文件凼隼文件综述例子aspan class=

文件凼隼文件综述例子aspan class= Typical ways of organizing the sources into a review You’ve decided to focus your literature review on materials dealing with sperm whales. This is because you’ve just finished reading Moby Dick, and you wonder if that whale’s portrayal is really real. You start with some articles about the physiology of sperm whales in biology journals written in the 1980’s, but these articles refer to some British biological studies performed on whales in the early 18th century. So you check those out. Then you look up a book written in 1968 with information on how sperm whales have been portrayed in other forms of art, such as in Alaskan poetry, in French painting, or on whale bone, as the whale hunters in the late 19th century used to do. This makes you wonder about American whaling methods during the time portrayed in Moby Dick, so you find some academic articles published in the last five years on how accurately Herman Melville portrayed the whaling scene in his novel. Guidelines for writing a literature review However, other studies have shown that even gender-neutral antecedents are more likely to produce masculine images than feminine ones (Gastil, 1990). Hamilton (1988) asked students to complete sentences that required them to fill in pronouns that agreed with gender-neutral antecedents such as “writer,” “pedestrian,” and “persons.” The students were asked to describe any image they had when writing the sentence. Hamilton found that people imagined 3.3 men to each woman in the masculine “generic” condition and 1.5 men per woman in the unbiased condition. Thus, while ambient (外界的，周围环境的) sexism accounted for some of the masculine bias, sexist language amplified the effect. (source: Erika Falk and Jordan Mills, “Why Sexist Language Affects Persuasion: The Role of Homophily, Intended Audience, and Offense,” Women and Language 19:2) A Sample of Literature Review On Advertising English Among the so many scholars who examine advertising language, G. N. Leech deserves prime attention for his thorough research of advertising in the field of linguistics in his book English in Advertising(1966). Vestergaard and Schroder, however, probe into advertising language not only in the respect of linguistics, but also in that of psychology and ideology. The Language of Advertising (1985) written by them is a revealing study of the strategies of persuasion advertisers use and of the crucial underlying assumptions advertising makes. Focusing on magazine and newspaper advertising, the authors illustrate the range of linguistic and visual techniques advertisers use to achieve emphasis and special effects. Apart from that, Hafer and White make contribution to the research of advertising language by writing a book titled Adverting English which is conceived as a bridge between rules and suggestions for writing advertisement that have been run or aired. And in the Secrets of Successful Copywriting (1986), Patrick Quinn tells the reader everything he needs to know from the drafting of press ads to the scripting of television commercials, from radio to audio-visual, and the concepts, the treatments as well as the wrinkles. Compared with linguists who study advertising from the angle of language alone, more scholars carry out their research of advertising in a comprehensive way. Their study covers the history of advertising, the work of advertising agencies, the procedure of advertising, etc. with advertising language concerned more or less. For instance, Essentials of Advertising (1980) written by Louis Kaufman examines in detail every stage of the business of advertising, from the initial concept to execution. And it moves from the pragmatic considerations that underlie the finished ad-marketing intelligence and research and the budget-through media, to the final campaign. Nonetheless, there is a chapter particularly devoted to advertising language. Other examples may include Advertising (1984) by William M. Weilbacher and Contemporary Advertising(1986) by Courtland L. Bove and William F. Arens. The former is about all the advertising issues suggested by various definition of advertising that have been presented and it also tells how advertising is created, produced and used. The latter is a more complete study of advertising and the language aspects are involved in it inevitably. In China, there are also some experts who study the language of English advertising or advertising business in general. Books such as Advertising English by Cui Gang(崔刚主编《广告英语》，1993) and Advertising English and Examples by Sun Xiaoli 孙晓丽主编，《广告英语与实例》1995) are works on analyses of the language of advertising. The author illustrate the general characteristics of advertising English mainly in the aspects of words, sentences and rhetorical devices, and examines features of different kinds of English advertisements. The books serve as a guide to students and practitioners to help them attain proficiency in writing advertising copy for different media. In his book Pragmatics in English Learning(何 自然编著《语用学语英语学习》，1997) Professor He Ziran discusses advertising language from the angle of pragmatics and sociolinguistics. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bovee, C.L., Arens, W.F. 1994. Contemporary Advertising. Homewood, Illinois, Irwin. Hafer & White. 1982. Adverting Writing. St. Paul, West Publishing Company. Kaufman, L. 1980. Essentials of Advertising. New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. Leech, G. N.1974. Semantics. Harmondsworth, Penguin. Quinn, P. 1986.The Secrets of Successful Copywriting. London, Heinemann. Vestergaard, T., Schroder, K. 1985. The Language of Advertising. New York, Basil Blackwell. 崔刚, 1993,《广告英语》, 北京:北京理工大学出版社。 何自然，1997，《语用学语英语学习》，上海:上海外语教育出版社 孙晓丽，1995，《广告英语与实例》，北京: 中国广播电视出版社