英语语法重要点全概括

英语语法重要点全概括 第一章 名 词 一、名词的分类: 名词就其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。 the United Nations 专有名词:Beijing Smith 个体名词:man, expert, factory 可数名词 集合名词:audience(观众)，class, family 普通名词: 物质名词:water, coal, rice 不可数名词 抽象名词:surprise, honour, help 二、可数名词的复数形式 1(一般情况，直接加-s。 port(港口)? ports;technique(技术)—techniques 2(以s, x, ch, sh结尾发[s]、[?]、[t?]、[dЗ]音的词，加—es bus—buses, box—boxes, bush—bushes branch—branches，stomach—stomachs(stomach词尾发k，故复数直接加-s) 3(辅音字母+ y，变y为i，加-es university—universities y前为元音字母，直接加-s boy—boys hero—heroes 4(以O结尾加-es O前为元音字母，及部分外来词直接加-s zoo—zoos radio—radio piano—pianos photo—photos 5(以f或fe结尾，变f或fe为v，再加-es leaf—leaves wife—wives ※以下f结尾单词直接加-s belief—beliefs(信念) roof—roofs(屋顶) proof—proofs(证据) safe—safes(保险柜) chief—chiefs(首领) gulf—gulfs(海湾) 6(不规则名词 man—men, woman—women, foot—feet, tooth—teeth, goose—geese, mouse—mice, child—children, ox—oxen 注1:有些可数名词的单复数相同，要根据上下文的意义来确定其单数还是复数，例如: sheep 羊 fish 鱼 deer 鹿 means手段， 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 works工厂，作品 series系列 注2:在些可数名词，只有单数形式，但表示复数意义。如果作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。 如:cattle 牛 people 人民 police 警察 注3:集合名词既可看作单数(作为整体)，也可看作复数(作为集体的各个成员)。例如:audience(观众) class(班级) family(家庭) group(小组) Her family is well-known in the region. 她家在该地区是名门望族。 His family are quarrelling severely about the property. 她的家人正在为分财产激烈地争吵。 改错:1. Every possible means have been tried to cure the boy of his illness. A B C D 2. Fish always sells well in the markets because fish contains rich protein, which can build you up. A B C D 3. Is it the police who is searching the house for a wanted criminal(罪犯)? A B C D 三、不可数名词 物质名词、抽象名词均属不可数名词。前面不能加不定冠词a / an，词尾也不能加—s。 请牢记下列典型的不可数名词。 news 消息 information 信息 advice 忠告，建议 progress 进步，进展 knowledge 知识 weather天气 fun 乐趣 equipment 设备 English 英语 furniture 家具 wealth 财富 damage 损坏 traffic 交通，车辆及行人 baggage / luggage 行李 clothing 衣服，衣着 ※word 消息，信息 work 工作 homework 家庭作业 housework 家务 改错: 1(What a fun it is to be bathed in sunlight on the beach in summer. A B C D t the thought of gaining such great wealths by printing works of famous writers, 2(A he was full of A B C D joy. 3(What pleasant surprise it is to bring me such a nice gift ! A B C D 4(I feel it great honour to be invited to give advice on your teaching papers. A B C D 5(Word of his sudden death came as shock to us. A B C D 说明1:部分抽象名词可与a(an)连用，此时词义发生变化，表示某种事或人。这些词有:surprise, pleasure, shock, honour, help, success等。 当这类词在句中作表语(例3)，作宾补(例4)及在介词as之后，词义发生变化，通常要加a / an。 说明2:paper表示“纸”不可数。表示“报纸、论文、书面作文、试卷、文件、有价证券”为可数名词。 四、名词的所有格 名词的所有格通常在名词后加—?s构成，用于表示所属关系。用于以下情况: 1)表示有生命的名词 my brother?s car children?s books(儿童读物) students? rooms 2)表示国家、城市、地域的名词 China?s population Beijing?s weather 3)表示天体、时间、距离、金钱的名词 the moon?s surface ten years? hard work 十年的辛劳 today?s newspapers 20 dollars? worth of a stamp 一张价值20美元的邮票 其他无生命的名词通常用“of + 名词”的短语表示所属关系。 the object of the sentence 句子的宾语 the title of the film 影片的名字 五、名词的作用 1)名词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语。 Mr. Li holds an important position in the government office. 主语 宾语 We elected him monitor of our class. 宾语 宾补 2)名词还作其他名词的前置定语，用于更准确说明某物的用途，性质，组成材料等。 a tea cup 茶杯 a car number 车牌号 a shoe shop 鞋店 a stone bridge 石桥 ※※名词作定语必须用单数。man, woman作定语，用单数还是复数由被修饰的名词的单复数决定。sport作定语，单复数形式均可。 a man teacher 一个男教师 ten women doctors 十个女医生 a sport(s)shirt 运动衫 the arms race 武器竞赛(特例) 选:It is said that the Air Force about $80 million a year. Really a problem, isn?t it ? A(bird hit cost B(birds hit costs C(bird hits cost D(bird hit costs 本题题义:空军每年因飞鸟撞击飞机造成的损失达大约八千万美元。考查的是名词作定语。名词作定语必须用单数，故可考虑的答案为A、C。又因一年内鸟击飞机事件多次发生，故选C。 