unit 2

Unit 2 Marine Biology Text A Part I Understanding and Learning Background information Marine biology Marine biology is the scientific study of organisms in the ocean or other marine or brackish bodies of water. Given that in biology many phyla(类群), families and genera(属) have some species that live in the sea and others that live on land, marine biology classifies species based on the environment rather than on taxonomy（分类学）. Marine biology differs from marine ecology as marine ecology is focused on how organisms interact with each other and the environment, and biology is the study of the organisms themselves. Marine life is a vast resource, providing food, medicine, and raw materials, in addition to helping to support recreation and tourism all over the world. At a fundamental level, marine life helps determine the very nature of our planet. Marine organisms contribute significantly to the oxygen cycle, and are involved in the regulation of the Earth's climate. Shorelines are in part shaped and protected by marine life, and some marine organisms even help create new land. Marine biology covers a great deal, from the microscopic, including most zooplankton and phytoplankton to the huge cetaceans (whales) which reach up to a reported 30 meters (98 feet) in length. Hydrothermal vents A hydrothermal vent is a fissure in a planet's surface from which geothermally heated water issues. Hydrothermal vents are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates （地壳板块）are moving apart, ocean basins, and hotspots. Hydrothermal vents exist because the earth is both geologically active and has large amounts of water on its surface and within its crust. Common land types include hot springs, fumaroles（喷气孔） and geysers. Under the sea, hydrothermal vents may form features called black smokers. Relative to the majority of the deep sea, the areas around submarine hydrothermal vents are biologically more productive, often hosting complex communities fueled by the chemicals dissolved in the vent fluids. Chemosynthetic archaea（古生菌） form the base of the food chain, supporting diverse organisms, including giant tube worms, clams, limpets and shrimp. Active hydrothermal vents are believed to exist on Jupiter's moon Europa, and ancient hydrothermal vents have been speculated to exist on Mars. Detailed Study of the Text Some of the current events in marine biology are highlighted in the upcoming paragraphs. (Para. 1) Meaning: In the following paragraphs, some of the current events in biology are being emphasized and make you think about them. Due to the depletion of ozone layer, the floating planktons are at risk of getting exposed to deleterious rays of the sun. (Para. 3) Meaning: Because the ozone layer is decreased markedly, the floating planktons are facing the danger of being exposed to harmful rays of the sun. depletion: n. the act of decreasing something markedly The Clean Air Act of 1970, the year the EPA was established, was even more robust, and subsequent amendments in 1977 and 1990 addressed ozone depletion and acid rain. 1970年制订的空气清洁法案，即在EPA成立那一年，实施力度更为强硬，随后分别在1977年和1990年两次修订法案，增加了导致臭氧层损害和酸雨的条款。 deplete v. use up (resources or materials) This suggests that there remains a substantial need to deplete stocks further. 这 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 明当前需要进一步削减存货量。 deleterious a. harmful to living things The oxides of nitrogen can have deleterious effects on materials, vegetation, and animal and human life. 氮的氧化物对物质、植物、动物和人类生活有毒害效应。 Month after month, reports mount of the deleterious effects of rising carbon levels. 月复一月，一篇篇关于碳元素增加、有害环境的 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 不断累积。 