2002考研英语阅读真题及详细解析

2002考研英语阅读 真题 北京中考数学真题pdf四级真题及答案下载历年四级真题下载证券交易真题下载资料分析真题下载 及详细解析 Part One If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses. Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. "Who is that?" the new arrival asked St. Peter. "Oh, that's God." came the reply, "but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor." If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system. If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark. Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote "If at first you don't succeed, give up" or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor. 1. To make your humor work, you should ________. [A] take advantage of different kinds of audience [B] make fun of the disorganized people. [C] address different problems to different people. [D] show sympathy for your listeners. 2. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are ________. [A] impolite to new arrivals. [B] very conscious of their godlike role. [C] entitled to some privileges. [D] very busy even during lunch hours. 3. It can be inferred from the text that public services ________. [A] have benefited many people. [B] are the focus of public attention. [C] are an inappropriate subject for humor. [D] have often been the laughing stock. 4. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered ________. [A] in well-worded language. [B] as awkwardly as possible. [C] in exaggerated statement. [D] as casually as possible. 5. The best title for the text may be ________. [A] Use Humor Effectively. [B] Various Kinds of Humor. [C] Add Humor to Speech.[D] Different Humor Strategies. Unit 9(2002) Part 1 重点词汇: 1.identify(辨别;视为同一)即ident+ify，ident词根“同一”，-ify动词后缀“使„„”; identification(识别;身份证明)?identify去y加-ication名词后缀;identical(同一的)? ident+ical形容词后缀。Any man over thirty identifies his youth with the worst fault he thinks he is capable of.任何过了三十岁的人都把自己的青年时代视为自认所能犯下的最大错误。 2.relevant(相关的;意思重大的)即re+lev+ant，re-前缀，lev词根“升，举”，-ant形容词 后缀，故“从„„升起的”?“源自„„的”?相关的。同根词:elevate(升举，提高)? e+lev+ate;elevator(电梯，升降机)?e+lev+at(e)+or。 3.sympathy(n.同情;共鸣)即sym+path+y，sym-(=syn-，在p前n变形为m以方便发音， 前缀“同”)，path词根“感情”，-y抽象名词后缀;sympathize/sympathise(v.同情;共鸣)， -ize/-ise为动词后缀;sympathetic(同情的;共鸣的)?sym+path+etic形容词后缀。 4.alternatively(二者择一地;另外)?alter改变+nat(e)+ive+ly;alternative(二者择一的; 供选择的事物)?alter+nat(e)+ive;alternate(v.交替;交替的)?alter+nate。Love's alternate joy and woe.爱情就是交替的欢乐与痛苦。 5.convention (大会;惯例;公约)即con+ven(t)+tion，con-一起，ven(t)来，-tion名词后缀，故“人们来到一起”?开“大会”，而“大会制定的规则”即是“公约”，公约遵循时间长了就成为“惯例”。stomp(n.v.重踏)?stamp(邮票;标志)也有相同含义，想象“猛盖邮戳”?重踏。 6.appropriate(适当的)即ap+propri+ate，ap-前缀加强语气，propri看作proper(适当的)，-ate后缀; 7.inappropriate(不适当的)?in否定前缀+appropriate。Extreme remedies are very appropriate for extreme diseases.烈性药物对于重病是非常适宜的。?这句话是西方医学之父希波克拉底说的。 8.inedible(不可食的)?in否定前缀+ed(=eat)+ible能„„的。 9.resent (v.愤怒、怨恨)即re+sent，re(=against反对)，sent(=sense感觉)，于是“在感觉上反对”?愤恨。People don't resent having nothing nearly as much as too little.人们所不满的往往是太少，而不是没有。 10.disparaging (轻视的)?dis否定前缀+par平等+ag(e)后缀+ing后缀。 11.scapegoat (替罪羊)可这样记:escape(n.v.逃跑)?e+scape，把e看作ex-，则scape就是没有“离开”的?“逃不掉的”?“留下来替罪的”，于是scape+goat?替罪羊。与“羊”有关的另一习语:black sheep(害群之马;败家子)，源自谚语There is a black sheep in every flock. 12.casual(偶然的;漫不经心的)即cas降落+ual后缀;casualty(严重意外事故;伤亡者)?cas+ual+ty名词后缀。Aoff-the-cuff 即席的。 13.deliver (v.传递;释放;发 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf ;分娩)即de+liver，de-前缀“使”，liver(=liber)词根“自由”，于是从“使自由”推出deliver的各项含义;delivery (传递)?deliver+y名词后缀。 