医学英语前后缀

．人体主要器官前缀 名称 通用名 前（后）缀 常用形容词 示例 心 heart cardiao- cardial cardium/carditis/cardiology 脑 brain encepholo- cerebral cerebrum/encephalitis/encephalology 肺 lung pulmo- pulmonary pulmontiis/pulmonectomy/pulmonology 肝 liver hepato- hepatic hepatitis/hepatobiliary/hepatology 胃 stomach gastro- gastric gastritis/gastrointestinal/gastrology 胆 gallbladder chole- biliary holecystitis/cholinergic/cholecystectomy 肠 intestine entero- intestinal enteritis/enterectomy/enterology 脾 spleen splen- splenic splenitis/splenectomy/splenology 胰 pancreas pancreato- pancreatic pancreatitis/pancreatectomy 肾 kidney nephro- renal/nephric nephritis/nephropathy/nephrology 2．与人体系统、器官有关的前（后）缀 名称 通用名 前（后）缀 示例 血 blood hemo-/hemato hematology/hemoglobin/hematoma 血管 vessel vaso- vasopressor/cardiovasology/verebrovascular 静脉 vein veno- venography/intravenous/venoconstriction 动脉 artery arterio- arteriology/arteriole/arteriosclerosis 肌 muscle myo- mycology/myositis/myocarditis 髓 marrow myel-/myelo- myelocyte/myelitis/myeloma 神经 nerve neur-/neyro- neurology/neuritis/neuron 细胞 cell cyto-/-cyte cytology/cytoma/leukocyte 尿 urine uro-/ur- urology/urosurgery/urogenital 体 body somato-/some somatology/somatopsychic/chromosome  3．与数字有关的前缀 数字 前缀 示例 一（单） mono-/uni- monomer/monoclone/carbon monoxide/unidirectional 二 bi-/di- bilateral/biphasiccarbon dioxide/dipeptide 三 tri- trilateral/triphasic/trigeminal nerve 四 tetra- tetramer/tetracycline/tetraplegia 五 penta- pentagon/pentachromic/pentachloride 六 hexa- hexachromic/benzene hexachloride(666)/hexacycliccompiund 七 hepta- heptachromic/heptaploid/heptavalent 八 octa- octahedral/octal system 九 nona- nonapeptide/nonagon 十 deca- decade/decagram/decaliter 注：十位数的表示一般为：个位数前缀+deca，如：hexadecanol（十六烷醇），tetradecapeptide gastrin（十四肽胃泌素），octadecanoic acid（十八烷酸） 4．颜色及与颜色有关的前缀 颜色 通用名 前缀 示例 色 color chrom-/chromo- chromosome/chromatin/chromatometer 红 red erythro- erythrocyte/erythrocyturia/erythrometer 白 white leuko- leukocyte/leukemia/leukocytuira 黑 black melano- melena/melanoma/melanoderma 黄 yellow xantho- xanthopsin/xanthosis/xanthoma 蓝 blue cyan-/cyano cyanosis/cyanopsia/cyanemia 紫 violet/purple 绿 green 棕 brown brown mixture/brown ring 橙 orange Victoria orange/ethyl orange/orange G 粉红 pink oink frothy sputum 绯红 crimson 青铜 bronzed bronzed diabetes 注：有些病名的“蓝”“紫”“青”为同义，其前缀都为“cyano-”. 5．与疾病和疾患有关的前（后）缀(1) 含义 前（后）缀 形容词 示例 病 patho- pathogen/pathology/pathogenesis /-pathy -pathic neuropathy/nephropathy/adenopathy 病态 -osis -otic neurosis/tuberculosis/schistosomiasis 增多 leukocytosis/erythrocytopenia/granulocytosis 减少 -penia -penic leukocytopenia/erythrocytopenia/granulocytopenia 无 a-/an- atypical/anuria/agranulocytopenia 小/微 -let droplet/platelet/leaflet micro- microscopy/microorganism/micronucleus 大/巨 macro- macroscopic/macronucleus/macrophage -megaly splenomegaly/acromegaly/hepatomegaly 复合/多 poly- polyuria/polymer/polyopia 全/泛 pan- pancolectomy/panmyelosis/pandemic 6．