老舍《茶馆》学案及检测

老舍《茶馆》学案及检测 流渡中学 严庄坤 一、学习要点 (一)作者简介 老舍(1899,1966)，原名舒庆春，字舍予，生于北京，满族人，我国现代最著名的小说家、戏剧家之一。其作品多取材于城市下层居民生活，有浓厚的北京地方色彩，诙谐幽默，风格独特。代表作有长篇小说《骆驼祥子》、中篇小说《月牙儿》、剧本《茶馆》等。 他的戏剧创作有两次高潮。第一次是抗战爆发以后。抗战八年，他先后写下《残雾》《国家至上》(与宋之的合作)《张自忠》《大地龙蛇》等十几个剧本，弘扬爱国精神，歌颂爱国将领，鞭挞社会的丑恶，宣传抗日救国等，为抗战文艺做出了重要贡献。第二次高潮是全国解放以后。主要作品有《龙须沟》《茶馆》《方珍珠》《女店员》《西望长安》等，以极大的热情歌颂解放后的新中国，歌颂新的生活。在老舍的全部剧作中，《茶馆》是艺术成就最高的一部，也最能体现他的创作风格。1951年，老舍被授予“人民艺术家”的光荣称号。 (二)课文分析 1(《茶馆》剧情 《茶馆》是老舍先生于1957年创作的三幕话剧，它以北京一个大茶馆为背景，通过七十多个人物和一系列的小故事描写了五十年的变迁。每一幕戏写一个时代，真实而生动地表现了“葬送三个时代”的主题。即清末、民国初和抗战胜利后的国民党政府。 第一幕写清朝末年的社会生活。正是戊戌变法失败之后，裕泰茶馆生意兴隆，三教九流都把这里作为一个相互交流的场所。然而大清王朝却已到了它的末日。透过表面繁荣、热闹的茶馆，我们看到了清末社会满目疮痍的末日来临的现实。 课文选的是《茶馆》的第二幕，写的是民国初年军阀混战时期，这时的裕泰茶馆渐趋衰落。清朝灭亡了，但是中国依旧在黑暗中。处于社会最底层的劳动群众，已经通过自己的切身经验，直感到中国上层统治形式的更替并未使社会发生任何本质的变化，并不曾埋没社会固有的任何不合理的现象。 upgrade and expansion, whole system construction of guideline followed following principles: Advanced: full reference both at home and abroad advanced, and mature of technology, and method and means, Project design, technical product leader, mature products as possible on the main equipment selection, technical lead and aligned with national standards of general-purpose, standard equipment. Systematization: strictly follow the view of system engineering and construction, has always been to practice engineering integrity, hierarchy, and adaptability to the external environment for constructive purposes. Maximize the business integration, functional integration and avoid different products, different standards and specifications of piecing together and combination of the system. Openness and standardization: hardware device selects the domestic and foreign well-known products, system architecture and protocol standards are in accordance with the ITU-t international industry standards and ISO standards of design, core systems and devices, following international standards, harmonization of standards, ensure system scalability and continuity of the system. Practicality: ensure high availability of the system performance with high reliability and flexibility both; first to ensure stable and reliable operation of the system, and using redundancy design of key components of the key position then to simple, technologically advanced, economical and practical. Extensible and maintainable: within the expected life cycle of systems or equipment, can be upgraded and modified to meet the needs of the user actions and application requirements change. And ensures after-sales service 第三幕写抗战胜利之后，国民党统治时期的生活面貌。这时的裕泰茶馆已经破烂不堪，主人的改良无法自救，正直的人都陷入无法自拔的困境，能够办一、二百桌满汉全席的名厨师，落得在监狱里蒸窝窝头，因为“现今就是狱里人多”，恶势力却异常活跃，横行霸道。结果是茶馆被霸占，王利发自杀。 2(主要人物形象 王利发是裕泰茶馆的掌柜，也是贯穿全剧的人物。他从父亲手里继承了裕泰茶馆，也继承了他的处世哲学，即多说好话，多作揖。他胆小、自私，又精明、干练，善于应酬，对不同的人采取不同的态度。比如对李三的苦处、康顺子的遭遇等，他虽然也有同情，但是很有限度，决不会为了他们而损害自己的利益。对巡警、特务则不同，他明知是敲诈，却巧于应付，不敢表示一点不满。对刘麻子之流，他虽然从心眼里厌恶，但仍然笑脸相迎，不愿得罪他们。但在黑暗的旧中国，尽管王利发善于应酬，善于经营，不断改良，却无法抵御各种反动势力的欺压。他对此也抱有强烈的不满，但表达得十分含蓄。比如当唐铁嘴说“感谢这个年月”时，他说:“这个年月还值得感谢!”蕴含着他的不满、愁苦和愤恨。就是这样一个精于处世的小商人，最终仍然没能逃脱破产的命运。王利发的悲剧，是旧中国广大市民命运的真实写照。 常四爷是旗人，在满清时吃皇粮。但是他对腐败的清王朝不满，对洋人更加痛恨。第一幕中因一句“大清国要完”被抓起来，坐了一年的监狱。出狱后参加义和团，以后又凭力气靠卖菜为生。他正直，善良，敢作敢为，富于正义感。他不讳言他的不满，对抓过他的特务仍然很强硬，对正在发愁的王利发则雪中送炭。就是这样一个人，最后也穷困潦倒，绝望地喊出:“我爱咱们的国呀，可是谁爱我呢?”这个形象代表了不甘受奴役的中国人，反映出旧中国人民的反抗情绪。 松二爷也是个旗人，心眼好，但胆小怕事，懒散无能。清朝灭亡前，他游手好闲，整日喝茶玩鸟。清亡后，“铁杆庄稼”没有了，但他仍然留恋过去的生活，不愿自食其力。他宁愿自己挨饿，也不让鸟儿饿着，一提到鸟就有了精神，最后终于饿死。这是一个没有谋生能力的旗人的典型，反映了中国封建社会的腐朽。 刘麻子、唐铁嘴等，是一群地痞无赖，一个说媒拉纤、拐卖人口，一个是麻衣相士，算命骗人。这样一类人物形象，反映了当时社会的畸形和病态。 