14.light-hearted 轻松愉快的。 15.familiar (熟悉的;亲近的)即famil(y)+iar形容词后缀，“感觉像家一样的”;familiarity(熟悉)?familiar+ity名词后缀。exaggeration(夸张)?ex加强语气+agger堆积+ation名词后缀;exaggerate(夸张)?ex+agger+ate动词后缀。understatement (掩饰;轻描淡写的陈述)?under+statement;反义词:overstatement(夸大的陈述)?over+statement。 16.privilege (n.优惠;特权v.给予优惠或特权)即privi+leg+e，privi(=private)词根“私人的”，leg词根“法律”(如legal“法律的;合法的”?leg+al)，?特权。To have become a deeper man is the privilege of those who have suffered.变得更加深谋远虑是受过磨难的人的特 权。 17.effectively(有效地)即ef+fect+ive+ly，ef-前缀表“加强”，fect词根“做”，-ive形容词 后缀，-ly副词后缀;去ly即为形容词effective。 难句解析: ? Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. 该句是一个复杂单句，句子的主语是your humor，后面有两个平行的谓语must be和should help，它们后面分别有其宾语。其中should help后面的宾语是不定式to show，而它的宾语 比较复杂，是两个并列的宾语从句:that you are one of them和that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view，中间用or连接。 本句结构比较简明，只需注意show them后面是两个并列的宾语从句就可以了。后面的宾语 从句中有个很有用的词组in sympathy with，表示同情、同意、赞同。 ? If you are Part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. if引导了一个条件从句，而后面的主句是两个子句构成的并列句。在第一个子句you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you中又有一个 定语从句which are common to all of you来修饰the experiences and problems，而后面的子句 的结构是一个it is adj. for sb. to do sth.的结构。 要看懂本句，重点在于要把后面的两个子句断开，并分别理解。 ? Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. 该句是一个祈使句。谓语是include，宾语是remarks，后面有一个定语从句修饰它。 注意该句的特性。另外注意off-the-cuff的意思。 ?Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark. 整句可以看成是由so连接的并列句，前后有一定的因果关系。前面的子句是一个强调结构， 而后面又是一个祈使句，其谓语动词是speak和remember。而remember后面又是一个很长 的宾语从句。 要理解前后的因果关系。 试题解析: 1. 【正确 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 】 [C] 本题考的是局部资讯。学员只要看懂了第一段第三句话“Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different”以及后面的supporting evidence，就能够准确地回答本题。 2. 【正确答案】[B] 本题的关键是看学生是否理解第二段结尾St(Peter的话。有42.8,的学员选C项是因为没有理解St(Peter的话，而把注意力放在了医生的所作所为上，即医生把新来的人推到一边，冲到队伍的最前面等等，因而给人一种他享有特权的印象。 3. 【正确答案】 [D] 本题的关键是第三段的最后一句话，意思是:你去开邮局或电话系统(即public services)的玩笑则比较安全，不会有冒犯什么人的危险，同时本句中还出现了一个关键词“scapegoats”，说明public services常常成为人们的笑柄。 4. 【正确答案】[D] 本题主要考第四段的内容。其中有一些关键词，如:“natural”，“relaxed”，“unforced”，“light-hearted”等。只要学员看懂了这些词的意思，这道题就很容易了。 5. 【正确答案】 [A] 这道题考的是对全文的理解，是一道总括题。答总括题需要利用全文的资讯。从全文各段的内容来看，文章主要是讲如何有效地使用幽默。采用排除法很容易确定本题的答案。 全文翻译: 如果你想在谈话中用幽默来使人发笑，你就必须知道如何识别一同的经历和一同的问题。你的幽默必须与听众有关，能够向他们呈现你是他们的一员，或者你了解他们的情况，同情他们的观点。根据与你谈话的不一样对象，问题也有所不一样。如果你在和一群经理谈话，你就可以评论他们秘书的工作办法紊乱;相反，如果你在和一群秘书谈话，你就可以评论她们老板的工作办法紊乱。 下面举一个例子，它是我在一个护士大会上听到的。这个故事效果很好，因为听众对医生都有同样的看法。一个人到了天堂，由圣彼得带着他参观。他看到了豪华的住宅、美丽的花园、晴朗的天气等等。所有人都很安静、礼貌和友善，然而当这位新来的人在排队等候午 餐时，突然被一位穿白大褂的人推到一旁。只见这人挤到了队伍的前头，抓起他的食物，噔 噔地旁若无人地走到一张餐桌旁。“这是谁啊,”新来的人问圣彼得。“哦，那是上帝，”他 回答说，“但有时也认为自己是一名医生。” 如果你是你谈话对象集体中的一员，你就能够了解你们所共有的经历和问题，你就可对 餐厅极难吃的食物或者总裁在选择领带地方差劲的品味开展评头论足。而对于其他听众，你 就不能试图贸然地讲这种幽默，因为他们也许不喜欢外人对他们的餐厅或总裁有如此微词。 如果你选择去评论邮局或电话局这样的替罪羊，那你就会很安全。 如果你在幽默时感到很别扭，你应该开展练习使它变得更自然。包括一些很随便的、看 上去是即兴的话，你可以用轻松的、不做作的方法把它们说出来。常常是你说话的方法使听 众发笑，因此说慢一些，并且记住扬扬眉毛或者做出一种不相信的表情都会向人们呈现你正 在说笑话。 留意幽默，它常常是在出其不意的时候出现。它可以是一句常言的歪曲如“你要是一开 始不成功，就放弃”，或者是玩弄语言和情景。留意夸张和打折扣的话。考虑一下你的谈话， 选出一些词汇和句子，颠倒它们的秩序，并注入一些幽默。 Part Two Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world." Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it. 6. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in____ ,A, the use of machines to produce science fiction. ,B, the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry. ,C, the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work. ,D, the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work. 7. The word “gizmos" (line 1, paragraph 2)most probably means ____ ,A, programs. ,B, experts. ,C, devices. ,D, creatures. 8. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can_____ ,A, fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery. ,B, interact with human beings verbally. ,C, have a little common sense. ,D, respond independently to a changing world. 9. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also ____ ,A, make a few decisions for themselves. ,B, deal with some errors with human intervention. ,C, improve factory environments. ,D, cultivate human creativity. 10. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are ____ ,A, expected to copy human brain in internal structure. ,B, able to perceive abnormalities immediately. ,C, far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information. ,D, best used in a controlled environment. Unit 9(2002)Part 2 重点词汇: 1. ingenuity(独创性;灵活性)?ingenu+ity，ingenu(=ingenious独创的;灵活的)，-ity名词后缀。 2. burdensome(繁重的;难以负担的)?burden负担+some形容词后缀。What a heavy burden is a name that has become famous.广为人知的名字是多么沉重的负担啊。 3. nasty (讨厌的;肮脏的;下流的„„) 4. compulsion(强制)即com一起+puls(=drive)+ion名词后缀，“不由分说全拖到一起”?强制;compulsory(强制的;必修的)?com+puls+ory形容词后缀。compulsion — a highbrow term for a temptation we're not trying too hard to resist 强制——对人们并不想坚持拒绝的诱惑的一种高雅说法。 5. robotics (机器人学)即robot+ics，robot机器人，-ics后缀表“学科”，如physics、aesthetics(美学)。robo-driver即robot driver。 6. assembly(集会;装配)是assemble的名词形式，-y为名词后缀; 7. terminal (终端的;期末的;终端;终点站)?termin期限+al后缀;terminate(中止)?termin+ate动词后缀，施瓦辛格演的电影《终结者》就叫Terminator(-or后缀表“人”)。It 8. miniaturization (小型化)即mini+atur(e)+iz(e)+ation;mini词根“小”(比如有个好东西叫mini skirt)，-ature名词后缀，-ize动词后缀，-ation名词后缀;miniature(小型的;缩影)?mini+ature。A day is a miniature of eternity.一天是永恒的缩影。 9. laborsaving(节省劳力的)?labor劳动+saving节省的。 10. supervision(监督)即super+vis+ion，super-前缀“在上面”，vis词根“看”(如visual?vis+ual形容词后缀?视觉的)，-ion名词后缀。 11. specific(具体的;特定的;特效药)即speci+fic，speci词根=species(种类)，-fic形容词后缀“使成为„„的”，故“使成为某个具体种类的”?特定的。 12. reliable(可靠的)?reli+able，reli即rely(v.依赖;信任)，-able后缀“可„„的”。 13. artificial (人工的，人造的)即art+i+fic+ial，art词根“人工”，-i-连结元音，fic词根“做”，-ial形容词后缀。 14. perception(感觉;理解)即per+cept+ion，per-前缀“全部”，cept词根“抓”(=capt，因为元音可替换，capture?capt+ure后缀?n.v.捕获)，-ion名词后缀，故“把外界资讯‘全部’‘抓住’”?感知。The perception of beauty is a moral test.对美的理解是道德的检验。 15. complicated(复杂的;难解的)即com+plic+at(e)+ed，com-前缀“一起”，plic词根“折叠”，-ate动词后缀+-ed后缀“已„„的”，故“全都折叠在一起的”?复杂的;complicate(使复杂)?com+plic+ate;complication(复杂情况;并发症)?com+plic+ation。 16. previously(先前地)即previous+ly，previous(先前的)即pre+vi+ous，pre-前缀“在前的”，vi(=via)词根“路”，-ous形容词后缀，故“在前面就上路的”?先前 17. irrelevant(不相关的)即ir+relevant，ir-否定前缀(=in-，在r前n变形为r)，relevant (相关的) 18. instantaneously(瞬间地)即instant+aneous+ly，instant单词“立刻的;速溶的;瞬间)，-aneous形容词后缀。 19. suspicious(可疑的;多疑的)?suspic(=suspect)怀疑+ious。Plagiarists are always suspicious of being stolen from.剽窃者总是疑心文字被人盗用。 20. neuroscientist (神经科学家)?neuro(=nerve)+scientist。 21. perceive?(察觉;感知)即per+ceive，是perception(见前述)的动词形式，per-前缀“全部”，ceive词根“抓”。同根词:receive(v.收到)?re(=back)+ceive，“抓回来”;deceive(v.欺骗)?de在下面+ceive，“在下面搞小动作”。 22. elite(精英)用谐音记:“爱理他”?“精英人士”每个人都爱理他。 23. gizmo 小发明; 24. hum 嗡嗡声、轰鸣声。 难句解析: ? Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. 该句是一个复杂单句，前面是since引导的一个时间状语，这个地方的dawn取其比喻的意 思，表示早期。后面主句中有一个定语从句that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty用来修饰work。 本句结构比较简明，但是有一些词的意思比较难:ingenuity创造性，灵活性;nasty讨厌的。 ?As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. 