Since iron is a rare nutrient in the ocean, many scientists are of the opinion that introduction of iron dust will favor the growth of plankton, ultimately helping in carbon absorption and reducing global warming. (Para.4) Meaning: Since iron is a rare nutrient in the ocean, many scientists hold the opinion that the leading-in of iron dust will promote the growth of plankton, thus being helpful to absorb carbon and reduce global warming. Note: Please note the present participle in the sentence “…, ultimately helping in carbon absorption and reducing global warming.” It is functioned as adverbial of result. It is usually put at the end of the sentence. e.g. The new machines will work faster, ultimately reducing our cost. The snow lasted a week, ultimately resulting in a serious confusion in the whole area. nutrient: n. any substance that can be metabolized by an organism to give energy and build tissue of or providing nourishment In the Southern Ocean, iron is indeed the limiting nutrient. 在南冰洋海域，铁元素是限制性营养元素。 In her first book she explained the role of vegetable fibers, vitamins, minerals, and other essential nutrients. 在她第一本 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 中，她解释了植物纤维、维生素、矿物质和其他重要营养物质的作用。 The amount and type of carbohydrate in pet food affects the nutrient value the animal actually gets. 宠物食品中碳水化合物的数量和种类会影响动物实际得到的营养价值。 If the result is not satisfactory, there is not point in using fish just for the sake of extracting oil. (Para. 5) Meaning: If the result of the research is not certain on whether fish oil is really good for health or not, there is no meaning to kill fish in order to obtain oil from it. extract v. obtain from a substance；remove, usually with some force or effort; also used in an abstract sense Citric acid can be extracted from the juice of oranges, lemons, limes or grapefruit. 柠檬酸可以从橙汁、柠檬汁、酸橙汁或柚子汁中提取。 A dentist may decide to extract the tooth to prevent recurrent trouble. 牙医可能会决定拔掉这颗牙，以防复发。 Britain's trade figures can no longer be extracted from export-and-import documentation at ports. 英国的贸易数字再也不能从各港口的进出口文件中摘取了。 He sought to extract the maximum political advantage from the cut in interest rates. 他力图从利息削减中谋取最大的政治利益。 The prime cause for transmission of this human pathogen to marine corals is the disposal of untreated wastewater or sewage that makes its way to seawater.(Para.6) Meaning: The main cause for sending this human pathogen to marine coral is that wastewater or sewage are untreated before they flow into the sea. prime: a. most important in a situation Political stability, meanwhile, will be a prime concern. 与此同时，政治稳定将是头等大事。 a. of the best possible quality The location of these beaches makes them prime sites for development. 这些海滩的位置使它们成为开发的最佳选址。 a. of a particular kind of thing that is absolutely typical. The prime example is Macy's, once the undisputed king of California retailers. 最典型的例子是梅西百货，它曾是加州零售商们公认的王者。 n. being at the best stage of development We've had a series of athletes trying to come back well past their prime. 我们有不少早已过了鼎盛时期的运动员在试图复出。 v. insert a primer into (a gun, mine, or charge) preparatory to detonation or firing He was priming the bomb to go off in an hour's time. 他正在做准备，以让炸弹在一小时后爆炸。 Thus, in order to save the Elkhorn coral, stringent care should be taken while treating wastewater. (Para.6) stringent: a. demanding strict attention to rules and procedures He announced that there would be more stringent controls on the possession of weapons. 他宣布在持有武器方面将会有更严格的控制。 Lenders demand higher credit scores, bigger deposits and more stringent proof of income. 借贷方要求更高的信誉等级，更多的保证金以及更为严格的收入证明。 The Fund argued that the less stringent target would provide fiscal space and boost economic growth. 国际货币基金组织认为较为宽松的目标会留有一些财政空间，刺激经济增长。 Since the chemistry of corals is somewhat similar to human bone, it is used to replace bone grafts. graft: n. (surgery) tissue or organ transplanted from a donor to a recipient I am having a skin graft on my arm soon. 我很快就要做手臂的植皮手术了。 v. cause to grow together parts from different plants Pear trees are grafted on quince rootstocks. 梨树被嫁接到榅桲的根茎上。 You could see that the last part of the report had just been grafted on as an afterthought. 你可以看出，这份报告的最后部分像是事后想起加上去的。 