大学英语四、六级短文写作高分策略
在英语四、六级写作的文章结构安排上，考生应采用较为稳妥的三段式写法（最多四段），即总—分—总的写法。因为所要写的文章的
题
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材无论是议
论文
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、书信，还是说明文和描述文，都可以用以下的写作结构：
首段：综述（引出话题）
中间段：主题句，接着第一个论据、第二个论据……
（下面还可以再有一个中间扩展段落）
末段：总结全文，前后呼应
下面我们将介绍打造高分地道作文的一些技巧。
一、开头段精彩、有气势
1、开头段的写作要点
开头段一定要语言精练，并且直接切入主题或引出观点，一般不对主题进行深入的探讨，具体的论证或说明描述应该在中间段落进行，开头段一般写四、五句即可。
开头段的作用是概括陈述主题，提出观点或论点，
表
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明写作意图，在组织开头段时要注意避免以下几点：
1）开头偏离主题太远，导致切题不准，主题不明
2）使用抱歉或埋怨之词句，因为社会主旋律是倡导积极向上的思想
3）内容不具体，言之无物，使用不言自明的陈述，给人以充数累赘之感
常言道：好的开始是成功的一半。文章的开篇出色是给评卷者留下好印象的关键。因此，文章的开头段要适合主题的需要，要有利于下文的展开；简明生动，引人入胜，能激发读者的兴趣；开门见山，揭示文章主题，交代写作目的，唤起读者情感上的共鸣。开头段的写作根据不同的题目可采取不同的
方法
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，常用的几种写作方法请参考本章第三节写出稿部分。方法运用恰当，文章的开头段会比平铺直叙更引人入胜，更能激起阅卷人继续读下去的好奇心和兴趣。
2、开篇要有气势
开篇的几句话要有爆发力，充分表现考生的语言水平和写作实力。因此要把平时积累的优秀句型应用到第一段开篇，以下是开篇的经典句式：
1) Recently, sth. ( the problem of… ) has been brought to public attention (has become the focus of public concern).
2) There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of …. Those who object to … argue that …. But people who favor …, on the other hand, argue that….
3) Currently (In recent years / In the past few years), there is (has been) a general (widespread / growing / widely held) feeling towards (concern over / attitude towards / trend towards / belief in）….
4) There is no denying/ doubt that… But …
5) Anyone who takes a closer look at the data in the table/ graph can be surprised to find that …
6) Now it is commonly (widely / generally / increasingly) believed (thought / held /accepted/ felt / acknowledged) that …. But I wonder (doubt) whether …
7) It has long been considered only right and proper to … (in China).
8) As opposed to generally accepted views, I believe that …
9) With the development of …, vast changes await our college students (our society/ our country).
10) When it comes to (Faced with)…., most people (the public/ quite a few people) maintain (argue/ contend) that…., but other people conceive differently.
11) A public debate has arisen as to (over/ concerning)…
12) We often find ourselves caught (involved) in a dilemma(窘境)whether…
13) I agree with the above statement because I believe that ….
14) As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that ….
