CHAPTER 9:MEASURING SOURCES OF BRAND EQUITY: CAPURING CUSTOMER MINDSET_[
全文
企业安全文化建设方案企业安全文化建设导则安全文明施工及保证措施创建安全文明校园实施方案创建安全文明工地监理工作情况
]
CHAPTER 9:
MEASURING SOURCES OF BRAND EQUITY: CAPURING CUSTOMER MINDSET
Kevin Lane Keller
Tuck School of Business Dartmouth College
Qualitative Research Techniques Free association
What do you like best about the brand? What are its positive aspects?
What do you dislike? What are its disadvantages?
What do you find unique about the brand? How is it different from other brands? In what ways is
it the same?
Free Associations
LEVI’S
501
High quality, long lasting, and durable
Blue denim, shrink-to-fit cotton fabric, button-fly, two-horse patch,
and small red pocket tag Feelings of self-confidence and self-assurance
Comfortable fitting
and relaxing to wear
Honest, classic,
Contemporary, approachable, independent, and universal Appropriate for outdoor work and casual social situations
Western, American,
blue collar, hard-working, traditional, strong,
rugged, and masculine
BENEFITS
ATTRIBUTES
Symbolic
Usage Imagery
User Imagery
Brand Personality
Functional
Product-Related
Experiential
Qualitative Research Techniques
Projective techniques
Diagnostic tools to uncover the true opinions and feelings of consumers when they are unwilling
or otherwise unable to express themselves on these matters Projective Techniques
Consumers might feel that it would be socially unacceptable to express their true feelings
Projective techniques are diagnostic tools to uncover the true opinions and feelings of consumers
Examples:
Completion and interpretation tasks
Comparison tasks
New approach: ZMET
Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique (ZMET)
ZMET is “a technique for eliciting interconnected constructs that influence thought and behavior.”
ZMET
The guided conversation consists of a series of steps that includes some or all of the following:
Story telling
Missed images
Sorting task
Construct elicitation
The most representative picture
Opposite images
Sensory images
Mental map
Summary image
Vignette
Brand Personality and Values
Brand personality refers to the human characteristics or traits that can be attributed to a brand.
The Big Five
Sincerity (down-to-earth, wholesome, and cheerful) Excitement (daring, spirited, imaginative, and up-to-date) Competence (reliable, intelligent, and successful) Sophistication (upper class and charming)
Ruggedness (outdoorsy and tough)
Jennifer Aaker, 1997
Identifying Key Brand Personality Associations
BUSH KERRY
Coffee Dunkin’ Donuts Starbucks
Technology IBM Apple
Auto Ford BMW
Retail Kmart Target
Fast Food McDonald’s Subway
2004 U.S. presidential election, random sample of undecided voters Experiential Methods
By tapping more directly into their actual home, work, or shopping behaviors, researchers might
be able to elicit more meaningful responses from consumers.
Advocates of the experiential approach have sent researchers to consumers’ homes in the
morning to see how they approach their days, given business travelers Polaroid cameras and diaries to capture their feelings when in hotel rooms, and conducted “beeper studies” in which participants are instructed to write down what they’re doing when they are paged.
Quantitative Research Techniques
Awareness
Image
Brand responses
Brand relationships
Awareness
Recognition
Ability of consumers to identify the brand (and its elements) under various circumstances Recall
Ability of consumers to retrieve the actual brand elements from memory
Unaided vs. aided recall
Awareness
Corrections for guessing
Any research measure must consider the issue of consumers making up responses or guessing. Strategic implications
The advantage of aided recall measures is that they yield insight into how brand knowledge is organized in memory and what kind of cues or reminders may be necessary for consumers to be able to retrieve the brand from memory.
The important point to note is that the category structure that exists in consumers’ minds—as
reflected by brand recall performance—can have profound implications for consumer choice and
marketing strategy.
Image
Ask open-ended questions to tap into the strength, favorability, and uniqueness of brand associations.
These associations should be rated on scales for quantitative analysis.
Brand Responses
Research in psychology suggests that purchase intentions are most likely to be predictive of actual purchase when there is correspondence between the two in the following categories: Purchase Intentions
Action (buying for own use or to give as a gift)
Target (specific type of product and brand)
Context (in what type of store based on what prices and other conditions) Time (within a week, month, or year)
Brand Relationships
Behavioral loyalty
Brand substitutability
Other brand resonance dimensions
For example, in terms of engagement, measures could explore word-of-mouth behavior, online behavior, and so forth in depth
Comprehensive Models of
Customer-Based Brand Equity
Brand dynamics
Equity engines
Young & Rubicam’s Brand Asset Valuator (BAV)
Brand Dynamics
The Brand Dynamics model adopts a hierarchical approach to determine the strength of
relationship a consumer has with a brand. The five levels of the model are: Presence
Relevance
Performance
Advantage
Bonding
Equity Engines
This model delineates three key dimensions of brand affinity—the emotional and intangible
benefits of a brand—as follows:
Authority: The reputation of a brand, whether as a long-standing leader or as a pioneer in
innovation
Identification: The closeness customers feel for a brand and how well they feel the brand
matches their personal needs
Approval: The way a brand fits into the wider social matrix and the intangible status it holds for
experts and friends
Young & Rubicam’s Brand Asset Valuator (BAV)
There are five key components of brand health in BAV—the five pillars. Each pillar is derived from various measures that relate to different aspects of consumers’ brand perceptions and that together trace the progression of a brand’s development.
