毛坯房交房标准-大型地产公司

毛坯房交房 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 -大型地产公司 ***毛坯房交房标准 Bare-shell Standard for *** Service Residences Note: 毛坯房交房文件只适用于设计阶段建筑类型。该文件应该同签署保密协议后发布的***设计 以及机电标准同时使用。 The bare-shell document is applicable only to Greenfield residential building type. This document shall be read in conjunction with *** Design & M&E Criteria which will be issued after the signing of the *** Non-Disclosure Agreement. (NDA) Part 1 1 政府审核 Authority inspections and permits 1.1 土地证，土地使用权证，建设规划许可证，工程规划许可证，建设施工许可证齐全。 ALL of land certificate, land planning permit, land use permit, construction planning permit, and construction permit should be completed. 1.2 结构主体应通过当地政府相关部门的验收，包括质检站的验收，消防部门的验收， 规划部门的验收，等。 The building structure shall pass the inspection of local relevant bureau, inc. quality bureau, fire protection bureau and planning bureau, etc. 1.3 应按***集团提供的平面布置 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 布置，需报审并通过当地规划部门和相关部门的审 核。 The apartment layout shall comply with the *** approved layout. Submission and approval of the building permit shall be obtained from local planning bureau and relevant authorities. 1.4 建筑物的外饰面，应符合***集团批准房间平面要求，并获得规划部门批准，施工完 成通过验收。外饰面应该具备有区别于其他的建筑物的居住特性。 All the façade design shall comply with the local code/authority requirements, and tally with *** approved layout. The façade construction should be finished and pass the inspection. The façade shall look distinctively residential among other blocks within the development. 1.5 根据设计要求与使用标准，毛坯房应完成绿化、配套道路、室外照明、地上停车位、 水、电、煤等公共设施。 The green area, road, outdoor lighting, ground car parking, domestic water, power, gas and other public facilities shall be completed according to design requirement, which should achieve the criteria of function. 1 1.6 公共区域、服务区域、居住区域和商业区域的划分申报已经由政府部门批准。 The submission of area calculations and demarcations of the common areas, service area and the residential/ commercial areas all have to be approved by the local authority. 1.7 按照***集团提供的平面布置方案，通过设计图纸审核部门的审核，完成分户隔墙和 户内隔墙。 The apartment layout shall comply with *** approved layout, obtain approval of local drawing check authority and complete all the partition. Part 2 2 结构设计 Structural Design 2.1 结构设计应符合相关的建筑结构设计规范和 规定 关于下班后关闭电源的规定党章中关于入党时间的规定公务员考核规定下载规定办法文件下载宁波关于闷顶的规定 ，并提交相应的结构设计计算报告 和 检测 工程第三方检测合同工程防雷检测合同植筋拉拔检测方案传感器技术课后答案检测机构通用要求培训 报告。 Structural design shall comply with the structural design criterion and regulation and the relevant structural design report and examination report shall be submitted. 2.2 设计的梁高应该考虑机电以及***吊顶高度要求。走道吊顶高度不低于2.4m, 卧室， 起居室高度不低于2.6m，其余公寓室内区域不低于2.4m。 The designed structure beam height shall take into consideration of the M&E services and *** ceiling height requirements. The min. ceiling height of corridor is 2.4m, bedroom and living room min. ceiling height is 2.6m, and the rest of area min. ceiling height in apartment is 2.4m. 2.3 梁的设计应该避免穿过卧室和起居室区域。 The design of structure beam should not be designed across bedroom or living room area. 2.4 根据***的要求，结构承重应考虑屋顶招牌和外立面招牌的因素。 The structure loading provision shall factor in the loading of the roof and façade signage as per *** requirements Part 3 3 建筑设计 Architectural Design 3.1 外立面 External Facade 2 3.1.1 外立面的防水应该按照当地建筑规范要求完成。 External façade shall be completed with waterproofing complying with the local building code requirements. 