本句的主句是the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos，后面是两个定 语从句，中间用but来引导。 要看懂本句，重点在于看到gizmo一词后面的两个定语从句。在本句中，认不认识gizmo 并不重要，因为从上下文中可以看出它和robot的意思应该大同小异。 ?There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy — far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. 该句是一个there be的结构，注意robot systems后面有一个修饰它的定语从句。而后面的破 折号引出一个补充说明部分来修饰submillimeter accuracy。 注意该句中的最核心的部分是robot systems，其它成分都是围绕着它来展开的。 ?But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves — goals that pose a real challenge. 整句是一个条件句，注意后面的主句比较复杂，里面有两个并列的谓语，而后面破折号引导 的是一个补充说明成分，修饰整个主句。 要注意两个并列谓语之间的关系。 ?But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. 整句的主干部分是这样的，主语the human mind，并列谓语glimpse和disregard，逗号后面 instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd这一部分做状语，修饰谓语。 要注意两个并列谓语之间的关系并抓住句子的主干成分。 试题解析: 6. 【正确答案】 [C] 本题是一个局部题，主要考查学员是否看懂了第一段，尤其是“That compulsion has resulted in robotics — the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines”这句话。这句话的意思是:(发明一些灵巧的工具来从事一些危险、乏味、繁重，或者是讨厌的工作)这样一种需求导致了机器人技术的产生，即赋予机器以人的各种技能的科学。 7. 【正确答案】[C] 本题是考查学员从上下文猜测词义的能力。根据第二段中出现的“robot assembly arms”，“automated teller terminals”，“tireless robo-drivers”等资讯，学员可以猜出“gizmos”是“设备、装置”的意思。 8. 【正确答案】 [D] 本题的答题依据是第三段中Dave Lavery的第二句话，即“we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”该句中的“dynamic”就是“动态的、变化的”意思。 9. 【正确答案】[B] 本题的答题依据是第三段中Dave Lavery说的第一句话，即“While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,”即我们知道如何告诉机器人去处理一个具体的错误。看懂了这句话，这道题就很容易了。 10. 【正确答案】[C] 本题考的是文章最后一段的意思。该段的主要意思是:机器人能够在很短的时间内发现机器的问题，而人脑能很快忽略不相关的资讯，而将注意力集中到相关的资讯上来，这是先进的机器人都做不到的。 全文翻译: 从人类最初有了智慧至今，人们一直在 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 日益巧妙的工具来处理那些危险的、枯燥的、繁重的或者只是一般肮脏的工作。这种不得已的做法导致了机器人科学的产生——一门将人类的能力赋予机器的科学。如果科学家们还没有在机械上实现科幻小说的幻想，那么他们也已经很接近这个目标了。 由此引起的结果是，现代世界已经日益充斥着智能的装置，虽然我们基本上都注意不到他们，但他们的通通存在却节省了不少人类劳力。我们的工厂里轰鸣着机器人生产线的节奏;我们的金融服务完成于自动柜员机旁，完成业务后，它们还会机械地、有礼貌地感谢我们;我们的地铁车辆由不知疲倦的机器人驾驶。由于电子和微观机械仪器的不断缩小，现在已有 一些机器人系统能够开展精确到毫米的脑部和骨髓手术，其精确性远远超过熟练的医生用他 们的双手所能达到的水平。 但是如果机器人要进入节省劳力的下一个阶段，他们必须能够在更少的人工监控下运 营，并且至少能够独立地做一些决定。这些目标给我们提出了一个真正的挑战。“虽然我们 知道如何让机器人去纠正一个特定的错误，”NASA的一个机器人项目经理戴维?拉维里说， “我们仍然不能赋予机器人以足够的‘常识’，使它们能够与动态的世界开展可靠的交流。” 现实上对真正的人工智能的追求已经产生了各种各样的效果。虽然一开始在20世纪60 年代和70年代有过一段乐观的时期——那时候仿佛晶体管电路和微处理器的成长将使他们 在2010年能够模仿人类大脑的活动——但是最近研究人员已经开始将这个预测延后数十 年，甚至数百年。 在试图建造思维模型的过程中，研究人员发现，人类大脑中的近1000亿个神经细胞要 比以前想像的更聪明，人类的感觉器官也比以前想像的更复杂。他们建造的机器人在严格控 制的工厂环境里，能够在仪表盘上识别毫米以下的误差。但是人的大脑能够扫描一个快速变 化的场景，迅速排除98,的不相干的物体，立即聚焦于森林中婉蜒道路旁的一只猴子，或 者人群中的一张可疑的脸。地球上最先进的计算机系统也不能仿效这种能力，并且神经学科 学家仍然不知道我们是怎样做到这一点的。 Part Three Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979 - 1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time? The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term. Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past. Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices)rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25% - 0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies — to which heavy industry has shifted — have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed. One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist's commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%. 11. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is ________. [A] global inflation. [B] reduction in supply. [C] fast growth in economy. [D] Iraq's suspension of exports. 12. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if ______. [A] price of crude rises. [B] commodity prices rise. [C] consumption rises. [D] oil taxes rise. 13. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries ________. [A] heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive. [B] income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices. [C] manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed. [D] oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP. 14. We can draw a conclusion from the text that ________. [A] oil-price shocks are less shocking now. [B] inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks. [C] energy conservation can keep down the oil prices. [D] the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry. 15. From the text we can see that the writer seems ________. [A] optimistic. [B] sensitive. [C] gloomy [D] scared. Unit 9 (2002) Part 3 重点词汇: 1. decline(n.v.下降;衰落v.谢绝)?de向下+cline倾斜;同根词:incline(v.倾斜;倾向 于n.斜坡)?in(=to)+cline。People decline invitations when they are "indisposed" physically, and I wish they would do likewise when they fell indisposed emotionally.人们在身体“不适”时 谢绝邀请，我希望他们在觉得情绪上不适时也能同样做。We perceive when love begins and when it declines by our embarrassment when alone together.我们由仅余两人时的局促不安察觉 爱情于何时发生，何时减退。 2. OPEC(石油输出国组织)即Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries。 3. scary(引起惊慌的)即scar(e)+y，scare(n.v.惊恐)，-y形容词后缀。More powerful creation may scare many people away, but more intrepid people will be captivated by it.更加强有力的作 品可能吓退不少人，但比较勇敢的人们会被它吸引住。 4. quadruple (四倍的;使成四倍;四倍)即quadru+ple，quadru-前缀“四”(=quarter)， ple词根“折叠”，complicated所含的词根plic也是“折叠”的意思(参2002年Text 2)。 5. triple (三倍的;使成三倍;三倍)即tri+ple，tri-前缀“三”，如triangle(三角形)? tri+angle角。 6. inflation(膨胀;通货膨胀;自夸)即in+flat+ion，in-(=into)，flat词根“吹”，-ion名 词后缀，故“往里面吹”?膨胀。Inflation: When nobody has enough money because everybody has too much.通货膨胀:由于人人钱太多而谁的钱都不够的时候。inflation — the period when the standard of living continues to rise until the people can't afford it 通货膨胀——生活水平持 续上升直到人们负担不起的时期。 7. gloom (v.n.阴暗;忧愁)，形容词为gloomy (阴暗的;阴沉的)，那首据说有杀人魔 力的歌曲就叫Gloomy Sunday。Love is the flame of life, without it, everything in life becomes gloomy.爱是生命的火焰，没有它，生命中的一切都变得暗淡无光。 8. doom(n.厄运v.注定)。 9. suspend (v.悬挂;延缓)即sus+pend，sus-前缀“在下面”，pend词根“挂”，故“暂 且挂在下面不管”?搁置;名词形式为suspension?sus+pens挂+ion。The best of men cannot suspend their fate.最好的人也无法推迟死亡。 10. consequence (后果;重要性)?con+sequ(=follow)+ence。conservation? (保护; 保存;守恒)即con+serv(e)+ation，con-前缀“全部”，serve词根“保持”(=keep)，-ation 名词后缀;动词为conserve?con+serve。A state without the means of some change is without the means of its conservation.不具备某种变革手段的国家也不具备保存自己的手段。 11. energy-intensive 能源密集型。 12. consumption(消费量，消耗)即consum(e)+ption，consume(v.消费，消耗)，-ption 名词后缀，m后加p便于发音，如assume(假定;承担;呈现)?assumption、presume(v. 假设)?presumption。Conspicuous consumption of valuable goods is a means of reputability to the gentleman of leisure.引人注目地挥霍贵重财物是有闲绅士取得名声的手段。 13. consultancy(顾问工作;咨询业)?consult+ancy名词后缀;consult(v.商量;查询; 会诊)?比consul(领事)在最后多字母t， 14. GDP(国民生产总值)即Gross Domestic Product。 15. OECD(经济合作与成长组织)即Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development。 16. estimate(v.n.估计，估价)。True modesty does not consist in an ignorance of our merits, but in a due estimate of it.真正的谦虚不在于对自己的长处一无所知，而在于对它们的恰当评价。 17. excess(.过量a.额外的)即ex+cess，ex-前缀“出”，cess词根“走”，故“走到范围之 外的”?过量的;动词形式为exceed(超过)?ex+ceed走。The best things carried to excess are wrong.最好的东西超过限度也会变坏。He is poor whose expenses exceed his income.开支超 过收入的人就是穷人。 18. sizable(非常大的)?siz(e)+able;size(大小，尺寸)。You can tell the size of a man by the size of the things that make him mad.根据使一个人发怒的事情的大小，可以判断这个人 的气量。 