15) On the surface (At first thought), it may seem a sound (an attractive) suggestion (solution / idea), but on second thought (on closer analysis), we find that …
二、中间段论证充分、流畅自然
1、中间段的写作要点
中间段的任务是依据开头段所交代的内容来阐述文章的论点，围绕主题或论点展开讨论，或就具体
要求
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进行描述和说明。
中间段是文章的正文，其作用是从不同的层面对文章主题进行具体和详实的解释和论证。中间段篇幅一般比开头段和结尾段长，每段有相应的主题句，包含定义、解释、描写等手法，说明主题思想的扩展句采用实例、数据或个人经历等写作手段，当然不同种类的段落采用不同的扩展手段，这在第一章的第五节关于段落的展开方法部分详细讲过。
中间段要有以下特点：
1）所涉及内容应该准确、清楚，颇具说服力；
2）段落中一定具备主题句（最好放在句首）；
3）段落内容应该保持完整、统一，没有说明不足之处或多余冗长的细节；
4）内容顺序安排合理，逻辑性较强；
5）段落之间连贯自然；
6）段落中讨论的内容主次分明，材料比例适当；
7）词与句型运用合理并且有变化。
2、文字通顺连贯，善用过渡词或词组
英语中的过渡句和连接词是文章通顺连贯的重要标志，复合句内部必须要有连接词，有时句子之间也需要连接词，而连接词体现的是句子内部和句子之间严谨的逻辑和论证推理关系，是英文语言最大的价值之一。当然段与段之间还需要过渡句或过渡词组来加以联系，以达到通顺之效果。大家如果在写作中恰当应用过渡词语，会增加文章的可读性，使文章层次分明，以下是我们对写作中英文逻辑关系以及引导各种逻辑关系连接词和词组的归纳：
1）总结关系过渡词语
generally speaking, generally, as a general rule, in general, on a larger scale, to take the idea further, in a sense, in a way, to some extent, in my opinion, in my view, as for me, as far as I am concerned, obviously, undoubtedly, in terms of, in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, in a word, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude
2）比较对比关系过渡词语
similarly, likewise, like, too, equally important, the same as, in common, in the same way, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, in sharp contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, in/by contrast, but, however, yet, nevertheless
3）列举关系过渡词语
for example, for instance, as an example, as a case in point, such as, namely, that is, like, thus, first, second, third, finally, in the first place, initially, first of all, to begin with, to start with, what is more, furthermore, eventually, besides, in addition (to that）, first and foremost, last but not least, next, also, moreover, for one thing, for another
4) 因果关系过渡词语
because （of）, as, since, for, owing to, due to, thanks to, on account of, as a result of, result in (from), consequently, for the reason that, as a consequence, consequently, it follows that, accordingly, therefore, hence
5) 让步关系过渡词语
although, even though, after all, in spite of, despite, granted that.
6) 强调关系过渡词语
anyway, certainly, surely, obviously, to be sure, especially, particularly, above all, indeed, in fact, even worse, needless to say, most important of all, no doubt
7) 递进关系
in addition, furthermore, also, moreover, besides, again, and, likewise, what's more
8) 时间顺序
afterwards, at last, at length, immediately, in the meantime, lately, meanwhile, presently, shortly, since, soon, temporarily, thereafter, while
9) 方位序列
in front of, beside, beyond, above, below, inside, outside, on the left, on the right, opposite, next to.
10) 方式手段
as, as if, as though, the way，by
11) 目的关系
so that, that, lest, in case, for fear that, in order that
3、套用核心句型，打造精彩段落
中间段如果套用一些句型引出主题句和各个扩展句，会使文章层次更加分明、眉清目秀。常用的的核心句型归纳如下，大家可根据自己的习惯和需要选择使用：
1) Although the popular belief is that …, a current（new / recent）study（survey / poll / investigation）indicates（shows / demonstrates）that ….
2) The increase (change / failure / success) in … mainly (largely / partly) results from (arises from / is because of) ….
3) The increase (change / failure / success) in … is due to (owing to / attributable to) the fact that ….
4) There are many（different / several /a number of / a variety of）causes (reasons) for this dramatic (marked / significant) growth (change / decline / increase) in …. Firstly, …. Secondly, …. Finally, ….
5) Why are (is / do / did) …? For one thing, …. For another, ….
6) Another reason why I dispute the above statement is that ….
7) There are numerous reasons why …, and I shall here explore only a few of the most important ones.
8) It will exert (have / produce) profound (far-reaching / remarkable / considerable / beneficial / favorable / undesirable / disastrous) effect (influence) on ….
9) A multitude of factors could account for (contribute to / lead to / result in / influence) the change (increase / decrease / success / failure / development) in ….
10) In 2000, it increased (rose / jumped / shot up) from 5 to 10 percent of the total (to 15 percent / by 15 percent).