3.1.2 每一个公寓的卧室和起居室应该有自然光照。 Each apartment bedrooms and living room shall be provided with natural day light. 3.1.3 所有的公寓应该有可开启的窗户。出于安全因素考虑，所有可开启窗户的开启间隙 应限制在150mm。窗户应为双层玻璃,并进行渗水试验。 All apartments shall be provided with an openable window. All openable windows shall be restricted to 150mm opening for factor of safety. Windows shall be provided with double glazing and water tightness test is needed. 3.1.4 大堂区域的主入口应设有最大面积的窗户，以便能观赏外部景色。 Main entrance and lobby area shall have maximum window provision for external view. 3.1.5 外墙和窗户的设计应符合***对不同房间噪音要求的标准。卧室低于35db,起居室低 于40db，大堂低于45db，管理办公室和会议室30~35db。 External wall and Window design provision shall comply with *** acoustic requirement for the respective room. The detail is: Bedroom below 35db, Living room below 40db, Main Lobby below 45db, Office and Meeting room varied 30 to 35db 3.1.6 所有公寓的卧室和起居室区域应该提供足够限度的视野和自然光照。 All apartment bedroom and living area shall be provided with windows of maximum view sight and plenteous of natural daylight, 3.1.7 所有在屋顶上的机电设备都应该有遮蔽装置。 All M&E services on the roof shall be designed with screening devices. 3.1.8 屋顶完成后应进行2次渗水测试，并且提交质量保证 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 。 The water proofing of the roof shall be provided with 2 water-pond tests and the quality assurance certification should be provided upon completion. 3.2 下客处和出入口处 Main entrance drop off and Porte-cochere 3.2.1 对于***公寓来说，应提供专门的安全的主入口和下客处。 Dedicated and secured main entrance and car drop off area must be provided for *** service residence 3 3.2.2 提供天蓬(对于***和盛捷品牌，天蓬的长度应满足遮蔽两辆轿车。对于馨乐庭品牌， 天蓬的长度应满足遮蔽一辆轿车。)同时，为天蓬招牌和天蓬照明提供电源。 Canopy length should be sufficient to shelter 2 cars for *** and Somerset brand and 1 car for Citadines brand. Electric wiring should be provided for lit up canopy signage and lighting. 3.2.3 主入口处有1个旋转门(最小净宽3000)。在两边各设一个独立的平开门(最小净 宽1000) Main entrance should be provided 1 no. of revolving door (min. 3m. clear). 1 separate swing door (min. 1 m. clear) is to be provided on each side. 3.2.4 设置一个能从主干道上看到的主入口。 Main entrance should be visible from the main street. 3.3 停车场 Car parking 3.3.1 停车位的设计必须根据当地设计的标准提供。 Car parking provision must be provided in compliance with the local design code requirements. 3.3.2 停车位的位置应靠近电梯厅附近。 Car parking lot allocation should be conjunct to lift lobby. 3.4 前台区域 *** Front of House (FOH) areas 3.4.1 前台区域，应包括大堂、商务中心、会议室、早餐房、建身房、会所、游泳池、儿 童游戏房、公共和残疾人卫生间、电梯厅和走廊。 The FOH areas consist of the main lobby, business centre, meeting rooms, breakfast lounge, gym, clubhouse, swimming pool, children playroom, public & handicapped toilet, lift lobby and access corridor. 3.4.2 前台区域的面积和吊顶高度应该符合***的设计要求。大堂面积:*** 250m2 ~350m2;Somerset 200 m2 ~ 250 m2;Citadines 150 m2 ~200 m2。天花高度: ***高度不小于5m;Somerset高度不小于4m;Citadines高度不小于3m。 The FOH room size and ceiling height shall comply with *** design requirement. Main lobby area for ‘***’ brand 250m2 ~350m2; ‘Somerset’ brand 200 m2 ~ 250 m2; ‘Citadines’ brand 150 m2 ~200 m2 and min. ceiling height for ‘***’ 5m, ‘Somerset’4m, ‘Citadines’ 3m. 3.4.3 按照***的要求完成大堂入口雨蓬和大堂内墙体施工，并提供电气点位。 The canopy of main entrance, and lobby partition wall, should be completed according to *** requirements with provision of power points 4 3.4.4 大堂噪音在45分贝以内，管理用房及会议室噪音在30-35分贝以内;外窗将提供双 层玻璃窗且噪音达到***要求。 