19. significant (有意思的;重要的)即signify(y变形为i)表示+cant形容词后缀，“值 得表示的”?有意思的;signify即sign+ify，sign标记，-ify动词后缀，“作标记”?表示。 难句解析: ? Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short time. 该句是一个含有插入成分的单句。主语是Strengthening economic growth，谓语是could push， 插入成分是一个时间状语。 本句阅读的重点是要首先抓住主句的基本结构。 ?In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past. 该句是一个复杂句，由两个单句构成，中间用so来表示前后的因果关系。 本句阅读的重点是一些短语和词组。account for占„的部分;muted原意是“沉默的，被弄 哑的”，在文章里的意思是“不太显著的”;pump price油品零售价格。 ?Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. 该句是一个简单句，只是主语复杂一点，其谓语部分是have reduced oil consumption 本句阅读的重点在主语，注意它里面有三个并列成分:Energy conservation，a shift to other fuels，第三个是a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries。 ?The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. 本句的主句是The OECD estimates... that，本句复杂的地方在其宾语部分，里面有一个条件 状语if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998，而主句是后面 的部分，其中的主语this指代的是if条件句。 本句阅读的重点在于抓住句子的主干。 ?One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. 本句的主句是One more reason is that...。比较复杂的是其以that引导的表语从句，它的主语 是it，指代的是the rise in oil prices。 本句阅读的重点在于了解一些短语的意思:lose sleep over因„而失眠;occur against the background of...发生在„的背景之下 试题解析: 11. 【正确答案】[B] 本题的答题依据是第一段的第二句话，“Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December.”看懂了 这句话，这道题就很容易了。 12. 【正确答案】[D] 本题的关键资讯在第三段的第三句话“In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price，so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.”意思是说:在欧洲，汽油的零售价中税占到五分之四，因此税的增加会导致汽油价格的(成比例)猛涨，而原油价格的变化带来的影响不会很大。 13. 【正确答案】 [D] 本题的答题依据是第四段中的下面这句话“The OECD estimates in its latest Economic outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25%-0.5% of GDP.”这是一道比较容易的题。 14. 【正确答案】 [A] 本题的答题依据是全文的最后一段，强调这次油价提高与20世纪70年代的提高不一样，也就是没有70年代的那一次那么可怕。 15. 【正确答案】[A] 本题是一道比较容易的题。答题依据贯穿全文，尤其是第三段和最后一段的第一句话，强调人们不必担心此次油价提高，因为这一次的情况与20世纪70年代不一样。 全文翻译: 过去经济衰落的日子会不会重来,自从石油输出国组织在3月决定减少原油供应，原油的价格便从去年12月的不到10美元一桶上升到约26美元一桶。这次近3倍的提高价格令人想起了1973年和1979,1980年两次可怕的石油恐慌，当时的油价分别涨了4倍和近3倍。前两次的油价暴涨都导致了两位数的通货膨胀和全球性的经济衰退。那么这次警告人们厄运来临的头版新闻都到哪里去了呢, 本周伊拉克暂停石油出口，这使油价又一次上扬。强劲的经济增长势头，随着北半球冬季的到来，有可能在短期内使石油价格涨得更高。 然而，我们有充分的理由预期这次油价暴涨给经济带来的影响不会像20世纪70年代那么严重。与70年代相比，现在多数国家的原油价格占汽油价格的份额要小不少。在欧洲，税金在汽油零售价的比例高达4/5，因此，即使原油价格发生很大的波动，汽油价格所受的影响也不会像过去那么显著。 发达国家对石油的依赖性也不如从前，因此对油价的波动也就不会那么敏感。能源储备、燃料替代以及能源密集型重工业的重要性的降低，都减少了石油消耗量。软件、咨询及移动通讯消耗的石油，比钢铁、汽车行业少得多。发达国家国民生产总值中每一个美元所消耗的石油量比1973年少了近一半。国际经合组织在最近一期的《经济展望》中估计，如果油价持续一年维持在22美元前后，与1998年的13美元一桶相比，这也只会使发达国家的石油 进口在支出上增加GDP的0.25,,0.5,。这还不到1974年或1980年收入减少部分的1/4。 另一地方，进口石油的新兴国家由于转向了重工业，消耗能量更大，因此可能会受到石油危 机的强烈影响。 另外一个不应因油价上升而失眠的缘故是，与20世纪70年代不一样，这次油价上升不 是发生在通通的物价暴涨及全球需求过旺背景之下。世界上不少地区才刚刚走出经济衰落。 《经济学家》的商品价格指数与一年前相比总的来说也没有什么变化。1973年的商品价格 跃升了70,，而1979年也上升了近30,。 Part Four The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect," a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects — a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen — is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death." George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like surgery," he says, "We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide." On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS)released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care. The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. "Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear ... that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension." 16. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that ________. [A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients' pain. [B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives. [C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide. [D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide. 17. Which of the following statements is true according to the text? [A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death. [B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery. [C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed. [D] A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions. 18. According to the NAS's report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is ________. [A] prolonged medical procedures. [B] inadequate treatment of pain. [C] systematic drug abuse. [D] insufficient hospital-care. 19. Which of the following best defines the word "aggressive" (line 4, paragraph 7)? [A] Bold. [B] Harmful. [C] Careless. [D] Desperate. 20. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they ________. [A] manage their patients incompetently. [B] give patients more medicine than needed. [C] reduce drug dosages for their patients. [D] prolong the needless suffering of the patients. Unit 9(2002) Part 4 重点词汇: suicide(v.n.自杀)即sui+cide，sui词根=self，cide词根“切”=cut，于是“拿刀切自己”?自杀。Every suicide is a solution to a problem.每件自杀都是对一个问题的解决。suicide — the only perfect crime that remains unpunished 自杀——唯一不受惩罚的完美罪行。那么严重。与70年代相比，现在多数国家的原油价格占汽油价格的份额要小不少。在欧洲，税金在汽油零售价的比例高达4/5，因此，即使原油价格发生很大的波动，汽油价格所受的影响也不会像过去那么显著。 发达国家对石油的依赖性也不如从前，因此对油价的波动也就不会那么敏感。能源储备、燃料替代以及能源密集型重工业的重要性的降低，都减少了石油消耗量。软件、咨询及移动通讯消耗的石油，比钢铁、汽车行业少得多。发达国家国民生产总值中每一个美元所消耗的石油量比1973年少了近一半。国际经合组织在最近一期的《经济展望》中估计，如果油价持续一年维持在22美元前后，与1998年的13美元一桶相比，这也只会使发达国家的石油进口在支出上增加GDP的0.25,,0.5,。这还不到1974年或1980年收入减少部分的1/4。另一地方，进口石油的新兴国家由于转向了重工业，消耗能量更大，因此可能会受到石油危机的强烈影响。 另外一个不应因油价上升而失眠的缘故是，与20世纪70年代不一样，这次油价上升不是发生在通通的物价暴涨及全球需求过旺背景之下。世界上不少地区才刚刚走出经济衰落。《经济学家》的商品价格指数与一年前相比总的来说也没有什么变化。1973年的商品价格跃升了70,，而1979年也上升了近30,。 2. constitutional (构成的;体质的;宪法的)即con+stitut(e)+ion+al，con-前缀“一起”，stitute词根“建立”，-ion名词后缀，-al形容词后缀;名词形式为constitution(构成;体质;宪法)?con+stitut(e)+ion;动词为constitute(构成)?con+stitute。 3. Principle(原理;信念)可把princi看作print(印刷)，ple看作“倍数”(如quadruple、triple，参2002年Text 3)，于是“反反复复印刷的东西”?原理(联想:地下党反复印刷革命刊物宣传马克思主义原理)。When a fellow says, "It isn't the money but the principle of the thing," it's the money.当一个人说“这不是钱的问题而是原则问题”时，那就是钱的问题。I 4. foresee ?(v.预知)即fore+see，fore前缀“在前”(如forehead额?fore+head)，see看，“在事情发生前就能看到”?预知。He who foresees calamities suffers them twice over.预见灾难的人承受了它们两次。 5. sufficient (足够的)即suf+fici+ent;suf-前缀“在下”(=sub-，f前b变形为f)，fici看作face面(元音字母替换)，-ent形容词后缀，低于(suf)平均水平(fici)的(ent)消 费使本来不多的收入变得“足够的”;insufficient (不足的)?in否定前缀+sufficient。Life is the art of drawing sufficient conclusions from insufficient premises.生活是从不足的前提得出足够的结论的艺术。 6. mediation (仲裁，媒介作用)即medi+ation，medi(=middle)词根“中间的”，-ation名词后缀，文中指代“镇痛剂”。同根词:medium(中等的;媒介;手段)?medi+um后缀。 7. maintain (v.维修;维持;支持)即main+tain，main词根=hand，tain词根=hold 8. prescribe (v.指示;开处方)?pre在前+scribe写，“在拿药之前写”?开处方。 9. legitimate(合法的;v.合法)即legitim+ate，legitim词根“合法”(leg即词根“法律”)，-ate后缀。 10. homicide(n.杀人，杀人者)即homi+cide，homi词根“人”=human，cide词根“切”=cut。 11. debate (v.n.争论，辩论)即de+bate，de-向下，bate词根“打”=beat，“通过语言把对手打倒”?“辩论”。同根词:combat(v.n.战斗，格斗)?com一起+bat。Debate is the best catalyst of thought.争论是思想最好的催化剂。 12. ineffectual (无效的)?in否定前缀+effect效果+ual形容词后缀，与ineffective意思相近但有区别，ineffectual强调“不起作用的”，ineffective强调“效率低的”。T 13. hospice (收容所)可看作hosp(ital)+ice，医院里什么都没有，只有冰，于是就不能再叫医院了，叫“收容所”。 