11) By comparison with 2002, it decreased (dropped / fell) from 10 to 5 percent (to 15 percent / by 15 percent).
12) According to a (an) recent (new / official) study (survey / report / poll), ….
13) History (Our society) is filled (abounds) with the examples of ….
14)The story (case / instance / situation） is not rare (isolated / unique), it is one of many examples (typical of dozens).
15) A recent study conducted at a university by scientists indicates (reveals / suggests / shows /demonstrates) that ….
16) According to (As can be seen in / As is shown in) the figures (statistics / graph / table） released by the government, it can be learned (seen / predicted) that ….
17) We must admit the undeniable fact that ….
18) No one can deny (ignore / doubt / overlook /brush aside) the fact that ….
19) The same is true of ….
20) As the saying goes, “….”
三、结尾段要有特色
1、使用特殊句式
文章的结尾不好，苍白平淡，会给人虎头蛇尾的感觉，很有可能因为一句话而减弱前面的文采印象，所以要有意识的安排一个闪光点在结尾，让阅卷老师读到结尾时眼睛一亮。我们可以通过强调句、倒装句、使用虚拟语气的句子、平行结构等特殊句式来达到这一目的。例如：
(1) In conclusion, it is the peasants who are playing an essential role in the construction of the cities, thus we should place more emphasis on their lives instead of despising them. （强调句）
(2) Only in this way can laid-off workers completely shrug off poverty and regain their dignity in life. (倒装句)
(3) Given all the above arguments, it is high time that the authorities enforced some reforms to convert traditional education strategies into quality-oriented education. (虚拟)
(4) In short, we can amuse ourselves by listening to music of all schools and all periods, old and new, conservative and modern. （平行结构）
结尾段是文章的总结和主题思想的升华，它就起到再次肯定和强调主题的作用。好的结尾段应简短有力，言简意赅，意味深长。总之，文章的结尾应该遵循两条原则：一是照应开头；二是总结全文，给读者一个完整的印象。和文章的开头一样，文章的结尾方法也是多种多样的，而非千篇一律。常见方法请参考第三节写出稿部分。
2、套用经典句型，干脆利落收尾
结尾段篇幅不长却在全文中起着非常重要的作用，如果套用一些经典句型来对全篇进行总结、归纳或提出结论性的观点，会显得更加干脆利落。现将常用的收尾核心句型归纳如下，大家可根据自己的习惯和需要选择使用：
1) From what has been discussed above (Taking into account all these factors / Judging from all evidences offered), we may safely draw (reach / come to / arrive at) the conclusion that ….
2) All the evidences support (justifies / confirms / points to) a (an) unshakable (sound / just) conclusion that ….
3) It is high time that we place (lay / put) great (special / considerable) emphasis on the improvement (development / increase / promotion) of ….
4) It is high time that we put an end to the deep-seated (unhealthy / undesirable ) situation (tendency / phenomenon）of ….
5) There is no easy (immediate / effective) solution (approach / answer / remedy) to the problem of …, but … might be useful (helpful / beneficial).
6) No easy method (solution / recipe / remedy) can be found to solve（resolve / tackle）the problem of …, but the common realization of the importance (significance）of … might be the first step towards change.
7) Following these methods may not guarantee the success in…, but the pay-off will be worth the effort.
8) Obviously（Clearly / No doubt）, if we ignore（are blind to）the problem, there is every chance that ….
9) Unless there is a common realization of …, it is very likely（the chances are） that ….
10) There is little doubt（no denying）that serious（special / adequate / immediate / further） attention must be called（paid / devoted）to the problem of ….
11) It is necessary（essential / fundamental）that effective action should be taken to prevent （correct / end / fight）the situation (tendency / phenomenon).
12) It is hoped that great efforts should be made to control（check/ halt / promote）the growth （increase / rise）of ….
13) It is hoped that great efforts should be directed to（expended on / focused on）finding （developing / improving）….