The noise level in the lobby shall be within 45db and BOH & meeting room shall be within 30-35db; the external window with double glazing should be provided and its acoustic function should satisfy *** requirement. 3.4.5 前台区域的防火门的设计、材料和金属配件需要符合***的设计要求。 The design, material use and ironmongery for fire doors at the FOH areas shall comply with *** design requirements. 3.5 后勤区域 *** Back Of House (BOH) areas 3.5.1 后勤管理用房包括:楼层的布草间，垃圾房，工程部、客房部办公室、库房、员工 更衣室、员工餐厅、管理办公室、消防楼梯大厅、机房。 The BOH areas consist of linen and garbage room at typical floors, the engineering and housekeeping office and store room, staff changing room, staff canteen, back office, fire staircase and lobby, M&E rooms. 3.5.2 按照***的要求完成后勤管理用房的内墙体施工，并提供电气点位。 The partition and power point of BOH shall be completed according to *** requirements with provision of power points. 3.5.3 后勤区域的面积尺寸和平面布置需要符合***的设计要求。 The BOH dimension and layout shall comply with *** Design requirement. 3.5.4 一个单独专用通道提供给员工到达服务电梯/楼梯，不需要穿过大堂和客梯 A separate special access is to be provided for staff via service lift/staircase without having to pass through the main lobby or using passenger lifts 3.5.5 员工打卡和保安房应被设置在连接后勤区域的大门/服务梯附近。 Staff checking in area and security room to be located near entrance door/ service lift connecting to the BOH 3.6 公寓 Apartment 3.6.1 房间的尺寸和房型应该符合***设计要求。 The apartment sizes and unit mix shall comply with *** design requirement. 3.6.2 完成室内的分隔墙，墙体的类型应符合***机电设计中对不同房间的隔音要求。 The internal wall partition shall be completed and type of wall shall comply with *** acoustic requirements for the respective rooms areas highlighted in *** M&E 5 design requirement. 3.6.3 公寓内顶高度应该符合***的设计要求。 The apartment ceiling height shall comply with *** design requirements. 3.6.4 户门以内卧室、客厅、厨房、卫生间、封闭阳台及过道的墙面为轻质隔墙，刮腻子 两遍，做到表面压实，粘接牢固、无裂缝;顶棚不抹灰。 The partition wall for bed room, dining room, kitchen, bath room, enclosed balcony and aisle shall be of light weight finished with 2 coats of skim to achieve flatness, solid without cracks. No plaster in the structural ceiling. 3.6.5 各种房间基层地面混凝土，做到表面平整、压实，达到粘结牢固、无裂缝;厨房、 卫生间等需要防水的房间地面应完成防水层、保护层，并应进行两次蓄水试验做到 无渗漏, 要提交蓄水试验报告;地漏与泛水坡度符合设计要求，达到不倒泛水，卫 生间和厨房的完成面要低于其它地面，防止水倒流，结合处严密平顺，无渗漏。 The substrate floor concrete finish in respective rooms shall be flatness, compressed to achieve solid and on crack; the water-proof layer with protection layer should be provided where needed, such as bath room, kitchen. 2 water-pond testing is need for guarantee of no penetration, paralleled with the testing report; drainage outlet and flashing slope should comply with the *** design requirement. The finishing floor in bath room and kitchen should be lower than other floor. No penetration at the conjunction area. 3.6.6 公寓门需要达到半小时防火要求或者当地规范要求(遵从高者)。门的材料和金属配 件选择应遵照*** 设计要求。 The apartment main entrance door shall comply with min.? hr fire-resisting or local code requirements, (whichever is higher). The material and ironmongery selection should comply with *** design requirement. 3.6.7 公寓内电气点位应该按照***机电设计提供的标准。 The apartment power point schedule shall be provided according to *** M&E design requirements. 3.6.8 室内门洞和门框尺寸需要由室内设计师调整为*** 的设计要求的最小尺寸。 The size of internal door opening and the door jamb shall be coordinated with the Interior Designer to comply with the min. door sizes highlighted in *** design requirement. 3.6.9 若窗台低于当地规范，则需要安装室内栏杆。 