研究生英语阅读Unit1课后答案

Unit 1 Environment    Learning Objectives At the end of the unit, students will be able to: 1. have some general knowledge about the environment; 2. know about various kind of environmental problems; 3. talk about the causes, effects, and measures people should take about the environmental problems; 4. master the key words and expressions concerning the environment.   Part I  Warm-up Activities A  Directions: The following are some of the organizations devoted to the environmental protection. Match them with the corresponding Chinese translations. A. 联合国人类居住中心  B. 绿色和平组织  C.  国际环境情报网 D. 联合国环境规划署    E. 绿党          F. 联合国环境与发展大会  G. 国际自然和自然资源保护协会  1. United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) D 联合国环境规划署 2. International Environment Information System  C 国际环境情报网 3. Green Peace Organization  B 绿色和平组织 4. Green Party  E 绿党 5. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) G 国际自然和自然资源保护协会 6. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) F 联合国环境与发展大会 7. United Nations Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS) A 联合国人类居住中心 B  Directions: Below are three pictures conveying the environmental problems. Join a partner, talk about what specific environmental problems they are. Then discuss about their causes, effects and the measures people have to take to deal with these problems. 1. What is the environmental phenomenon? 2. What causes this environmental phenomenon? 3. What are the effects of this environmental phenomenon? 4. How can the human do to improve this situation? Environmental problems Definition Causes Effects Solutions Global warming the rise in the average temperature of earth’s atmosphere and oceans since the late 19th century increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation a rise in sea levels, a change in the amount and pattern of precipitation, an expansion of subtropical deserts as well as heat waves, droughts and heavy rainfall, ocean acidification and species extinctions 1.adopt policies limiting greenhouse gas emissions 2.the human beings have to adapt to the climate change Air pollution the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more contaminants such as dust, fumes, gas, mist, odor, smoke, or vapor in quantities and of characteristics and duration such as to be injurious to human, plant, or animal life or to property the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulates, or biological materials released by factories, vehicles and burning of the fossil fuels cause discomfort, disease, or death to humans, damage other living organisms such as food crops, or damage the natural environment air pollution control technologies and land use planning strategies: zoning and transport infrastructure planning; expanding regulation to new sources, increased fuel efficiency, conversion to cleaner fuels Soil erosion the process by which soil and rock are removed from the Earth’s surface by natural processes such as wind or water flow, and then transported and deposited in other locations industrial agriculture, deforestation, roads, anthropogenic climate change and urban sprawl desertification, decreases in agricultural productivity due to land degradation, sedimentation of waterways, and ecological collapse due to loss of the nutrient rich upper soil layers terrace-building, no-till agriculture, and revegetation of denuded soils           Part II  Listening 1. Deforestation                           A  Directions: Listen to a report about deforestation over the past 10 years. Choose one item among A, B, C and D which best matches each of the following questions. 1) What is the main cause of deforestation?                              (C) A. The cutting down of tropical trees for urban facilities.  B. The global warming.  C. The cutting down of tropical trees for agriculture. D. The forest fires. 2) How much area of forest was cut down or lost through natural causes each year in the last ten years?                                                (C) A. Over four billion hectares. B. Sixteen million hectares. C. Thirteen million hectares. D. Seven million hectares.     3) Which of the following countries have reduced their deforestation rates?    (D) A. China and India. B. Brazil and Vietnam. C. China, India, Vietnam and America. D. Brazil and Indonesia.     4) Which of the following areas have the highest yearly loss of forests during the last ten years?                                                      (B) A. North America and Central America.    B. Asia and Europe. B. South America and Africa.            D. South Africa and Asia. 5) According to Eduardo Rojas, what made the rate of deforestation decrease around the world?                                                      (B) A. Tree-planting programs.            B. Improvement of forest policies and regulations at local and international levels. C. The result of the International Year of Biodiversity. D. The forest protection by the native people. Tapescript The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization says deforestation has decreased over the past ten years. But it still continues at a high rate in many countries. Deforestation is mainly caused by the cutting down of tropical forests to provide land for agriculture. The world's total forest area is just over four billion hectares. About thirteen million hectares of forest were cut down or lost through natural causes each year in the last ten years. This compares with about sixteen million hectares per year during the nineteen nineties. The FAO study covers two hundred thirty-three countries and areas. The study found that Brazil and Indonesia have reduced their deforestation rates. The two countries had the highest loss of forests in the nineteen nineties. In addition, the study noted tree-planting programs in countries such as China, India, Vietnam and the United States. These programs, along with natural expansion of forests in some areas, have added more than seven million hectares of new forests each year. South America and Africa had the highest yearly loss of forests during the last ten years. South America lost four million hectares. Africa lost almost three and a half million hectares. However, Asia gained more than two million hectares a year in the last decade. In North America and Central America, the forest area remained about the same. In Europe, it continued to expand, but at a slower rate than earlier. Eduardo Rojas is assistant director-general of F.A.O.’s Forestry Department. He said for the first time, the rate of deforestation has decreased around the world. This is the result of efforts taken at local and international levels. Mister Rojas said countries have improved their forest policies and legislation. They have also provided forests for use by local communities and native peoples and for the protection of biological diversity. He said this is a welcome message in two thousand ten – the International Year of Biodiversity. However, Mister Rojas said the rate of deforestation is still very high in many areas. He said countries must strengthen their efforts to better protect and manage their forests. 2. Unknown Future Climate Change Effects                   Read the new words below before listening negotiator /ni'g?u?ieit?/ n. someone who confers with others in order to reach a settlement 协调者，谈判者 mitigation /?miti'ɡei?n/ n. 缓解，减轻 grope /gr?up / v. search blindly or uncertainly 摸索 precipitation / pri?sipi'tei??n/ n. the falling of any form of water to earth (rain or snow or hail or sleet or mist) 某地区降雨等的量 methane / 'mi:θein/ n. 甲烷   A    Direction: In this section you will hear a report about the unknown long-term effects of rising temperatures. Listen and check the words and phrases as you hear them.   long-term effects ? reproduce ? potential disadvantages and consequences   longer growing seasons ? a number of policies and regulations   concentrates on the role of agriculture ? climate change effects on industry 继续阅读