第6讲：形合和意合

形合和义合 形合和意合是中英文差异最重要的一个特点。王力说：“西洋语的结构好象连环，虽则环与环都联络起来，毕竟有联络的痕迹；中国语的结构好象无缝天衣，只是一块一块的硬凑，凑起来还不让它有痕迹。西洋语法是硬的，没有弹性的；中国语法是软的，富于弹性的。惟有是硬的，所以西洋语法有许多呆板的要求，如每一个clause里必须有一个主语；惟其是软的，所以中国语法只以达意为主，如初系的目的位可兼次系的主语，又如相关的两件事可以硬凑在一起，不用任何的connective word.” 英语多形合。所谓形合，指的是词语或分句之间用语言形式手段（如关联词）连接起来， 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 达语法意义和逻辑关系。而中国语多意合。所谓意合，指的是词语或分句之间不同语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。 英语形合的主要特点：1、关系词和连接词；2、介词；3、其它连接手段，词的形态变化和句中前后一致的关系。 连词： When I tried to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other. 为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢？我认为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分。 It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall. 那是个天气晴金黄可爱的秋天，美好的秋天为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，当日的青年已经失去了青春，有的失去了生命。 It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection. 认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达得很清楚，让任何人都能理解，这是一种虚荣的念头。这样的作家当然不会想到，问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。 介词：英语共有各类介词（简单介词：with, to, between）合成介词：inside, onto, upon, throughout) 成语介词：(because of, in front of, with regard to) 大约286个。介词是英语里最活跃的词类之一，是连接词、语或差距的重要手段。 The many colors of s rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside. 彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。 He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession. 他有一种令人难堪的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。 This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall, with Mr. Strong in the chair. 这是一次精心组织起来的会议。市政厅里济济一堂，热情洋溢，组织会议的是斯特朗先生。 The present onslaught of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace of mind. 当前，车辆横冲直闯，严重地威胁着城市生活，路上行人无不提心吊胆。 Change of information, if any, concerning the contents of this section will be found in the appendix at the end of this book. 本节内容如有更改，均见本 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 末附录。 She said, with perfect truth, that “it must be delightful to have a brother,” and easily got the pity of tenderhearted Amelia, for being alone in the world, an orphan without friends or kindred. 她说道，“有个哥哥该多好啊，”这话说得入情入理。她没爹没娘，又没有亲友，真是孤苦伶仃。软心肠的阿米莉亚听了，立刻觉得她可怜。 其它连接手段：词的形态变化和前后一致的关系以及用“it”, “there” 作替补词（expletives）由于有较明确的语法关系，表达的逻辑关系就较为明确。 They would have had to live the rest of their lives under the stigma that they had recklessly precipitated an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a nuclear war. 他们恐怕免不了在有生之年要蒙受不洁之名，人们会说他们贸然采取行动，使最高级会议遭到搁浅，而且，可以设想，还可能挑起了一场核战争。 Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that of gunners using science to shatter men’s body while, close at hand, surgeons use it to restore them. 炮手用科学毁坏了人体，而就在附近，外科医生用科学使起恢复健康，还有什么情景逼这更加荒谬绝伦？ There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride. 最令女主人失望的是，她花了许多心神或费用来招待客人，可是这位客人只顾津津有味地与她的丈夫谈政治，谈生意，却没有注意到香喷喷的咖啡，松软的糕点，或房间内讲究的陈设，而这些却可能是她感到兴趣并引以自豪的主要所在。 汉语意合的主要特点：汉语的句子少有，甚至没有连接手段，注重隐形连贯（covert coherence），注重逻辑事理顺序，注重功能、意义，注重以神统形。它的主要特点或表现方式： 语序。语序大多以意义的先后排列，因此少用连接词。据统计，汉语中三分之二的因果句不到必要时不用关联词。先“因”后“果”，几乎不用“因为”，属常态；先“果”后“因”，大多用“因为”，属变态。 她不老实，我不信任她。 我不能信任她，因为她不老实。 Because she is not honest, I can’t trust her. I can’t trust her, because she is not honest. 人不犯我，我不犯人。 