Internal railing shall be provided for windows with sill level lower than the local code requirement. 3.6.10 厨房和卫生间的楼板标高相对于起居室和卧室的楼板标高下降50mm。 6 Structure drop of 50mm at the bathroom and kitchen is to be provided relative to living room and bed room. 3.7 外部招牌 External Signage 3.7.1 结构主体按照***的要求预留室外招牌的位置和电路管线。 The location and electrical conduit for external signage should be provided in the main structure. Part 4 4 机电设计 M&E Design 4.1 电气系统和弱电系统 EL & ELV system 4.1.1 电气系统 Electrical system 4.1.1.1 系统设计要求遵照***提供设计标准，并符合当地标准和供电部门要求。 System design requirement shall conform to the design standard provided by *** and in accordance with local standard and the requirement of power supply department. 4.1.1.2 所有电气工程包括弱电系统(如:电话、宽带)应该按照***标准提供到如下区域 All electrical work including ELV system (namely: Telephone and broadband) shall be provided to the following area according to ***’s standard : - 公寓 - 前台管理用房 - 后勤管理用房 - 室外招牌包括屋顶、出入口和雨篷 - Apartment - Front of house - Back of house - External signage including rooftop, entrance and canopy 4.1.1.3 完成要求。 Electrical work completion requirement. a(变电所土建工程和设备安装必须全部完成，市政正式供电。 Installation and civil work to the power substation/transformer are to be completed. Supply from power supply bureau is formally turned on. 7 b(低压配电设备(PLM柜、公共配电箱、双电源切换箱、公寓配电箱、电表箱) 必须全部完成。 Low-voltage distribution equipment i.e. switch board, common distribution board, automatic transfer relay board, distribution board in apartment and meter are to be completed. c(变电所至低压配电设备的桥架线槽、配管、母线、电缆、电线全部完成。 All cables work from transformer to ELV distribution devices including cable tray, trunking, conduits, cable, and wiring are to be completed. d(由低压配电设备至用电设备的桥架线槽、配管、母线、电缆、电线的按照*** 确定设计全部完成。 All cables work from the low voltage distribution equipment to electrical outlets including cable tray, trunking, conduits, cable, and wiring are to be completed. e(照明器具、开关、插座安装属于室内装修工程。 The installation of light fixtures, switches and sockets is in the scope of the interior fit-out work f(电气测试全部完成合格 Testing and commissioning for all electrical installation are to be completed and meet the required standards g(电气安装工程质量要求符合国家规范和地方标准。 The quality requirements of electric installation shall comply with national regulations and local standards. 4.1.1.4 提供由不同变电站发出的双路供电系统。业主应该提供应备用发电机为应急设备供 电包括消防紧急用电。每平米用电计算容量不宜低于150W。 The vendor shall provide emergency generator set for all essential services including all fire protection services.2 way power supply from different power stations should be provided. The min calculation supply power capacity is 150W/sqm. 4.1.2 弱电系统 ELV system 4.1.2.1 电话宽带系统 Telephone and Broad Band 4.1.2.1.1 系统设计遵照***设计标准，并符合当地标准和电信运营商要求。 8 System design requirement shall conform to design standard provided by *** and comply with local standard and the requirement of telecom operator. 4.1.2.1.2 完成要求。 ELV work completion requirement. a(电信机房建筑与设备全部安装完成，电信线缆已接入机房。 Installation and civil work to the telecom rooms should be completed. Telecom cables are to be laid into the telecom plant room. b(有配套费用地区已完成配套手续，并负责完成最后的开通手续。 All matched applications must have been done where the related fees and charges occur, the vendor should complete the finial release application. c(完成所有管线和线槽敷设。 All conduits and trunking work are completed. d(完成所有线缆敷设。 