14. predictably (可预言地)?pre+dict+abl(e)+(l)y，参prediction(2003年Text 1)。 15. systematic (系统的;有计划的)?system系统+-atic形容词后缀。systematic liar 故意说谎者。 16. incompetently(无能力地)即in+competent+ly，in-否定前缀，competent(有能力的)，-ly副词后缀。 17. define (下定义;限定)即de+fine，de-向下，fine词根“界限”。 18. desperate (绝望的;不顾一切的)?desper+ate，desper同despair(v.n.绝望)，-ate形容词后缀。 19. morphine 吗啡(音译); 20. well-meaning 善意的。 难句解析: ? The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. 要理解本句，一定要抓住它的核心成分，主语是The Supreme Court's decisions，谓语是carry， 宾语是important implications，后面有一个how引导的从句作介词for的宾语。 该句是本文的第一段，也是第一句，因此理解本句对全文的理解很有帮助。 ?Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects — a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen — is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. 该句是一个复杂句，其基本结构是although引导的状语从句后面加一个主句，其主干是the court supported the medical principle of "double effect"，后面是一个对double effect开展说明的 同位语，里面又有一个holding引导的宾语从句。 本句阅读的重点在于搞清基本句子结构。在最开始阅读时可以先不看对double effect开展修 饰的成分。 ?Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death." 该句的主语是Nancy Dubler，后面有一个修饰它的同位语，句子的谓语是contends，后面有 一个宾语从句，其中从句的宾语又有一个who引导的很长的定语从句。 本句阅读的重点在于理清句子主干结构，另外对于一些词的理解也很关键。Mediation本意 是“调停，调和”，此处结合上下文，它更倾向于指代医生用来缓解病人疼痛的药物，因此 最好把它理解为“镇痛剂”。 ?On another level, many in the medical commUnity acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in Part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. 该句的主语是many，谓语是acknowledge认可，后面有一个宾语从句，用的是被动语态， 而其中由by引导的短语后面又有一个定语从句for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying来修饰前面的patients。 本句阅读的重点在于理清句子主干结构。 ?It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care. 该句的主语it，指代的是上文提到的NAS，谓语的主干结构是identifies something as something，宾语有两个并列成分the undertreatment of pain和the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures"，后面的一个还有个定语从句来修饰。 本句阅读的重点在于理清句子主干结构，并且要抓住复杂宾语中的核心部分。 试题解析: 16. 【正确答案】[B] 本题的答题依据是第二段中的“there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide”，即从法规上讲，在医生帮助下的自杀是不合法的。 17. 【正确答案】 [C] 这是一道总括性的题，需要以文章中的多处资讯为线索。这些资讯较多地集中在文章的前三段:尽管在医生帮助下的自杀是不合法的，但是最高法院认为只要医生的本意是为了减轻病人的痛苦，那么他们使用大剂量的镇痛药就是允许的。 18. 【正确答案】 [B] 本题的答题依据是第七段的第二句话中的“the undertreatment of pain”，理解了该短语的意思，这道题也就迎刃而解了。 19. 【正确答案】 [A] 选择四个选项的学员人数比较平均。这道题考查学员根据上下文判断词义的能力。一地方学员对“aggressive”这个词的基本意思要有所了解，同时要运用上下文的资讯。 20. 【正确答案】[D] 有29.6,的学员选择A项。本题的答题依据是文章的最后一段。在这一段中，Annas对大部份的医生置病人的痛苦于不顾，无端地延长病人不必要的痛苦这种做法提出了批评，认为这种做法构成了“虐待病人”，并认为这样的医生应该予以吊销行医执照。学员选择A的主要缘故是受到了最后一句话中的“that are incompetently managed”的影响。 全文翻译: 最高法庭关于医生协助病人完毕生命问题的裁决，对于如何用药物减轻病危者的痛苦这个问题来说，具有重要的意思。 尽管裁决认为，宪法没有赋予医生帮助病人自杀的权利，然而最高法庭现实上却认可了医疗界的“双效”原则，这个存在了好几个世纪的道德原则认为，如果某种做法具有双重效果(希望达到的好效果和可以预见得到的坏效果)，那么，只要做法实施只是想达到好的效果，这个做法就是可以允许的。 近年来，医生们一直在借用这项原则，为自己替病危患者注射大剂量的吗啡镇痛的做法提供正当的理由，尽管他们知道，不断增加的剂量最终会杀死病人。蒙特非奥里医疗中心主任南希?都博勒认为，这项原则将消除部分医生的疑虑，这些医生在此之前一直强烈地认为，如果给病人充分的药品来止痛会加速他们的死亡的话工那就不能这样做。 波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治?安纳斯坚持认为，只要医生是出于合理的医疗目的开药，那么即使服用此药会加速病人的死亡，医生的做法也没有犯法。“这就像做手术，”他说，“我们不能称那些死亡为杀人是因为医生并没有想杀死病人，尽管他们敢冒病人死亡的危险。假定你是一名医生，只要你并没有想让病人自杀，你就可以去冒你的病人自杀的风险。” 另一地方，不少医疗界人士认可，致使医助自杀这场争论升温的部分缘故是由于病人们的绝望情绪，对这些病人来说，现代医学延长了临终前肉体的痛苦。 就在最高法庭对医助自杀开展裁决的前三周，全国科学学会公布了一份长达两卷的报告——临近死亡:完善临终护理。报告指出了医院临终关怀护理中存在的两个问题:对病痛处理不力和大胆使用“无效而强制性的医疗程序，这些程序可能会延长死亡期，甚至会让死亡期难堪”。 “医疗行业采取步骤，让年轻医生去晚期病人休养所培训，对各种大胆的镇痛疗法地方的知识开展评估，为医院护理制定一份符合美国医疗保障 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 的付款条例，以及为评估和治疗临终痛苦制定新的标准。 安纳斯说，律师可以在规定把医疗界的这些善意的做法变成更好的护理行动地方发挥关键作用。“不少医生对病人所遭受的毫无必要的，可预见的痛苦无动于衷”，乃至于已构成“蓄意虐待病人”。他说，行医资格理事会“必须明确表明——病人痛苦地死亡，可以推定，是由于医生处理不力造成的，应该因此吊销其从医资格”。