We will not attack unless we are attacked. 说是说了，没有结果。 I’ve made proposals, but they proved futile. 打肿脸充胖子，吃亏的是自己。 If you get beyond your depth, you will suffer. 人到事中迷，就怕没人提。 When a man is lost in a labyrinth, what he needs badly is a hint. 反复、排比、对偶、对仗等。这些修辞方法使语句整齐、均称，排斥了关联词。但是在英语的翻译中往往要把意义的逻辑，转变为语言形式上的逻辑。 他不来，我不去. If he won’t come here, I’ll not go there. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。 As you sow, so you will reap. 不怕慢，只怕站。 It’s better to move ahead slowly than just to mark time. 吃苦在前，享乐在后。 Be the first to bear hardship and the last to enjoy comforts. 聪明一世，糊涂一时。 Smart as a rule, but this time a fool. 不吃苦中苦，那知甜中甜？ If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall, how can you know the sweetness of honey. 词句凝练。中文的语句追求凝练，表现出语句的紧缩。在英文翻译时会有舒张的处理。 有饭大家吃。 Let everyone share the food if there is any. 不到黄河心不死。 Until all is over, ambition never dies. 狼披着羊皮还是狼。 A wolf remains a wolf even though it is in sheep’s clothing. 问遍千家成行家。 Learn from numerous advisers, and you’ll become a master. 上梁不正下梁歪。 When those above behave unworthily, those below will do the same. 物极必反。 Once a certain limit is reached, a change in the opposite direction is inevitable. 远交近攻。 Befriend those far away while attacking those nearby. 酒醉智昏 When wine is in, wit is out. 欲盖弥彰 The more one tries to hide, the more one is exposed. 英语多注重形合，中文多注重意合。因此，在英译汉时要注意 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 句子结构、形式，然后确定句子的意义；汉译英时则要先确定意义和功能，然后选定所译句子的结构和形式。 There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher who weighs out his goods in common scales and the operations of a chemist who performs a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graduated weights. 科学家的思维活动和普通人的思维活动之间存在着差别，这种差别就跟一个面包师或者卖肉者和化验师在操作方法上的差别一样，前者用普通的秤称东西的重量，而后者则用天平和精密砝码进行艰难复杂的分析，其差别不过如此而已。 The growth of class consciousness among the workers was inhibited by continued high levels of employment and rising earnings for almost 15 years, combined with the propaganda of views in the labor movement reflecting the influence of Keynesian theories about the ability of capitalism to solve permanently the problem of “boom and bust” through a “managed economy” of built-in stabilizers. 将近15年来，就业率一直保持高水平，工资收入不断增长。凯恩斯有一套理论，认为资本主义制度有能力通过名曰“内在稳定因素”的“国家调节经济”永远解决繁荣与危机交替出现的问题。而劳工运动则宣传反映凯恩斯理论影响的观点，这种种因素结合在一起，就使工人阶级觉悟的提高受到阻碍。 我过去所受的那些委屈和刺激，比起他来，也只是小巫见大巫，算不得什么。 What little pain and adversity I’ve experienced so far are simply nothing compared to what he’s gone through. 我们约他做攻守同盟，本想彼此提携，有福同享，有祸同当，不料他倒先来沾我们的光了。 When we got him to go in with us it was on the understanding that we sink or swim together, but now it turns out that he was only out to sponge on us. 再试纺，顶多忙一阵子，过了几天，还不是外甥打灯笼——找舅（照旧）。 And if we’re now going to have a check spinning it’ll only mean that we’ll be busier than ever for a spell and then after a few days things will be back to what they were before. 中文重意合，并不等于没有形合。中文也有变化。古代汉语意合重于现代汉语。 英语偶尔也有意合的句子 Man proposes, God disposes. 谋事在人，成事在天。 The best shortcut would still take five hours. 即使抄近路也要五小时。 不打不相识。 Out of blows friendship grows. No discord, no concord. 敌进我退，敌驻我扰，敌疲我打，敌退我追。 The enemy advances, we retreat; the enemy camps, we harass; the enemy tires, we attack; the enemy retreats we pursue.