Differentiation
Energy
Relevance
Esteem
Knowledge
BrandAsset? Valuator (BAV)
240,000+ consumers
Up to 181 categories
137 studies
40 countries
8 years
56 different brand metrics
Common methodology
Four Primary Aspects
How Brands Are Built
Knowledge
The culmination of brand building efforts; acquisition of consumer experience Esteem
Consumer respect, regard, reputation; a fulfillment of perceived consumer promise Relevance
Relates to usage and subsumes the five Ps of
marketing; relates to sale
Differentiation
The basis for consumer choice; the essence of
the brand, source of margin
Healthy Brands Have Greater Differentiation than Relevance
Room to grow...
Brand has power to build relevance. D > R
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Differentiation
Relevance
Examples:
Harley Davidson
Yahoo!
AOL
Williams-Sonoma
Ikea
Bloomberg Business News
Brands with greater Relevance than Differentiation Are in Danger of Becoming Commodities
R > D
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Differentiation Relevance
Uniqueness has faded; price becomes dominant reason to buy.
Examples:
Exxon
Mott’s
McDonald’s
Crest
Minute Maid
Fruit of the Loom Peter Pan (peanut butter)
More Esteem than Knowledge Means, “I’d like to get to know you better”
E > K
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Esteem
Knowledge
Brand is better liked than known.
Examples:
Coach leatherwear Tag Heuer
Calphalon
Movado
Blaupunkt
Pella Windows
Palm Pilot
Technics
Too Much Knowledge Can Be Dangerous:
“I know you and you’re nothing special” K > E
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Esteem
Knowledge
Brand is better known than liked.
Examples:
Plymouth
TV Guide
Spam
Woolworths
Chrysler
Maxwell House
National Enquirer Sanka
A Two-Dimensional Framework for Diagnosing Brands: The Power Grid
BrandAsset? Valuator Leading
Brand Strength Differentiation Relevance
Lagging
Brand Stature
Esteem
Knowledge
Brand Health Is Captured on the PowerGrid
Power Leaders
New
Niche/
Unrealized Potential Declining
Leaders
Unfocused
BRAND STRENGTH (Differentiation and Relevance)
BRAND STATURE (Esteem and Knowledge)
Eroded
Base: USA Total Adults BAV 2000
USA 1999 PowerGrid Sample
BRAND STATURE BRAND STRENGTH Base: USA Total Adults BAV 1999
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
Plymouth
Bazooka
Ivory Snow
Pert
Rolaids
Keds
Howard Johnson TWA
Greyhound
Arizona Iced Tea Aeropostale
Newman’s Own
Sundance Channel DreamWorks
Bloomberg Business News
CDnow
IKEA
Coca-Cola
Ocean Spray
Nike
Pepperidge Farm M&Ms
Disney
Jeopardy!
Hallmark
San Pellegrino Sun Microsystems Wired
Quest Telecomm Nokia
iVillage3> NetGrocer
Iridium
Y&R Resonance Research
Usage
Loyalty (60%)
Attachment (30%)
Community
Engagement
Resonance
ACE (10%)
15%
Base: 2001 BAV Data
Y&R Resonance Research with BAV
0
50
100
0
50
100
Brand Stature Brand Strength Attached
Loyal
Community
Resonance
Engaged
Non-Loyals
Resonance
Engaged
Community
Attached
Loyal Users
Non-Loyal Users
Base: BAV USA Adults 2001 Differentiation
Average U.S. Packaged Goods Brand Proportion
of Consumers
Consumer
Loyalty
7%
Bonded
32%
Advantage
35%
Performance
43%
Relevance
76%
Presence
38%
19%
17%
13%
20%
Commonalty Between the Basic BAV Model and the CBBE Framework
BAV’s knowledge relates to CBBE’s brand awareness and familiarity. BAV’s esteem relates to CBBE’s favorability of brand associations. BAV’s relevance relates to CBBE’s strength of brand associations (as well as perhaps favorability).
BAV’s energy relates to CBBE’s favorability of associations.
BAV’s differentiation relates to CBBE’s uniqueness of brand associations.
2
The largest worldwide brand study, enabling Y&R to speak to the issue on the agenda,
Brands and Financial Performance, but also enabling me to speak about brands the way
consumers do. It’s helpful to think about Brands as you think about Relationships-- how brands are built
how they progress
how they can go sour
and how to re-build damaged ones
I’m going to talk about the
9
So here’s the first check point. Is this a relationship with a future? If Differentiation, as we say, is
greater than Relevance…
(refer to the slide)
If Relevance is greater than Differentiation...
9
So here’s the first check point. Is this a relationship with a future? If Differentiation, as we say, is
greater than Relevance…
(refer to the slide)
If Relevance is greater than Differentiation...
9
So here’s the first check point. Is this a relationship with a future? If Differentiation, as we say, is
greater than Relevance…
(refer to the slide)
If Relevance is greater than Differentiation...
9
So here’s the first check point. Is this a relationship with a future? If Differentiation, as we say, is
greater than Relevance…
(refer to the slide)
If Relevance is greater than Differentiation...
11
OK, so here’s the cheat sheet.
I’m Miss Lonelyhearts and I’m checking out what you’re telling me about the brands.
I want to know about Brand Strength and Brand Stature and what they tell me about pursuing
the relationship further.
12