Complete cabling works. e(完成所有楼层的公寓房，前台区域，后勤管理用房的电话和宽带总箱，电缆 (至少五类线)及箱内设备安装，包括户内安装。 All telephones (Cat 5E min.) and broadband (Cat 5E min.) cables and all panels to all areas including apartment, front of house and back of house shall be completed, including installation within apartment. f(质量符合国家规范和当地规范。 Quality and installation should meet national code and regulation and local standards. 4.1.2.2 卫星电视，有线电视 Satellite television and cabled T.V. 4.1.2.2.1 系统和频道设置遵照***提供标准。 The system and channel provided shall conform to the requirement provided by ***. 4.1.2.2.2 完成要求。 Completion Requirement a(有线电视完成所有当地有线电视台的接入手续，并正式开通。 The connection application to local cable TV station must have been finished, which the signal has been released officially. 9 b(卫星电视完成所有频道批准手续。 All approval of channel release must have been obtained for satellite television. c(完成卫星和有线电视机房设备和天线安装。 All satellite and cabled T.V. equipments in device room and antenna are to be completed. d(完成干线和楼层(公寓，前台区域，后勤管理区域)分配设备安装。 All cabling trunk and distribution panels to all areas including apartment, front of house and back of house shall be completed. e(完成所有管线，信号插口和终端设备。 Complete all cabling works, socket outlets and terminal equipment. f( 质量符合国家规范和当地规范。 Quality and installation must meet national code and regulation and local standards. 4.2 给排水 Plumbing and Sanitary 4.2.1 系统设计遵照***提供设计标准，并符合当地标准和供水市政部门要求。 System design requirement shall conform to design standard provided by *** and comply with local standard and the requirement of water supply department. 4.2.2 完成要求。 Completion requirement a(水泵房建筑和设备安装全部完成，市政正式供水。水压不能小于1.0bar. The civil and equipment installation work in water pump room are completed and the municipal water supply is turned on formally. Minimum water flow pressure is 1.0 bar. b(水箱/泵和水管全部安装完成。 All installation work including water tank, pump and pipe works are completed. c(供水管道及保温防护措施全部完成。 Water supply pipe and insulations are to be completed. d(管道试压测试符合国家标准和当地规范。 Testing of pipe pressure shall comply with national standard and local standards. 10 e(水质检测结果符合国家标准和当地规范。 Water quality shall comply with national standard and local standards. f( 有集中供热水系统的锅炉房建筑和设备安装全部完成，并通过政府的验收。 中国北方地区(包括上海及其以北地区)必须提供中央热水系统 Central heating system must be provided in north china (inc. Shanghai), the civil and equipment installation in boiler room for centralized hot water supply system are to be completed, inspected and approved by relevant government departments. g(排水管道包括与市政污水主管的连接全部完成。 All sewerage pipe including connection to city sewerage main is completed. h(排水设备全部完成。包括市政排水规定的沉沙池和隔油池完成并接入市政管 网。 Equipments of sewerage system are completed. Settling tank and grease trap tank are completed and connected to municipal piping system. i( 管道通水、通球测试合格。 Ball-passing and water testing of pipe works are completed and passed all requirements. j( 用于卫生洁具管道连接的结构开洞应预留，尺寸及位置应按照***提供的尺寸 要求预留完成，卫生洁具安装属于精装修工程。 Openings for piping connections to sanitary wares/fittings must be provided. The size and position of opening are to be based on information provided by ***. The installation of sanitary wares will be in the scope of interior fit-out work. k(给排水管道、设备安装质量符合国家规范和当地规范。 The installation of plumbing and sanitary drainage and equipment should comply with national regulations and local standards. 