延续性动词和瞬间动词
延续性动词和瞬间动词
能否解决好在现在完成时态中正确使用延续性动词和瞬间动词的问题,是初三学生掌握现在完成时的关键。在教学当中，我们经常会遇到下列问题:
1. 他去世一年了。
He has died for a year.
2. 你来(到)中国多长时间了,
How long have you come to / arrived in / reached China? 3. 我父亲去北京半年了。
My father has gone to Beijing for half a year. 4. 我借阅这本书五天了。
I have borrowed this book for five days. 5. 电影已经开始二十分钟了。
The film has begun / started for twenty minutes. 6. 吉姆从大约三年前起就离开了英国。
Jim has left England since about three years ago. 7. 我买这本字典有两周了。
I have bought the dictionary for two weeks. 8. 李雷加入共青团大约一个月。
Li Lei has joined the League for about a month. 9. 我收到我朋友的来信有几天了。
I have got / received a letter / heard from my friend for several days.
10.王伯伯回来一周了。
Uncle Wang has come back for a week .
以上句子中的谓语动词(斜体字部分)都是错误的，因为这些动词都是瞬间动词，不能和
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示一段时间的状语连用。
现在完成时既涉及过去，又联系现在。当它和表示一段时间 ( 包括"现在"在内)的状语连用时，表示:过去已经开始，延续到现在的动作或状态。这时候，句子的谓语动词应当是延续性动词，而不是瞬间动词，即非延续性动词。这是由动词的意义所决定的。 一 、延续性动词: 表示延续的情况或动作的动词，如:be, have, know, live, work, study,
teach 等。它们的现在完成时可以和表示包括“现在”在内(到说话时仍未结束)的一段时间的状语连用，如由for或since引导的时间短语(从句)，today, this year 等。如: 1、 He has lived here for a year. 他住在这儿一年了。
2、 I’ve known him since ten years ago.
从十年前开始我就认识他。
3、 What have you had for lunch today? 你今天午餐吃什么了,
二、瞬间动词:即非延续性动词，表示不能延续，只是一瞬间就结束的动作，如:come, go, arrive, reach, see, hear, close, leave, begin, start, get, buy, join, die 等。它们可用于现在完成时中，说明某个动作的结果还存在，如:
1、He has come back. 他已经回来了。
2、The film has begun. 电影已经开始了。
但是，这类动词不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。
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以上十个错句改正如下:
1、 He hasbeen dead for a year.
2、 How long have you been in China?
3、 My father has been in Beijing for half a year. 4、 I have kept this book for five days.
5、 The film has been on for twenty minutes. 6、 Jim has been away from England since about three years. 7、 I have had the dictionary for two weeks. 8、 Li Lei has been in the League for about a month. 9、 I have had a letter from my friend for several days. 10、Uncle Wang has been back for a week.
另外应注意，在表达"去过某地，人已经回来了"时，要用 "have / has been to" ;"去了某地，人不在此处"，则用 "have / has gone to" 。试比较:
1、 Lily has gone to Australia.
(莉莉去澳大利亚了，不在这儿，可能在途中，也可能到了澳大利亚。)
2、 Lily has been to Australia.
(莉莉曾经去过澳大利亚，但现在她回来了。)
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