与疾病和疾患有关的前（后）缀(2) 含义 前（后）缀 示例 相反 dis- disease/disorder/disability 困难/障碍 dys- dysfunction/dyspepsia/dyspnea 不良 mal- malfunction/malnutrition/malpractice 炎症 -it is appendicitis/bronchitis/arthritis 瘤/块 -oma lymphoma/adenoma/hematoma 血症 -emia leukemia/septisemia/bacteremia 痛 -algia/-algesia/alge-/algo- analgesia/hypoalgesia/algometer 麻痹 -plegia hemipleia/pamplegia/myoplegia 流出 -rrhea diarrhea/hypermenorrhea/rhinorrhea 坏死 -necrosis necro-/necr- hepatonecrosis/myonecrosis/necrospermia 结石 litho-/-lith lithiasis/lithogenesis/cholelithes 7．与方位有关的前缀 含义 通用词 前缀 示例 上 upper/superior pi-/supra- epidemic/epithelium/supracostal 下 lower/inferior nfra-/sub- infracostal/subclavicular/subcutaneous 前 front/anterior/prior fore-/ante- forehead/anteroposterior/precirrhosis /pre-  后 back/posterior post-/retro- posthepatic/postprandial/retrocardiac 内 inner/internal in-/endo-/ento- inhalation/endoscopy/entocranial 外 outer/external ex-/exo- extract/excretion/exocardial 间 between inter- intermuscular/intercostal/intercourse 旁/副 on the side of para- parathyroid/paraprotein/pararenal 周 around peri- perioperative/pericarditis/peritoneum 中心 central centri-/centra- centrifugation/centralize/centronucleus /centro- 反/对 opposite counter-/contra- counterpart/countershock/contraindication 注：in vivo/in’vaivou/活体内;in vitro/in vaitrou/活体外或试管内；in situ/in’saitju:/原位 8．与外科手术有关的前（后）缀 含义 前（后）缀 示例 切除 -ectomy appendectomy/gastrectomy/splenectomy 切开 -tomy tracheotomy/hysterotomy/craniotomy 切（割） -tome tracheotome/thoracotome 吻合 -stomy duodenoenterostomy/gastroesophagostomy 成形术 -plasty tracheoplasty/osteoplasty/myoplasty 整（矫）形 ortho- orthopedics/orthopod/orthotherapy 造影 -graphy angiography/nephrography/phlebography 经… trans- transdominal/translateral/transurethral 注：ortho-也是“正”“原”的前缀，如：ortho-acid（正酸） -graphy为方法，如：electrocardigraphy 心电图检查术；graph为仪器，如：electrocardigraph心电图机；gram为图象，文字，如：electrocardiogram心电图记录。 9．与化学品有关的前（后）缀 含义 前（后）缀 示例 酸盐 ate sulfate/nitrate/acetate 醇 -ol alcohol/propanol/taxol 醛 -al retinal/methylal/propanal 酮 -one acetone/progesterone/ketone 糖 glyco- glycogenolysis saccharo- saccharomyces -saccharide polysaccharide 酶 -ase reductase/transminase/kinase 素 -in penicillin/heparin/nuclein 原 -gen allogen/antigen/glycogen 苯基/酚 phen-/pheno- phenol/phenate/phenetidin 氨基 amino- aminobenzene/aminopherase/aminopyrine 10．与“作用”有关的前（后）缀 含义 前（后）缀 示例 杀 -cide/-cidal insecticide/pesticide/bactericidal 抑 -stasis/-static bacteriostasis/virostatic/tuberculostatic 驱逐 -fuge febrifuge/centrifuge 抗 -anti antibiotic/antimycotic/antimutagen 去/脱/除 de- dehydroprednisone/detergent/desensitization 回/再/复 re- reabsorb/reactivation/recombinant 冷冻 cryo- cryobiology/cryopreservation/cryoprotectant 否/去/分离 dis- disinfection/dissociate/dissection 向后/退行 retro- retrograde/retrosternal/retrocardiac