4.3 消防 Fire fighting 4.3.1 系统设计遵照***设计标准，并符合当地标准和消防管理部门要求。 System design requirement shall conform to design standard provided by *** and comply with local standard and the requirement of fire safety bureau. 4.3.2 完成要求。 Completion Requirement a(喷淋泵房建筑工程和设备安装全部完成。 11 The civil work and installation of equipment of sprinkler pump rooms are completed. b(消火栓、喷淋管道设备安装全部完成。管道充水试压不低于14bar。 The installation of equipment and pipe of hydrant and sprinkler is completed. The minimum water testing pressure is 14bar. c(消防控制中心建筑工程和设备安装全部完成。 The civil work and installation of equipment of Fire Command Centre are completed. d(火灾自动报警系统和紧急广播系统的设备管线全部安装完成并满足应有消防 要求 The installation of fire automatic alarm system and emergency public address system are completed to meet all fire fighting code requirement. e(系统试验全部完成。 System testing and commissioning is completed. f(消防检测完成，取得合格的检测报告。 Fire fighting test is completed entirely and the test report is obtained. g(完成一次消防系统验收，取得消防管理部门的合格证明。 All fire fighting system is inspected and approved by Fire safety bureau. h(质量符合国家规范和当地规范。 Quality standard must comply with national code and local regulation. 4.4 空调通风系统(只是预埋件。空调通风系统通常不在毛坯房中) HVAC system (only embedment, HVAC not in bare-shell building) 4.4.1 系统设计遵照***设计标准，并符合当地标准和卫生管理部门要求。 System design requirement shall conform to design standard provided by *** and comply with local standard and the requirement of sanitation management department. 4.4.2 完成要求。 Completion Requirement a(完成所有设备机房的建筑工程。按照需求预留吊装孔洞和预埋铁件。 The civil work of HVAC plant rooms is completed including provision of openings for hoist embedded steel plate. b(完成所有预留孔和预埋套管。 12 All openings and pre-laid conduits are preserved. 4.5 安保系统 Security System 4.5.1 系统设计遵照***设计标准，并符合当地标准和公安部门要求。 System design requirement conform to design standard provided by *** and comply with local standard and meet the requirement of police department. 4.5.2 完成要求。 Completion Requirement a(机房建筑工程和设备全部完成。 The civil work and equipment installation of plant rooms are completed. b(预埋管线全部完成。 Pre-laid conduits are completed. c(负责通过公安局技防办验收。 Vendor is responsible for applying for inspection and approval by the police department. d(安装质量符合国家规范和当地规范。 Installation qualities should comply with national code and local regulation. 4.6 电梯 Lift 4.6.1 电梯设计要求遵照***设计标准。电梯平均等候时间不超过60秒。 Lift design requirement comply with *** design standard. Average waiting time is less than 60 seconds. 4.6.2 完成要求。 Completion Requirement a(完成电梯安装通过相关质检部门的验收。 Installation of elevator shall be completed and approved for use by the relevant quality bureau. b(负责完成电梯轿厢装修和加装电子门卡系统后的调试工作。 The vendor shall be responsible for the testing and commissioning after the completion of lift car interior fit-out work and the installation of the electric card key system. 13 4.7 计量 Metering 4.7.1 一栋建筑物有多个业主的情况下，所有系统设置独立的计量总表。 For multi-owner residing in, All M&E system meters serving ***’s property shall be independent from parts of other owners. Part 5 5 试运行以及调试，提交竣工图纸，保修书和手册。 Testing and Commissioning and Submission of as built drawings, warranties and manuals. 5.1 在测试和试运转前，所有机电系统按照国家标准测试并且取得相关部门合格证明。 Prior to testing and commissioning, all M&E system shall be fully tested according to the relevant National Standard and approved by the relevant authorities. 5.2 提交竣工图纸，保修书和手册。 As-built drawings, warranties and manuals must be submitted. Part 6 6. 