14) Anyhow, more education（publicity）should be given to the possible（potential / grave /serious）consequences（effects）of ….
15) For the reasons given above, I feel that ….
四、妙用英语词汇或短语
1、巧用近义词，小词变大词
作文构思好以后，句意、句型已基本确定，在动笔之前，要考虑一下句中的一些词可不可以换用和它们同义的更高级更文雅的词汇或短语来代替？在准确性的基础上，小词稍变大，会使写出的句子显得灵活、生动而优美。英语中的同义词虽然有些许差异，但在很多情况下是可以互换的。以下是35个经典的替换词供大家参考。
1) individuals, characters, folks代替 people, persons
2) positive, favorable, promising (有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding代替good
3) dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse(有害的)代替bad
如果bad做表语，可以用be less impressive代替
eg. An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation, as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive.
4) an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a great number of, many, if not most)代替many.
注：用many, if not most一定要小心，many后一定要有词。
Eg. Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that….同理用most, if not all, 代替most.
5) a slice of, quiet a few, several代替some
6) harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that代替think (因为是书面语，所以要加that)
7) affair, business, matter代替thing
8) shared代替common
9）reap huge fruits代替get much benefit
10）for my part, from my own perspective代替in my opinion
11) Increasing(ly), growing代替more and more (注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing.修饰形容词，副词用increasingly.
Eg. Sth. has gained growing popularity.
Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth.
12) alternative 代替choice
13) beneficial, rewarding代替helpful, be beneficial of
14) shopper, client, consumer, purchaser代替customer
15) exceedingly, extremely代替very
16) vehicle代替car
17) sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb代替sb take interest in sth.
18) capture one's attention代替attract one's attention.
19) facet, dimension, sphere代替aspect
20) be indicative of, be suggestive of, be fearful of代替indicate, suggest, fear
21) give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger代替cause.
22) There are several reasons behind sth代替reasons for sth
23) desire代替want.
24) pour attention into代替pay attention to
25) bear in mind that代替remember
26) enjoy, possess代替have (注意process是过程的意思)
27) interaction代替communication
28) frown on sth代替be against, disagree with sth
29) to name only a few, as an example代替for example
30) next to/virtually impossible 代替nearly impossible
31) manufacture 代替make
32）accomplish代替finish
33）accord 代替agree
34）controversy 代替discussion
35）sufficient 代替enough
2、活用抽象词
使用抽象名词来表达思想，能减少动词的使用，使文章更紧凑，句子更简练、地道。如：
a. The problem points to the necessity of the modification of the system of our higher education.
b. The problem indicates that it is very necessary to modify the system of our higher education.
c. The notion has found its growing popularity and acceptance among young people.
d. The notion has become more and more popular and accepted by more and more young people.