六、学习名词，特别要注意的问题 1)准确把握词义，重视近义词的辩析 选:One of the advantage of living on the top floor of a high rise is that you can get a good .(2001年上海高考题) A(sight B(scene C(view D(look 辩析:sight 1.看见 2.视力 3.视野 4.风景 scene 1.(事件发生的)现场2.场面 ; 情景3.景色 4.(拍电影)场景，(舞台)布置 view 1.眺望2.视野 3.风景，景色。 look 1.看 2.神色,表情 looks =appearance外貌 本句意为:住在高层建筑顶层的优越之一，是能清楚眺望到一切。故本题答案为C。 近年来高考试卷非常重视对名词的考查，是重点热点之一。 2)正确掌握名词前冠词的使用规则 选:1. Summer in ________ south of France are for ________ most part dry and sunny. A. /; a B. the, / C. /, / D. the, the 2( Most animals have little connection with animals of different kind unless they kill them for food. A(the ;a B(不填 ;a C(the ;the D(不填 ;the 名词练习 He is a man of ________ and he has_______ interesting_______ in his life. A. much experience; a lot of; experiences B. many experiences; much; experience many experience; much; experience D. many experiences; a lot of; experience C. Perhaps we need to clear away these books to make _______ for our new students. A. place B. area C. room D. space If you are driving to the airport, can you give me a _______? A. hand B. seat C. drive D. lift Being able to speak another language fluently is a great ______ when you are looking for a job. A. chance B. importance C. assistant D. advantage The _______ of building the Great Theater ______ only one year. A. job; spent B. work; spent C. position, took D. works, took He had run away from home and gone to _______ when he was 16 years old. A. the sea B. a sea C. seas D. sea Only one third of the people present at the meeting were _________ the new rules. A. in favour of B. in agreement of C. in for D. wit the side of Everybody thinks little of the film. In fact, there is no ______ of it being tried out in the film festival. A. sign B. use C. possibility D. doubt Can your ________ with you---- money , jewellery, cameras and so on. A. gifts B. suitcase C. bags D. valuables Students should be encouraged to finish their homework_______. A. of themselves B. of their own C. for their own D. on their own When he is angry, his _______ stands up on end. A. head B. uniform C. hair D. skin His letter was so confusing that I could hardly make any ______ of it. A. explanation B. meaning C. sense D. guess ---Is Mr Smith in? --- No, he?s asked for _______ leave. A. a two week?s B. a two-week C. a two-week?s D. a two weeks -----______ car crashed into a tree yesterday. They must have been driving too fast. ---- Every boy and every girl _____ to drive that fast. A. Tom and Jane?s; wish B. Tom?s and Jane?s ;wishes C. Tom and Jane?s ; likes D. Tom?s and Jane?s ; want ________ Mr Wang has! He almost never remembers where he leaves his keys. A. What a poor memory B. What poor memory C. How good a memory D. How poor memory The _____ change of weather may have some _____ his health. A. sudden; caused B. sudden; effect on C. suddenly; bad results to D. suddenly; effect on Because prices of food and clothing and almost everything else in that country have steadily gone up the buying _______ of the dollar has gone down. A. energy B. force C. power D. strength _______ of English is helpful if you are devoted to _______ English literature. A. A good knowledge; study B. A good knowledge ; studying C. Good knowledge; study D. Good knowledge; studying ---Few children are as bright as he is, and also, he works very hard. --- It?s no _______ that he always gets the first place in any examination. A. doubt B. problem C. question D. wonder Mary?s handwriting is better than_______ in her class. A. anyone else B. anyone else?s C. anyone?s else D. other students It really doesn?t make any _____ whether to buy a laptop computer