附上以下表格 Attached schedules as below: 6.1 主要机电设备表 M&E main equipment schedule 6.2 机电材料清单及型号 M&E material list and type 6.3 公寓中电气的点位表 Schedule indicating electrical point in the apartment. Note: ***设计标准以及机电标准将于业主签订保密协议后提供。 The *** Design & M&E Criteria will be issued after the signing of the *** Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA) with vendor. 14 下面是经典古文名句赏析～～不需要的朋友， 可以下载后编辑删除～～谢谢 经典古文名篇(一);1.陋室铭刘禹锡(唐)字梦得《刘梦得文集》;山不在高，有仙则名;2(马说韩愈(唐)字退之《昌黎先生集》;世有伯乐，然后有千里马;马之千里者，一食(shí)或尽粟一石(dàn);策之不以其道，食(sì)之不能尽其材(才)，鸣之;3(师说韩愈(唐);古之学者必有师;嗟乎～师道之不传也久矣～欲人之无惑也难矣～古之圣;圣人无常师;李氏子蟠，年十七 经典古文名篇(一) 15 1. 陋室铭 刘禹锡(唐)字梦得 《刘梦得文集》 山不在高，有仙则名。水不在深，有龙则灵。斯是陋室，惟吾德馨。苔痕上阶绿，草色入帘青。谈笑有鸿儒，往来无白丁。可以调素琴，阅金经。无丝竹之乱耳，无案牍之劳形。南阳诸葛庐，西蜀子云亭。孔子云:何陋之有, 2(马说 韩愈(唐) 字退之《昌黎先生集》 世有伯乐，然后有千里马。千里马常有，而伯乐不常有。故虽有名马，只辱于奴隶人之手，骈死于槽枥之间，不以千里称也。 马之千里者，一食(shí)或尽粟一石(dàn)。食(sì)马者不知千里而食(sì)也。是马也，虽有千里之能，食(shí)不饱，力不足，才美不外见(现)，且欲与常马等不可得，安求其能千里也, 策之不以其道，食(sì)之不能尽其材(才)，鸣之而不能通其意，执策而临之，曰:“天下无马～”呜呼～其真无马邪(ye),其真不知马也。 3(师说 韩愈(唐) 古之学者必有师。师者，所以传道受(授)业解惑也。人非生而知之者，孰能无惑,惑而不从师，其为惑也，终不解矣。生乎吾前，其闻道也固先乎吾，吾从而师之;生乎吾后，其闻道也亦先乎吾，吾从而师之。吾师道也，夫庸知其年之先后生于吾乎,是故无贵无贱，无长无少，道之所存，师之所存也。 嗟乎～师道之不传也久矣～欲人之无惑也难矣～古之圣人，其出人也远矣，犹且从师而问焉;今之众人，其下圣人也亦远矣，而耻学于师。是故圣益圣，愚益愚。圣人之所以为圣，愚人之所以为愚，其皆出于此乎,爱其子，择师而教之;于其身也，则耻师焉，惑矣。彼童子之 16 师，授之书而习其句读(d?u)者，非吾所谓传其道解其惑者也。句读之不知，惑之不解，或师焉，或不(fǒu)焉，小学而大遗，吾未见其明也。巫医乐师百工之人，不耻相师。士大夫之族，曰师曰弟子云者，则群聚而笑之。问之，则曰:“彼与彼年相若也，道相似也，位卑则足羞，官盛则近谀。”呜呼～师道之不复，可知矣。巫医乐师百工之人，君子不齿，今其智乃反不能及，其可怪也欤～ 圣人无常师。孔子师郯(tán)子、苌(cháng)弘、师襄、老聃(dàn)。郯子之徒，其贤不及孔子。孔子曰:三人行，则必有我师。是故弟子不必不如师，师不必贤于弟子，闻道有先后，术业有专攻，如是而已。 李氏子蟠，年十七，好古文，六艺经传皆通习之，不拘于时，学于余。余嘉其能行古道，作《师说》以贻之。 4.爱莲说 周敦颐(北宋) 字茂叔《周元公集》 水陆草木之花，可爱者甚藩(fán)。晋陶渊明独爱菊。自李唐来，世人甚爱牡丹。予独爱莲之出淤泥而不染，濯清涟而不妖，中通外直，不蔓不枝，香远益清，亭亭净植，可远观而不可亵玩焉。 予谓菊，花之隐逸者也;牡丹，花之富贵者也;莲，花之君子者也。噫～菊之爱，陶后鲜有闻。莲之爱，同予者何人,牡丹之爱，宜乎众矣～ 5.得道多助，失道寡助 《孟子?公孙丑》(战国)名轲 字子舆 天时不如地利，地利不如人和。 三里之城，七里之郭，环而攻之而不胜。夫还而攻之，必有得天时者矣，然而不胜者，是天时不如地利也。 城非不高也，池非不深也，兵革非不坚利也，米粟非不多也，委而去之，是地利不如人和也。 故曰，域民不以封疆之界，固国不以山溪之险，威天下不以兵革之利。得道者多助，失道者寡助。寡助之至，亲戚畔(叛)之。多助之至，天下顺之。以天下之所顺，攻亲戚之所畔，故君子有不战，战必胜矣。 17 6(生于忧患，死于安乐 《孟子?告子》 舜发于畎亩之中，傅说(yua)举于版筑之间，胶鬲举于鱼盐之中，管夷吾举于士，孙叔敖举于海，百里奚举于市。 故天将降大任于是人也，必先苦其心志，劳其筋骨，饿其体肤，空乏其身，行拂乱其所为，所以动心忍性，曾(增)益其所不能。 人恒过，然后能改;困于心，衡于虑，而后作;征于色，发于声，而后喻。入则无法家拂(bì)士，出则无敌国外患者，国恒亡。然后知生于忧患，而死于安乐也。 7(鱼我所欲也 《孟子》 鱼，我所欲也，熊掌，亦我所欲也，二者不可得兼，舍鱼而取熊掌者也。生，亦我所欲也，义，亦我所欲也，二者不可得兼，舍生而取义者也。生亦我所欲，所欲有甚于生者，故不为苟得也。死亦我所恶，所恶有甚于死者，故患有所不避也。如使人之所欲莫甚于生，则凡可以得生者何不用也,使人之所恶莫甚于死者，则凡可以避患者何不为也,由是则生而有不用也;由是则可以避患而有不为也。是故所欲有甚于生者，所恶有甚于死者。非独贤者有是心也，人皆有之，贤者能勿丧耳。 一箪食，一豆羹，得之则生，弗得则死。呼尔而与之，行道之人弗受;蹴尔而与之，乞人不屑也。 万钟则不辨礼义而受之，万钟于我何加焉～为宫室之美，妻妾之奉，所识穷乏者得我欤,向为身死而不受，今为宫室之美为之;向为身死而不受，今为妻妾之奉为之;向为身死而不受，今为所识穷乏者得我而为之:是亦不可以已乎,此之谓失其本心。 8(劝学 《荀子》(战国)名况 君子曰:学不可以已。青，取之于蓝，而青于蓝;冰，水为之，而寒于水。木直中(zh?ng)绳，以为轮，其曲中规。虽有(又)槁(gào)暴(pù)，不复挺者，使之然也。故木受绳则直，金就砺则利，君子博学而日参(cān)省乎己，则知明而行无过矣。 吾尝终日而思矣，不如须臾之所学也;吾尝跂(qí)而望矣，不如登高之博见也。登高而招，臂非加长也，而见者远;顺风而呼，声非加疾也，而闻者彰。假舆马者，非利足也，而致千里;假舟楫者，非能水也，而绝江河。君子生(性)非异也，善假于物也。 18 积土成山，风雨兴焉;积水成渊，蛟龙生焉;积善成德，而神明自得，圣心备焉。故不积跬步，无以至千里;不积小流，无以成江海。骐骥一跃，不能十步;驽马十驾，功在不舍。锲而舍之，朽木不折;锲而不舍，金石可镂。蚓无爪牙之利，筋骨之强，上食埃土，不饮黄泉，用心一也。蟹六跪而二螯，非蛇鳝之穴无可寄托者，用心躁也。 9(问说 刘开(清)字明东、方来 号孟涂 君子学必好问。问与学，相辅而行者也，非学无以致疑，非问无以广识。好学而不勤问，非真能好学者也。理明矣，而或不达于事，识其大矣，而或不知其细，舍问，其奚决焉, 贤于己者，问焉以破其疑，所谓就有道而正也。不如己者，问焉以求一得，所谓以能问于不能，以多问于寡也。等于己者，问焉以资切磋，所谓交相问难(nàn)，审问而明辨之也。《书》不云乎,“好问则裕。”孟子论“求放心”，而并称曰“学问之道”，学即继以问也。子思言“尊德性”，而归于“道问学”，问且先于学也。 古之人虚中乐善，不择事而问焉，不择人而问焉，取其有益于身而已。是故狂夫之言，圣人择之，刍荛(ráo)之微，先民询之，舜以天子而询于匹夫，以大知而察及迩言，非苟为谦，诚取善之弘也。