of the day. They had to forget what they knew about circuits and start again. It can only be said that they measured up superbly well to the challenge and that the change could not have gone more smoothly. Soon it was found possible to put more than one transistor on the same bit of silicon, and this was the beginning of integrated circuits. As time went on, a sufficient level of integration was reached for one chip to accommodate enough transistors for a small number of gates or flip flops. This led to a range of chips known as the 7400 series. The gates and flip flops were independent of one another and each had its own pins. They could be connected by off-chip wiring to make a computer or anything else. These chips made a new kind of computer possible. It was called a minicomputer. It was something less that a mainframe, but still very powerful, and much more affordable. Instead of having one expensive mainframe for the whole organisation, a business or a university was able to have a minicomputer for each major department. Before long minicomputers began to spread and become more powerful. The world was hungry for computing power and it had been very frustrating for industry not to be able to supply it on the scale required and at a reasonable cost. Minicomputers transformed the situation. The fall in the cost of computing did not start with the minicomputer; it had always been that way. This was what I meant when I referred in my abstract to inflation in the computer industry ‘going the other way’. As time goes on people get more for their money, not less. Research in Computer Hardware. The time that I am describing was a wonderful one for research in computer hardware. The user of the 7400 series could work at the gate and flip-flop level and yet the overall level of integration was sufficient to give a degree of reliability far above that of discreet transistors. The researcher, in a university or elsewhere, could build any digital device that a fertile imagination could conjure up. In the Computer Laboratory we built the Cambridge CAP, a full-scale minicomputer with fancy capability logic. The 7400 series was still going strong in the mid 1970s and was used for the Cambridge Ring, a pioneering wide-band local area network. Publication of the design study for the Ring came just before the announcement of the Ethernet. Until these two systems appeared, users had mostly been content with teletype-based local area networks. Rings need high reliability because, as the pulses go repeatedly round the ring, they must be continually amplified and regenerated. It was the high reliability provided by the 7400 series of chips that gave us the courage needed to embark on the project for the Cambridge Ring. The RISC Movement and Its Aftermath Early computers had simple instruction sets. As time went on designers of commercially available machines added additional features which they thought would improve performance. Few comparative measurements were done and on the whole the choice of features depended upon the designer’s intuition. In 1980, the RISC movement that was to change all this broke on the world. The movement opened with a paper by Patterson and Ditzel entitled The Case for the Reduced Instructions Set Computer. Apart from leading to a striking acronym, this title conveys little of the insights into instruction set design which went with the RISC movement, in particular the way it facilitated pipelining, a system whereby several instructions may be in different stages of execution within the processor at the same time. Pipelining was not new, but it was new for small computers The RISC movement benefited greatly from methods which had recently become available for estimating the performance to be expected from a computer design without actually implementing it. I refer to the use of a powerful existing computer to simulate the new design. By the use of simulation, RISC advocates were able to predict with some confidence that a good RISC design would be able to out-perform the best conventional computers using the same circuit technology. This prediction was ultimately born out in practice. Simulation made rapid progress and soon came into universal use by computer designers. In consequence, computer design has become more of a science and less of an art. Today, designers expect to have a roomful of, computers available to do their simulations, not just one. They refer to such a roomful by the attractive name of computer farm. The x86 Instruction Set Little is now heard of pre-RISC instruction sets with one major exception, namely that of the Intel 8086 and its progeny, collectively referred to as x86. This has become the dominant instruction set and the RISC instruction sets that originally had a considerable measure of success are having to put up a hard fight for survival. This dominance of x86 disappoints people like myself who come from the research wings.both academic and industrial.of the computer field. No doubt, business considerations have a lot to do with the survival of x86, but there are other reasons as well. However much we research oriented people would like to think otherwise. high level languages have not yet eliminated the use of machine code altogether. We need to keep reminding ourselves that there is much to be said for strict binary compatibility with previous usage when that can be attained. Nevertheless, things might have been different if Intel’s major attempt to produce a good RISC chip had been more successful. I am referring to the i860 . In many ways the i860 was an excellent chip, but its software interface did not fit it to be used in a workstation. There is an interesting sting in the tail of this apparently easy triumph of the x86 instruction set. It proved impossible to match the steadily increasing speed of RISC processors by direct implementation of the x86 instruction set as had been done in the past. Instead, designers took a leaf out of the RISC book; although it is not obvious, on the surface, a modern x86 processor chip contains hidden within it a RISC-style processor with its own internal RISC coding. The incoming x86 code is, after suitable massaging, converted into this internal code and handed over to the RISC processor where the critical execution is performed. In this summing up of the RISC movement, I rely heavily on the latest edition of Hennessy and Patterson’s books on computer design as my supporting authority; see in particular Computer Architecture, third edition, 2003, pp 146, 151-4, 157-8. The IA-64 instruction set. Some time ago, Intel and Hewlett-Packard introduced the IA-64 instruction set. This was primarily intended to meet a generally recognised need for a 64 bit address space. In this, it followed the lead of the designers of the MIPS R4000 and Alpha. However one would have thought that Intel would have stressed compatibility with the x86; the puzzle is that they did the exact opposite. Moreover, built into the design of IA-64 is a feature known as predication which makes it incompatible in a major way with all other instruction sets. In particular, it needs 6 extra bits with each instruction. This upsets the traditional balance between instruction word length and information content, and it changes significantly the brief of the compiler writer. In spite of having an entirely new instruction set, Intel made the puzzling claim that chips based on IA-64 would be compatible with earlier x86 chips. It was hard to see exactly what was meant. Chips for the latest IA-64 processor, namely, the Itanium, appear to have special hardware for compatibility. Even so, x86 code runs very slowly. Because of the above complications, implementation of IA-64 requires a larger 31单片机英文参考文献_单片机英文参考文献 chip than is required for more conventional instruction sets. This in turn implies a higher cost. Such at any rate, is the received wisdom, and, as a general principle, it was repeated as such by Gordon Moore when he visited Cambridge recently to open the Betty and Gordon Moore Library. I have, however, heard it said that the matter appears differently from within Intel. This I do not understand. But I am very ready to admit that I am completely out of my depth as regards the economics of the semiconductor industry. AMD have defined a 64 bit instruction set that is more compatible with x86 and they appear to be making headway with it. The chip is not a particularly large one. Some people think that this is what Intel should have done. [Since the lecture was delivered, Intel have announced that they will market a range of chips essentially compatible with those offered by AMD.] The Relentless Drive towards Smaller Transistors The scale of integration continued to increase. This was achieved by shrinking the original transistors so that more could be put on a chip. Moreover, the laws of physics were on the side of the manufacturers. The transistors also got faster, simply by getting smaller. It was therefore possible to have, at the same time, both high density and high speed. There was a further advantage. Chips are made on discs of silicon, known as wafers. Each wafer has on it a large number of individual chips, which are processed together and later separated. Since shrinkage makes it possible to get more chips on a wafer, the cost per chip goes down. Falling unit cost was important to the industry because, if the latest chips are cheaper to make as well as faster, there is no reason to go on offering the old ones, at least not indefinitely. There can thus be one product for the entire market.
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