Various studies have revealed that coral material contains negligible amounts of protein, and hence, it shows no inflammatory response. (Para.7) negligible: a. so small as to be meaningless; insignificant The pay that the soldiers received was negligible. 士兵得到的津贴微乎其微。 It has negligible support among young people and ethnic minorities.它在年轻人和少数民族选民中得到的支持微乎其微。 inflammatory：a. characterized or caused by inflammation Vitamin D has been shown to repress exaggerated inflammatory responses by inhibiting that cytokine cross talk. 维生素D已被证明能够抑制细胞素的交互作用，以抑制过度的发炎反应。 a. arousing to action or rebellion She described his remarks as irresponsible, inflammatory and outrageous. 她称他的话不负责任、具煽动性且极端无礼。 If the proposal of obtaining biofuel from seaweed is feasible, it will be a priceless contribution for solving energy crisis that we are facing at present. (Para. 8) feasible: a. capable of being done with means at hand and circumstances as they are It is now widely accepted that averting serious climate change is technically feasible and economically affordable. 现在普遍认为，避免严重的气候变化技术上是可行的，经济上也是负担得起的。 We should take active attitude and feasible countermeasures to stride over the green trade barrier. 我们应该采取积极的态度和切实可行的对策以跨越绿色贸易壁垒的障碍。 Part II Key to Exercises Pre-reading questions: Marine biology is the scientific study of organisms/marine lives in the ocean or other marine or brackish bodies of water. There are marine animals, fungi, marine plants and algae, and Microscopic life. Marine animals include birds, fish, invertebrates, mammals and reptiles. Marine life is a vast resource, providing food, medicine, and raw materials, in addition to helping to support recreation and tourism all over the world. At a fundamental level, marine life helps determine the very nature of our planet. Marine organisms contribute significantly to the oxygen cycle, and are involved in the regulation of the Earth's climate. Shorelines are in part shaped and protected by marine life, and some marine organisms even help create new land. 10 Easy Ways to Help Marine Life Choose sustainable seafood Limit your use of plastics, disposables and single-use projects Stop the problem of ocean acidification Be energy-efficient Participate in a cleanup Never release balloons Dispose of fishing line responsibly View marine life responsibly Volunteer or work with marine life Buy ocean-friendly gifts Give a gift that will help marine life. Memberships and honorary donations to non-profit organizations that protect marine life can be a great gift. Exercises Reading Comprehension 1. The decline of the population of microbes is an important reason for climate change. Some planktons can be used as sunscreen in the skin care industry. Unrusted iron has been found in the ocean floor. Fish oil extraction should be stopped so as to save fish population. The disposal of untreated wastewater or sewage transmits human pathogen to marine corals. Corals are found to be used in repairing skeletal problems and plastic surgery as well. Microbes play an important role in maintaining the oxygen and carbon dioxide balance in the Earth's atmosphere. Some ocean microbes absorb methane (another greenhouse gas) and help in combating global warming. Iron is a rare nutrient in the ocean and iron dust will favor the growth of plankton, ultimately helping in carbon absorption and reducing global warming. The consequence is the decline in the fish population at a fast rate. Mass catching of fish for obtaining oil also poses risks for extinction of the overfished species. In humans, pathogens affect the urinary tract, respiratory system and open wounds. The white pox disease, which is caused by the bacterium, serratia marcescents, is the major threat to declining Elkhorn coral. Oil spills in marine water, ability of some marine species to change their sex, life in the extreme environment of the ocean and synthesis of renewable energy source from ocean water. Structure Analysis Ocean creatures Their functions Current events The consequence of the events microbes maintaining the oxygen and carbon dioxide balance in the Earth's atmosphere; absorb methane