or a desktop computer. A. choice B. decision C. difference D. sense Many students signed up for the _____ race in the sports meeting to be held next week. A. 800-meter-long B. 800-meters-long C. 800 meter length D. 800 meters length His behaviour at the party last night seemed rather______. Many of us were quite surprised. A. out of practice B. out of place C. out of politeness D. out of pity These football players had no strict ______ until they joined our club. A. practice B. education C. training D. exercise If it was not an accident, he must have done it ________. A. on purpose B. in common C. on occasion D. in time We must keep our room clean. Dirt and disease go _______. A. from time to time B. hand in hand C. step by step D. one after another _____ is known to us all, _____ feed on grass while horses on grain. A. It , cattle B. This; cattles C. What ; cattles D. As; cattle ______ everyone can hear the speaker there is no______ in turning up the radio. A. Now that; point B. Even if; point C. Now that, need D. Even if; need Shelly had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first _______. A. intention B. attempt C. purpose D. desire No one has yet succeeded in explaining the ______ of how life began. A. cause B. problem C. reason D. puzzle Jack tried hard to get a gold medal in this Winter Olympic Games but he had no ______. A. luck B. time C. fate D. entrance The young man owes his success to many people , his parents _______. A. after all B. by chance C. on purpose D. in particular I should like to try that coat on, for I don?t know if it is my _______. A. shape B. model C. design D. size It is important for us to employ a word or phrase to the _______ in language studies. A. situation B. expression C. condition D. translation Flight BA 123 to Vienna is now boarding at _______. A. Gate 21 B. 21st Gate C. the Gate 21 D. 21 Gate ----Shall we take a walk before dinner? ----- Oh, yes, ______ is my favourite time of a day. A. the early evenings B. in the early evening C. the early of the evening D. early evening Being poor, she had to borrow a new _______ so as to attend the party. A. cloth B. clothes C. clothing D. dress Popular music is liked by many people, but it is not to everyone?s _______. A. manners B. smell C. taste D. thought Such good ______ should be made of one?s spare time to study another foreign language. A. chance B. choice C. decision D. use She thought the painting was of little ______ , so she let him have it for only $15. A. cost B. important C. price D. value There are three _______ in our clinic. A. woman doctor B. woman doctors C. women doctor D. women doctors I tried every ______ to make him give up smoking. A. mean B. ways C. meaning D. means ______ will conquer nature. A. The man B. Man C. Any man D. The men Yesterday I was invited to the dinner at _______. A. Turners B. the Turners C. Turners? D. the Turners? Jess went to a _______ for some shoes. A. shoes? store B. shoe store C. shoe?s store D. shoes store Standing on top of the mountain, you?ll get a wonderful _______. A. joy B. seeing C. view D. nature He was chosen _____ of the company. A. manager B. a manager C. the manager D. as a manager ---What can I do for you? --- I?d like to have a ______ of China Daily. A. piece B. sheet C. lot D. copy ______it is to listen to music! A. How fun B. How a fun C. What a fun D. What fun What the expert has said and done will be _______ to the department managers. A. value B. benefit C. of valuable D. of benefit 1-5 ACDDD 6-10 DACDD 11-15 CCBCA 16-20 BCBDB 21-25 CABCA 26-30 BDABA 31-35 ADDAA 36-40 DDCDD 41-45 DDBDB 6-50 CADDD 第二章 主谓一致 句子的谓语动词和句子的主语应在数方面保持一致。