3(剧本结构 作者以高度概括的艺术手法，通过茶馆这个窗口，在三幕戏中分别截取了三upgrade and expansion, whole system construction of guideline followed following principles: Advanced: full reference both at home and abroad advanced, and mature of technology, and method and means, Project design, technical product leader, mature products as possible on the main equipment selection, technical lead and aligned with national standards of general-purpose, standard equipment. Systematization: strictly follow the view of system engineering and construction, has always been to practice engineering integrity, hierarchy, and adaptability to the external environment for constructive purposes. Maximize the business integration, functional integration and avoid different products, different standards and specifications of piecing together and combination of the system. Openness and standardization: hardware device selects the domestic and foreign well-known products, system architecture and protocol standards are in accordance with the ITU-t international industry standards and ISO standards of design, core systems and devices, following international standards, harmonization of standards, ensure system scalability and continuity of the system. Practicality: ensure high availability of the system performance with high reliability and flexibility both; first to ensure stable and reliable operation of the system, and using redundancy design of key components of the key position then to simple, technologically advanced, economical and practical. Extensible and maintainable: within the expected life cycle of systems or equipment, can be upgraded and modified to meet the needs of the user actions and application requirements change. And ensures after-sales service 个时代的横断面，广泛地展现了整个社会面貌。“茶馆是三教九流会面之处，可以容纳各色人等，一个大茶馆就是一个小社会”。作品不拘泥于一人一事为主线的传统结构法，不追求完整的故事，而是用无数张人物速写组成的几十幅时代的剪影，形成一个个戏剧片断，把它们巧妙地编织起来，从而广泛地反映社会风貌，表现时代特征和社会心理。这里有太监买老婆之类的血腥买卖;有流氓打手的寻衅敲诈，有特务暗探的搜捕无辜„„一幅幅生活画面，呈现出旧时代病态的社会横断面。《茶馆》用的是一种典型的人像展览式的戏剧结构，它展览了七十多个形形色色的人物的生活风貌和性格特点，揭示了社会的一角。它没有突出的主人公，也没有共同一致的行动。每个人都带有自己的过去，成为一条独立的故事线。又在“葬送三个时代”的主题制约下，产生了相互之间的内在联系，从而构成了“形散而神不散”的独特而又完整的艺术结构。 4(语言特色 老舍是当代语言艺术大师，剧中出场的几十个人物，哪怕有的只讲了三五句话，也写得性格鲜明，栩栩如生。 (1)个性化:王利发的语言谦恭，周到，与各种人物应酬反应机敏，对答如流，很能显示他茶馆掌柜的身份。常四爷的语言豪爽耿直，带有闯荡多年的侠气和饱经沧桑的沉重感。宋恩子、吴祥子的语言则狡猾奸诈，傲慢无理，具有老牌特务的特点。 (2)幽默:比如唐铁嘴夸耀自己如何抽“白面儿”时，表面看滑稽可笑，但仔细琢磨却又蕴含着深意:明明是受人侵害，却偏偏要自我炫耀，这是一种让人带泪的笑。又如王利发问报童“有不打仗的新闻没有”，看起来也像一句玩笑话，实际上却蕴含着对动荡时局的强烈不满，带着不易让人察觉的讽刺。这种幽默寓庄于谐，能给读者以回味和思考的余地。 二、能力训练、检测 1(给下列蓝色字注音 神龛( ) 嗜( )好 咂( )摸 挨( )饿 造孽( ) 忏( )悔 搭讪( ) 2(下列字形全都正确的一项是( ) A(兵慌马乱 央告 侍候 upgrade and expansion, whole system construction of guideline followed following principles: Advanced: full reference both at home and abroad advanced, and mature of technology, and method and means, Project design, technical product leader, mature products as possible on the main equipment selection, technical lead and aligned with national standards of general-purpose, standard equipment. Systematization: strictly follow the view of system engineering and construction, has always been to practice engineering integrity, hierarchy, and adaptability to the external environment for constructive purposes. Maximize the business integration, functional integration and avoid different products, different standards and specifications of piecing together and combination of the system. Openness and standardization: hardware device selects the domestic and foreign well-known products, system architecture and protocol standards are in accordance with the ITU-t international industry standards and ISO standards of design, core systems and devices, following international standards, harmonization of standards, ensure system scalability and continuity of the system. Practicality: ensure high availability of the system performance with high reliability and flexibility both; first to ensure stable and reliable operation of the system, and using redundancy design of key components of the key position then to simple, technologically advanced, economical and practical. Extensible and maintainable: within the expected life cycle of systems or equipment, can be upgraded and modified to meet the needs of the user actions and application requirements change. And ensures after-sales service B(自食其力 鞠躬 津帖 C(随机应变 贩卖 坤角 D(无原无故 家眷 发饷 3(简答题 ?剧中李三说“今儿个打炮，明儿个关城，改良,哼～我还留着我的小辫儿，万一把皇上改回来呢～”这反映了他怎样的心态, 答: ?当报童来茶馆卖报，王利发说:“有不打仗的新闻没有,”这句话有什么含义,反映了怎样的社会现实, 答: ?