human activities have a profound effect on the population of microbes climatic change planktons inhabiting the surface of the ocean. These natural sunscreens can be used in the skin care industry. Algal sunscreens are less harmful compared to commercial skin care products iron doing good to the growth of plankton Unrusted iron is discovered on the ocean floor. Also, iron is trapped by organic compounds from hydrothermal vents A natural mechanism for iron fertilization has been found. fish oil containing omega-3 fatty acids The fish population declines at a fast rate; the overfished species face extinction. It is high time to find out whether fish oil is really good for health or not. pathogen attacking humans and corals as well Elkhorn coral is endangered because of the white pox disease. Stringent care should be taken while treating wastewater. coral replacing human bone grafts Using coral for repairing skeletal problems has lesser side effects. Application of coral for reconstructive surgeries is gaining popularity in plastic surgery too. Vocabulary Study A. respiration deficient nutrient synthetic deplete stringent deleterious feasible upcoming tract B. 1. A 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. C 7. B 8. C 9. A 10. A C. conspire millisecond uprooted replenish hydroelectric Cloze： 1. integral 2. found 3. percentages 4.wellbeing 5. need 6. division 7. aspects 8. conservation 9. through 10. economical 11. using 12. that 13. reached 14. crucial 15. mammals 16. side-effect 17. ecosystem 18.Other 19. habitats 20. destroyed Translation A. 海洋环境中的铁缺乏症是浮游生物不能大量繁殖的主要问题。因此，近年来，铁施肥（自然引入铁）一直受到世界各地科学家的关注。由于铁是海洋一种罕见的营养品，许多科学家都认为，引入铁尘将有利于浮游生物的生长，最终帮助吸收二氧化碳和缓解全球变暖现象。一些科学家认为，海洋中的碳会扰乱海洋的自然食物链，并导致赤潮。在解决这个问题过程中，有一个惊人的消息，海底发现了不锈铁。此外，一个研究小组发现，热液喷口（在地球表面的裂隙）有机化合物分离出的铁被带到了海水里。就是这些铁浮在海水表面。因此，科学家们发现了一个铁施肥的自然机制。 B. The ocean is the cradle of life. Therefore, the study of marine ecology is not only conducive to the survival of the conservation of biological environment, and is directly related to the development and utilization of marine living resources. Ocean researchers find that marine microbes play an important role in maintaining the oxygen and carbon dioxide balance in the Earth's atmosphere; sunscreens made of algae can be used in skin care industry; a natural mechanism for iron fertilization is helpful to solve iron deficiency; mass catching of fish for obtaining oil poses risks for extinction of the overfished species; untreated wastewater or sewage which flow into the sea transmits human pathogen to marine corals. These are path-breaking findings in marine science. Researchers are going on various marine biology issues such as oil spills in marine water, ability of some marine species to change their sex and synthesis of renewable energy source. If it is feasible to obtain biofuel from seaweed in the future, it will be a priceless contribution for solving energy crisis of human beings. Extended Exercises a drop in the ocean at sea an ocean of work in hot water take him down a peg or two backing and filling cut and run a whale of a difference Proverbs and Quotations 欲采珍珠须潜深水。——约翰•康拉德，英国诗人、剧作家 没有目标地活着，犹如航海之无 指南 验证指南下载验证指南下载验证指南下载星度指南下载审查指南PDF 针。——鲁斯金，英国艺术批评家 伟大的诗篇即是永远喷出智慧和欢欣之水的喷泉。——雪莱. P. B ，英国诗人 只有在探险中，一个人才成功地认识自己，找到了自己。——安德烈•纪德，法国批评家、散文家、小说家 最深的思想或感情就如同沉睡的矿藏，在等待着同样深沉的头脑与心灵去发现和开采。——爱默生，美国作家 只要世界还存在，就会有错误，如果没有人反叛，这些错误将永远存在下去。——达罗，美国律师 人只有鼓起勇气，告别海岸，才能发现新的海洋。——安德烈•纪德，法国批评家、散文家、小说家 生活中完全没有冒险，这可能是没什么意思的。但是生活中如果不管什么种类的探险都有，那肯定是短暂的。——伯特兰•罗素，英国哲学家 Part III 参考译文 目前海洋生物大事记 海洋拥有世界上最丰富的生物物种。从最小的海洋生物（低等微生物）到地球上最大的哺乳类动物（蓝鲸），海洋环境中的生命简直不可预测。最近一个时期，海洋生物学领域进行了严谨的研究工作。据估计，1毫克海水可能包含1千万个病毒和1百万个细菌。此外，海洋是人类最重要的资源。海洋鱼类提供蛋白质的比重最大，同时约占世界三分之一的燃料也来自海洋。海洋生物目前的一些大事在以下段落加以阐明。 海洋微生物与地球的未来 在上学的时候，我们已经学到了很多关于极小微生物的知识。最重要的是，我们知道他们是许多疾病的病原体。但是，你注意到微生物的丰富性了吗？不管你信不信，他们约占海洋生物量的90％。事实上，这些微生物体在维持地球大气层中的氧气和二氧化碳的平衡中发挥了重要作用。海洋微生物吸收造成全球变暖最重要的温室气体——二氧化碳。据了解，一些海洋微生物吸收甲烷（另一种温室气体），并有助于抗衡全球变暖。海洋微生物的研究表明，人类活动对微生物的数量有深远的影响，这可能是气候变化的一个重要原因。 海洋藻类防晒霜 在众多的科技成果中，藻类防晒霜是其中重要的一个。各种浮游生物品种栖息在海洋表面。