可以看出，a句比b句、c句比d句更洗炼，更有英语的味道。抽象名词的使用，是现代英语的一大特点及英汉两种语言的主要区别之一，同时也是中国人学英语长期忽视的环节。抽象词意范围大，概括力强，但给人以空洞的感觉，适合于文章的开头和结尾等总结性部分。具体词意义有针对性、个性和精确性，给人以确切的概念，适合用于段落中细节的刻画，论点的阐述以及事物的描写。抽象词在正式文体中使用较多，因此，我们在写作中也要分清文体再下笔，千万不可盲目地追求抽象词的数量。
五、活用英语成语
在作文中适当运用一些人们耳熟能详的成语，能使文章生动活泼，而且深化主题并给读者留下深刻的印象。以下是英语四六级写作必备的36个成语，请大家熟记并灵活运用：
1. Practice makes perfect. （熟能生巧）
2. God helps those who help themselves. （天助自助者）
3. Easier said than done. （说起来容易做起来难）
4. Where there is a will, there is a way. （有志者事竟成）
5. One false step will make a great difference. （失之毫厘，谬之千里）
6. Slow and steady wins the race. （稳扎稳打无往而不胜）
7. A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit. （吃一堑，长一智）
8. Experience is the mother of wisdom. （实践出真知）
9. All work and no play makes jack a dull boy.（只工作不玩耍聪明孩子也变傻）
10. Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance. （无德之美犹如没有香味的玫瑰，徒有其表）
11. More hasty, less speed. （欲速则不达）
12. It’s never too old to learn. （活到老，学到老）
13. All that glitters is not gold. （闪光的未必都是金子）
14. A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.（千里之行始于足下）
15. Look before you leap. （三思而后行）
16. Rome was not built in a day. （伟业非一日之功）
17. Great minds think alike. （英雄所见略同）
18. Well begun, half done. （好的开始等于成功的一半）
19. It is hard to please all. （众口难调）
20. Out of sight, out of mind.（眼不见，心不念。）
21. Facts speak plainer than words. （事实胜于雄辩）
22. Call black white and white black. （颠倒黑白）
23. First things first. （凡事有轻重缓急）
24. Ill news travels fast. （坏事传千里）
25. A friend in need is a friend indeed. （患难见真情）
26. Live not to eat, but eat to live. （活着不是为了吃饭，吃饭为了活着）
27. Action speaks louder than words. （行动胜过语言）
28. East or west, home is the best. （金窝银窝不如自家草窝）
29. It’s not the gay coat that makes the gentleman. （君子在德不在衣）
30. Beauty will buy no beef. （漂亮不能当饭吃）
31. Like and like make good friends. （趣味相投）
32. The older, the wiser. （姜是老的辣）
33. Do as Romans do in Rome. （入乡随俗）
34. An idle youth, a needy age. （少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲）
35. As the tree, so the fruit. （种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆）
36. To live is to learn; to learn is to better live. （活着为了学习，学习为了更好的活着）
六．掌握并使用英语高级语块
语块（chunks）是词语的固定搭配或习惯用法。语块是语法化的词汇，其中含有一定的语境因素而且意思明确，便于学习者掌握词汇的用法。写作中使用语块具有词汇提取速度快、词汇运用准确度高的优点，可以有效地解决困扰我国英语学习者的词汇搭配问题，避免汉语式的英语表达。学生平时要尽可能多留心记忆英语中的一些较为固定的搭配，可以把课本中的语块标出来，学会以语块的方式记忆词汇。以下是大学生写作中可能要用到的一些较为高级的英语语块，供大家写作中参考使用。
1. be inclined to （打算，愿意）
2. tend to think (倾向于认为．．．)
3. long-cherished dream (多年的梦想，夙愿)
4. pursue sth (one’s study, career, happiness, love) （追求）
5. make a big fuss about sth (对．．．大惊小怪)
6. be of great significance/ importance (很重要)
7. at a loss （迷惑不解）
8. at one’s wit’s end （无计可施，黔驴技穷）
9. an average person （一般人，普通人）
10. the pros and cons of sports （运动的优缺点）
11. advocates and critics （支持者与反对者）
12. ranks the third （排名第三）
13. inquire about sth / make inquiries about sth （咨询，探讨，研究）
14. as he puts it, （正如他所说的）
15. let’s put it another way（换一种说法）
16. work out （锻炼身体，解决）
17. the two sides of the same coin / Every coin has its two sides (任何事物都有利和不利的一面)
18. desired/ desirable /ideal / satisfying /satisfactory result (理想结果)
19. gain popularity / appeal to sb. （受欢迎）
20. fall into 3 categories ／be classified into 3 groups(分为3类)
21. give rise to / bring about/ contribute to / result in (造成，带来结果)
22. confront the fierce competition (面对激烈竞争)
23. exploit tourist resources (开发旅游资源)
24. run the red light (闯红灯)