当宋恩子说“谁给饭吃，咱们给谁效力”时，常四爷进一步追问:“要是洋人给饭吃呢,”这反映了常四爷怎样的性格特点, 答: 4(说说下面台词的深刻含义是什么? ?唐铁嘴 „„大英帝国的烟，日本的“白面儿”，两大强国侍侯着我一个人，这点福气还少吗? 答: ?松二爷 我看见您二位的灰大褂呀，就想起了前清的事儿!不能不请安! 答: ?李三 改良!改良!越改越凉，冰凉! 答: ?王利发 这个年月还值得感谢!听着有点不搭调! 答: upgrade and expansion, whole system construction of guideline followed following principles: Advanced: full reference both at home and abroad advanced, and mature of technology, and method and means, Project design, technical product leader, mature products as possible on the main equipment selection, technical lead and aligned with national standards of general-purpose, standard equipment. Systematization: strictly follow the view of system engineering and construction, has always been to practice engineering integrity, hierarchy, and adaptability to the external environment for constructive purposes. Maximize the business integration, functional integration and avoid different products, different standards and specifications of piecing together and combination of the system. Openness and standardization: hardware device selects the domestic and foreign well-known products, system architecture and protocol standards are in accordance with the ITU-t international industry standards and ISO standards of design, core systems and devices, following international standards, harmonization of standards, ensure system scalability and continuity of the system. Practicality: ensure high availability of the system performance with high reliability and flexibility both; first to ensure stable and reliable operation of the system, and using redundancy design of key components of the key position then to simple, technologically advanced, economical and practical. Extensible and maintainable: within the expected life cycle of systems or equipment, can be upgraded and modified to meet the needs of the user actions and application requirements change. And ensures after-sales service 参考答案: 1(神龛(kān) 嗜(shì)好 咂(zā)摸 挨(ái)饿 造孽(niâ) 忏(chàn)悔 搭讪(shàn) 2(C(A(兵荒马乱 B(津贴 D(无缘无故) 3( ?这说明处于社会最底层的劳动群众，已经通过自己的切身经验，感到中国上层统治形式的更替并未使社会发生任何本质的变化。清朝灭亡了，中国依然在黑暗中。 ?这是王利发对时代的讽刺，反感和无可奈何。这反映了民国时兵荒马乱，国无宁日的现实。 ?这反映了常四爷的倔强，正直，对帝国主义及其爪牙的痛恨，极富正义感。 4( ?.暗示帝国主义侵略势力渗透的社会现实。 ?表现了松二爷的怀旧心理，也讽刺了辛亥革命的不彻底性。 ?讽刺了辛亥革命的不彻底性，反映了人民对现实的不满。?暗示了茶馆主人公的愁苦和对现实的不满。 upgrade and expansion, whole system construction of guideline followed following principles: Advanced: full reference both at home and abroad advanced, and mature of technology, and method and means, Project design, technical product leader, mature products as possible on the main equipment selection, technical lead and aligned with national standards of general-purpose, standard equipment. Systematization: strictly follow the view of system engineering and construction, has always been to practice engineering integrity, hierarchy, and adaptability to the external environment for constructive purposes. Maximize the business integration, functional integration and avoid different products, different standards and specifications of piecing together and combination of the system. Openness and standardization: hardware device selects the domestic and foreign well-known products, system architecture and protocol standards are in accordance with the ITU-t international industry standards and ISO standards of design, core systems and devices, following international standards, harmonization of standards, ensure system scalability and continuity of the system. Practicality: ensure high availability of the system performance with high reliability and flexibility both; first to ensure stable and reliable operation of the system, and using redundancy design of key components of the key position then to simple, technologically advanced, economical and practical. Extensible and maintainable: within the expected life cycle of systems or equipment, can be upgraded and modified to meet the needs of the user actions and application requirements change. And ensures after-sales service