由于臭氧层的消耗，浮游生物存在暴露于太阳有害射线的风险。到一定时候，一些物种灭绝，而一些适应了当时的环境。很明显，这些幸存的浮游生物具有一些独特的化合物。这些化合物有助于保护浮游生物免受有害太阳光线的伤害。海洋生物学家牢记这一基本事实，正在研究识别和分离在皮肤护理行业可以使用的自然防晒霜。与商业护肤品比较，藻类防晒霜危害较小，因为它们是从天然可再生资源中分离出来的。 海洋不锈铁 海洋环境中的铁缺乏症是浮游生物不能大量繁殖的主要问题。因此，近年来，铁施肥（自然引入铁）一直受到世界各地科学家的关注。由于铁是海洋一种罕见的营养品，许多科学家都认为，引入铁尘将有利于浮游生物的生长，最终帮助吸收二氧化碳和缓解全球变暖现象。一些科学家认为，海洋中的碳会扰乱海洋的自然食物链，并导致赤潮。在解决这个问题过程中，有一个惊人的消息，海底发现了不锈铁。此外，一个研究小组发现，热液喷口（在地球表面的裂隙）有机化合物分离出的铁被带到了海水里。就是这些铁浮在海水表面。因此，科学家们发现了一个铁施肥的自然机制。 提取鱼油的后果 鱼油的好处在新闻里已经报道了一段时间了。据说，鱼油中含有高比例的ω-3脂肪酸，是人体必需的脂肪。有了这一发现，人类正在大规模地从某些海洋鱼类分离鱼油。最终的结果导致了鱼类种群快速地下降。为获取鱼油大规模地过度捕捞也带来了物种灭绝的风险。就鱼在饮食方面的重要性而言，他们不仅做出可口的菜肴，也是一种丰富的蛋白质来源。考虑到这些，是到该确认鱼油是否真得对健康有益的时候了。如果结果不理想，没有必要只是为了提取鱼油而捕杀鱼类了。相反，保存鱼类和给大众提供饮食安全才是更实际的做法。 人类病原体和珊瑚乳白痘 宠物鸟类和动物传染给人类的疾病对我们来说已经不是新鲜事了（例如，禽流感和猪流感）。但是，令人惊讶的是，袭击人类的病原体也可以影响珊瑚。在此之前，麋角珊瑚被确定为加勒比海丰富的物种。但是，如果你浏览一下2006年美国濒危物种法中受保护的生物体，你会看到这种珊瑚榜上有名。麋角珊瑚下降的主要威胁是由细菌，粘质沙雷氏菌引起的白痘病。对人类而言，这种病菌会影响泌尿道，呼吸道系统和开放性伤口。这种人类病原体传播给海洋珊瑚的首要原因是未经处理的废水或污水流入海水。因此，为了拯救麋角珊瑚，废水处理时应严格关照。 珊瑚可用于人力植骨 珊瑚是具有丰富生物多样性的海洋生物。因此，珊瑚礁常常被称为海洋的热带雨林。由于珊瑚的化学成分有点类似人体骨骼，所以它可以用来替代骨移植。结果表明，这种 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 可以帮助人体骨骼的愈合，副作用较小而且方便、快捷。使用珊瑚修复骨骼问题的技术主要是在欧洲使用。对于这种类型的手术，经常使用滨珊瑚。各种研究显示，珊瑚材料中含有极少量的蛋白质，因此，它没有炎症反应。在重建手术中珊瑚应用在整形外科越来越普及。 好，这些都是在海洋科学中的一些开创性的结果。目前，正在进行各种海洋生物学问题的综合研究，如海水中的漏油问题，一些海洋物种变性能力的问题，在极端环境中的海洋生物和海水可再生能源合成问题。如果从海藻中获得生物燃料的建议是可行的，这将对解决目前我们面临的能源危机做出无价的贡献。 Unit 2 Text B Part I Understanding and Learning Background information Bill Chameides （author of the Text B） Dr. Chameides is dean of Duke's Nicholas School of the Environment and a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He was the vice chair of America’s Climate Choices, a multidisciplinary study by the National Academies designed to help policy makers figure out solutions to the problem of climate change. The study was launched in November 2008 at the request of Congress to provide policy-relevant advice, based on scientific evidence, to guide the nation’s response to climate change. The group's final report was published on May 12, 2011. Chameides combines more than 30 years in academia as a professor, researcher, teacher, and mentor with a three-year stint as chief scientist at Environmental Defense. Nature（Journal） Nature first published on 4 November 1869, is ranked the world's most cited interdisciplinary scientific journal by the Science Edition of the 2010 Journal Citation Reports. Most scientific journals are now highly specialized, and Nature is among the few journals (other weekly journals Science and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences are also prominent examples) that still publish original research articles across a wide range of scientific fields. There are many fields of scientific research in which important new advances and original research are published as either articles or letters in Nature. The Secchi disk The Secchi disk, created in 1865 by Pietro Angelo Secchi SJ, is a circular disk used to measure water transparency in oceans and lakes. The disc is mounted on a pole or line, and lowered slowly down in the water. The depth at which the pattern on the disk is no longer visible is taken as a measure of the transparency of the water. This measure is known as the Secchi depth and is related to water turbidity. biological pump In oceanic biogeochemistry, the biological pump is the sum of a suite of biologically-mediated processes that transport carbon from the surface euphotic zone (透光层) to the ocean's interior. Detailed Study of the Text …, maybe his discoveries about the sky would pique his curiosity about other aspects of the earth. (Para.3) pique: v. cause to feel resentment or indignation Giving money to his student subjects also seemed to pique their interest, suggesting the tiresome feelings were a combination of low arousal and insufficient motivation. 此外，向参加测试的学生支付报酬似乎也可以激起他们的兴趣。这说明，无聊感是刺激和动力不足的一种复合产物。 n. a sudden outburst of anger When he realized nobody was listening to him. he left the room in a fit of pique. 发现没人在听他说话，他一气之下就离开房间了。 Maybe