25. observe traffic regulations (遵守交通规则)
26. traffic congestion /traffic jam(交通拥堵)
27. sustainable development (可持续发展)
28. conserve natural habitats (保护自然栖息地)
29. disruption of ecological balance (生态失衡)
30. keep the balance of ecology （保持生态平衡）
31. live in harmony with nature （与自然和谐相处）
32. environmental degradation (环境恶化)
33. raise people’s environmental awareness (提高人们的环保意识)
34. credit crisis (信用危机)
35. log on the internet （上网）
36. virtual reality (虚拟现实)
37. surf the internet (网上冲浪)
38. online manhunt (人肉搜索)
39. cyber café (网吧)
40. video games (电子游戏)
41. web addiction (沉溺于网络)
42. forged and fake commodity (假冒伪劣商品)
43. supervisory authorities (监管部门)
44. launch a spaceship (发射飞船)
45. provide relief to disaster-stricken (disaster-affected) areas (救灾)
46. carry forward the fine traditions (发扬优良传统)
47. annual growth rate (年增长率)
48. develop fully one’s potential and creativity (充分发挥潜力和创造力)
49. improve public morals (改进社会风气)
50. deserve to be punished heavily by the law (应该受到法律的严惩)
51. make our university life more diversified (使大学生活更加丰富多彩)
52. enrich our knowledge and broaden our horizon （增长知识，开阔视野）
53. the pursuit of our ideals (追求理想)
54. a different perspective of the world （不同的世界观）
55. be exposed to different ideas and values (接触到不同的思想和价值观)
56. a long-lasting fever of obtaining a varieties of qualifications and certificates (持续的考证热)
57. the craze for graduate school (考研热)
58. take part in the entrance exams for postgraduate schools （考研）
59. confirm students’ abilities (证明学生的能力)
60. guidelines for education （教育方针）
61. education background (学历)
62. bachelor’s degree 学士学位 diploma （毕业证书）
63. combine book knowledge with practice (把书本知识与实践结合起来)
64. conduct social investigations （做社会调查）
65. teach students according to their aptitude （因材施教）
66. expand enrollment (扩大招生)
67. meet the urgent need of the society (满足社会的急需)
68. development in an all-around way (全面发展)
69. top ranking students (优等生)
70. have a pleasant personality (具备良好的个性)
71. spring out (出现，大量涌现)
72. develop comprehensive ability (培养综合能力)
73. specialized knowledge and skills (专业知识和技能)
74. get closer contact with the society (与社会近距离接触)
75. broader vision (更开阔的眼界)
76. be in a dilemma (左右为难)
77. strike a balance between．．．and．．．(在之间保持平衡)
78. in unfavorable situation (处于困境中)
79. be competent for(有能力胜任)
80. be confronted with 面对，面临
81. meet one’s Waterloo (失败，遭受惨败)
82. relieve one’s tension（缓解紧张与压力）
83. eliminate a possible nervous breakdown (消除可能造成的精神崩溃)
84. coping devices (应对办法)
85. dwell on the past (沉溺在过去中)
86. be entitled to sth (有权获得)
87. have confidence in sb/sth （相信，信任）
88. acquire confidence (获得信心)
89. attach importance to / lay emphasis on（重视,强调）
90. take sth seriously （认真对待）
91. yield unsatisfying result (产生不满意的结果)
92. ranging from ．．．to．．．（范围包括，从……到……）
93. make the students’ life more colorful and enjoyable (丰富学生生活)
94. stimulate their interests (激发他们的兴趣)
95. both physically and psychologically /mentally healthy(身心健康)
96. spilled milk （覆水难收）
97. the only way out (唯一的出路／办法)
98. negative consequences (不良后果)
99. account for this phenomenon (解释这一现象)
100. account for 80 percent 占80%份额
101. violate the laws or commit crimes （违法犯罪）
102. infringe (on) one’s interest/ copy right/ human rights (侵犯某人利益/版权/人权等)
103. immoral or illegal (不道德的或非法的)
104. garbage messages (垃圾短信)
105. a lifelong caree
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