三代而下，有学而无问，朋友之交，至于劝善规过足矣，其以义理相咨访，孜孜焉唯进修是急，未之多见也，况流俗乎, 是己而非人，俗之同病。学有未达，强(qiǎng)以为知，理有未安，妄以臆度(duo)， 如是，则终身几无可问之事。贤于己者，忌之而不愿问焉，不如己者，轻之而不屑问焉，等于己者，狎之而不甘问焉，如是，则天下几无可问之人。人不足服矣，事无可疑矣，此唯师心自用耳。夫自用，其小者也;自知其陋而谨护其失，宁使学终不进，不欲虚以下人，此为害于心术者大，而蹈之者常十之。 不然，则所问非所学焉:询天下之异文鄙事以快言论;甚且心之所已明者，问之人以试其能，事之至难解者，问之人以穷其短。而非是者，虽有切于身心性命之事，可以收取善之益，求一屈己焉而不可得也。嗟乎～学之所以不能几(jī)于古者，非此之由乎, 且夫不好问者，由心不能虚也;心之不虚，由好学之不诚也。亦非不潜心专力之敌，其学非古人之学，其好亦非古人之好也，不能问宜也。 智者千虑，必有一失。圣人所不知，未必不为愚人之所知也;愚人之所能，未必非圣人之不能也。理无专在，而学无止境也，然则问可少耶,《周礼》，外朝以询万民，国之政事尚问 19 及庶人，是故贵可以问贱，贤可以问不肖，而老可以问幼，唯道之所成而已矣。孔文子不耻下问，夫子贤之。古人以问为美德，而并不见其有可耻也，后之君子反争以问为耻，然则古人所深耻者，后世且行之而不以为耻者多矣，悲夫～ 10. 前赤壁赋 苏轼(北宋) 字子瞻 号东坡居士 壬戌之秋，七月既望，苏子与客泛舟游于赤壁之下。清风徐来，水波不兴。举酒属客，诵明月之诗，歌窈窕之章。少焉，月出于东山之上，徘徊于斗牛之间。白露横江，水光接天。纵一苇之所如，凌万顷之茫然。浩浩乎如冯虚御风，而不知其所止;飘飘乎如遗世独立，羽化而登仙。 于是饮酒乐甚，扣舷而歌之。歌曰:“桂棹兮兰桨，击空明兮溯流光;渺渺兮予怀，望美人兮天一方。”客有吹洞箫者，倚歌而和之。其声呜呜然，如怨，如慕，如泣，如诉，余音袅袅，不绝如缕。舞幽壑之潜蛟，泣孤舟之嫠妇。 苏子愀然，正襟危坐而问客曰:“何为其然也,”客曰:“„月明星稀，乌鹊南飞?，此非曹孟德之诗乎,西望夏口，东望武昌，山川相缪，郁乎苍苍，此非曹孟德之困于周郎者乎,方其破荆州，下江陵，顺流而东也，舳舻千里，旌旗蔽空，酾酒临江，横槊赋诗，固一世之雄也，而今安在哉,况吾与子渔樵于江渚之上，侣鱼虾而友麋鹿，驾一叶之扁舟，举匏樽以相属。寄蜉蝣于天地，渺沧海之一粟。哀吾生之须臾，羡长江之无穷。挟飞仙以遨游，抱明月而长终。知不可乎骤得，托遗响于悲风。” 苏子曰:“客亦知夫水与月乎,逝者如斯，而未尝往也;盈虚者如彼，而卒莫消长也。盖将自其变者而观之，则天地曾不能以一瞬;自其不变者而观之，则物与我皆无尽也，而又何羡乎,且夫天地之间，物各有主。苟非吾之所有，虽一毫而莫取。唯江上之清风，与山间之明月，耳得之而为声，目遇之而成色，取之无禁，用之不竭，是造物者之无尽藏也，而吾与子之所共适。” 客喜而笑，洗盏更酌。肴核既尽，杯盘狼藉。相与枕藉乎舟中，不知东方之既白。 11(后赤壁赋 苏轼 是岁十月之望，步自雪堂，将归于临皋。二客从予，过黄泥之坂。霜露既降，木叶尽脱。人影在地，仰见明月。顾而乐之，行歌相答。已而叹曰:“有客无酒，有酒无肴，月白风清，如此良夜何,”客曰:“今者薄暮，举网得鱼，巨口细鳞，状如松江之鲈。顾安所得酒乎,”归而谋诸妇。妇曰:“我有斗酒，藏之久矣，以待子不时之需。” 20 于是携酒与鱼，复游于赤壁之下。江流有声，断岸千尺，山高月小，水落石出。曾日月之几何，而江山不可复识矣～予乃摄衣而上，履巉岩，披蒙茸，踞虎豹，登虬龙，攀栖鹘之危巢，俯冯夷之幽宫，盖二客不能从焉。划然长啸，草木震动，山鸣谷应，风起云涌。予亦悄然而悲，肃然而恐，凛乎其不可留也。反而登舟，放乎中流，听其所止而休焉。时夜将半，四顾寂寥。适有孤鹤，横江东来，翅如车轮，玄裳缟衣，戛然长鸣，掠予舟而西也。 须臾客去，予亦就睡。梦一道士，羽衣蹁跹，过临皋之下，揖予而言曰:“赤壁之游乐乎,”问其姓名，俯而不答。“呜呼噫嘻～我知之矣。畴昔之夜，飞鸣而过我者，非子也耶,”道士顾笑，予亦惊寤。开户视之，不见其处。 12(卖炭翁 白居易(唐) 字乐天 号香山居士《白氏长庆集》 卖炭翁，伐薪烧炭南山中。满面尘灰烟火色，两鬓苍苍十指黑。卖炭得钱何所营,身上衣裳口中食。可怜身上衣正单，心忧炭贱愿天寒。夜来城外一尺雪，晓驾炭车碾冰辙。牛困人饥日以高，市南门外泥中歇。 翩翩两骑(jì)来是谁,黄衣使者白衫儿。手把文书口称敕，回车叱牛牵向北。一车炭，千余斤，宫使驱将(jiāng)惜不得。半匹红绡一丈绫，系(jì)向牛头充炭直(值)。 13(木兰诗 《乐府诗集》 北朝民歌 唧唧复唧唧，木兰当户织。不闻机杼声，惟闻女叹息。 问女何所思，问女何所忆。女亦无所思，女亦无所忆。昨夜见军帖(tiě)，可汗大点兵，军书十二卷，卷卷有爷名。阿爷无大儿，木兰无长兄，愿为市鞍马，从此替爷征。 东市买骏马，西市买鞍鞯(jiān)，南市买辔头，北市买长鞭。旦辞爷娘去，暮宿黄河边，不闻爷娘唤女声，但闻黄河流水鸣溅溅(jiàn)。旦辞黄河去，暮至黑山头，不闻爷娘唤女声，但闻燕山胡骑鸣啾啾。 万里赴戎机，关山度若飞。朔气传金柝，寒光照铁衣。将军百战死，壮士十年归。 归来见天子，天子坐明堂。策勋十二转，赏赐百千强。可汗问所欲，木兰不用尚书郎;愿驰千里足，送儿还故乡。 21 爷娘闻女来，出郭相扶将(jiāng);阿姊闻妹来，当户理红妆;小弟闻姊来，磨刀霍霍向猪羊。开我东阁门，坐我西阁床，脱我战时袍，着我旧时裳，当窗理云鬓，对镜帖(贴)花黄。出门看火(伙)伴，火伴皆惊忙:同行十二年，不知木兰是女郎。 雄兔脚扑朔，雌兔眼迷离;双兔傍(bàng)地走，安能辨我是雄雌, 14.石钟山记 苏轼 《水经》云:“彭蠡之口有石钟山焉。”骊元以为下临深潭，微风鼓浪，水石相搏，声如洪钟。是说也，人常疑之。今以钟磬置水中，虽大风浪不能鸣也，而况石乎～至唐李渤始访其遗踪，得双石于潭上，扣而聆之，南声函胡，北音清越，枹(fú)止响腾，余韵徐歇。自以为得之矣。然是说也，余尤疑之。石之铿然有声者，所在皆是也，而此独以钟名，何哉, 元丰七年六月丁丑，余自齐安舟行适临汝，而长子迈将赴饶之德兴尉，送之至湖口，因得观所谓钟者。侍僧使小童扶斧，于乱石间择其一二扣之，硿硿(kōng)焉，余固笑而不信也。至莫(暮)夜月明，独与迈乘小舟，至绝壁下。大石侧立千尺，如猛兽奇鬼，森然欲搏人;而山上栖鹘(hú)，闻人声亦惊起，磔磔(zh?)云霄间;又有若老人咳且笑于山谷中者，或曰此鹳(guàn)鹤也。余方心动欲还，而大声发于水上，噌(zēng)吰(h?ng)如钟鼓不绝。舟人大恐。徐而察之，则山下皆石穴罅，不知其浅深，微波入焉，涵淡澎湃而此为此也。舟回至两山间，将入港口，有大石当中流，可坐百人，空中而多窍，与风水相吞吐，有窾(kuǎn)坎镗(tāng)鞳(tà)之声，与向之噌吰相应，如乐作焉。因笑谓迈曰:“汝识之乎,噌吰者，周景王之无射也，窾坎镗鞳者，魏庄子之歌钟也。古之人不余欺也～” 事不目见耳闻，而臆断其有无，可乎,骊元之所见闻，殆于余同，而言之不详;士大夫终不肯以小舟夜泊绝壁之下，故莫能知～而渔工水师虽知而不能言。此世所以不传也。而陋者乃以斧斤考击而求之，自以为得其实。余是以记之，盖叹骊元之简，而笑李渤之陋也。 15(五人墓碑记 张溥(明) 字天如 《七录斋集》 五人者，盖当蓼(liǎo)洲周公之被逮(dài)，激于义而死焉者也。至于今，郡之贤士大夫请于当道，即除魏阉废祠之址以葬之;且立石于其墓之门，以旌(jīng)其所为。呜呼，亦盛矣哉～ 夫五人之死，去今之墓而葬焉，其为时止十有一月耳。夫十有一月之中，凡富贵之子，慷慨得志之徒，其疾病而死，死而湮没不足道者，亦已众矣;况草野之无闻者欤,独五人之皦皦(jiǎo)，何也, 22 23