主谓一致的基本原则是:主语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式;主语是复数，谓语动词用复数形式。句子的主语有以下几种类型: 1(带后置定语型。其谓语动词的形式依主语的单复数而定，与后置定语无关。 (together)with … except / but … S + besides … V rather than … as well as … A library together with a lot of books has been given to our school as a gift. Two pilots as well as all the passengers were killed in this plane crash. 两个飞行员连同所有旅客都死于这次空难。 2(部分—整体型。其谓语的单复数，由整体部分决定。 70 percent two-thirds part of the / one?s + n +V half (整体) all the rest 1)About 70% of the surface of the earth is covered by water. 2)Part of the books are worth reading, but the rest(of them)are of no value. ※注:all单独作主语时，All指人谓语用复数。All指物或事情谓语用单数。 1)All are eager to reach an agreement. 所有的人都急于达成 协议 离婚协议模板下载合伙人协议 下载渠道分销协议免费下载敬业协议下载授课协议下载 。 2)All is going well. 一切都进展顺利。 3(定语仅能修饰单数名词型，其谓语动词用单数。 Each / Every Either / Neither Another + n(单数)+ V Many a More than one More than one graduate wants to go to work in Western China. 不止一个毕业生要求去中国西部工作。 Many a day has passed since the boy was lost. 那个男孩失踪已有许多天。 4(就近一致型。下列连词连接两个主语时，及there be句型有多个并列主语，谓语应与最靠近的主语保持一致。 A or B 1)Either you or I am to meet them at the station. Either A or B 不是你就是我要去车站接他们。 Neither A nor B 2)Not only the teacher but also his students object to the plan. Not only A but also B 3)There is an air-conditioner and two computers in his office. There be A, B and C 在他办公室有一台空调和二台电脑。 5(需记住的其他规则 Either 1)Neither of + n 作主语，谓语用单数。 Each None of + n(复数)作主语，谓语用单数或复数均可。 None of + n(单数)作主语，谓语用单数。 Either of the answers is right. 两个答案中有一个是对的。 None of the cars was / were damaged. 这些车都没有受损。 None of the food has gone bad. 食物没有变质。 2)a number of + n(复数)作主语，谓语用复数。 the number of + n(复数)作主语，谓语用单数。 A large number of students are from the south. 很多学生是南方人。 The number of students in our school has gone up to 3000. 我校学生数已上升到3000人。 3)关系代词作主语，定语从句谓语动词的形式取决于其先行词的单复数。 He is one of the few persons who have a good knowledge of Italian. 他是精通意大利语的少数人之一。 在以上句子中，persons是who的先行词，从句谓语动词用复数。 (比较)He is the only one of the boys who was given a prize. 他是这些孩子中唯一受到奖励的。 当one之前有the only修饰时，one是who的先行词，从句谓语动词用单数。 4)单个动名词，不定式或主语从句作主语，谓语动词用单数。 两个并列的动名词，不定式或主语从句作主语，谓语动词用复数。 When and where to hold the meeting isn?t decided yet.(一个不定式作主语) What I say and what I think are none of your business. 我说什么，想什么与你无关。(两个并列主语从句作主语) 5)each, any, every, no构成的复合代词都当作单数看待。 Someone is asking you on the phone. 有人在打电话找你。 注:复合代词作主语，反意疑问句的主语通常用they，也可用he。 Everyone was present at the meeting, weren?t they / wasn?t he ? Someone has known the news, haven?t they / hasn?t he ? 6)以“s”结尾的书刊名、国名、机构名和学科名作主语，谓语用单数。 The United Nations was set up in 1942. 联合国建于1942年。 The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer. 《坎特伯雷故事集》是乔叟写的。 Economics is my major. 经济学是我的主修课程。 7)某些形容词或分词和定冠词the连用表示某类人作主语，谓语用复数。 The sick have been cured and the lost have been found. 病人得到医治，失踪的也已找回来了。 8)由and连接两个单数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。 English and Chinese are quite different languages. 若and并列的主语在意义上指同一个人，同一概念或对立统一的事物，谓语动词用单数。 The manager and secretary is as busy as a bee all day. 那位经理兼秘书整天忙忙碌碌。(两个名词共用一个冠词，指同一个人) War and peace is a contant theme in history. 战争与和平是历史永恒的主题。(对立统一的一对事物) 9)单复数同形的名词如deer, means;集合名词如family作主语，如何决定谓语动词的单复数，请见第四章冠词。 Exercise 1 主谓一致 1(I, who your friend, will try my best to help you. A(be B(am C(is D(are 2(The United States must look out of the rights of citizens. A(its B(their C(ours D(us 3(So far as I know, more than one person connected with the accident. A(is B(has C(are D(have 4(Maths as well as physics always me to much trouble. A(causes B(puts C(cause D(put 5(Not only you and I but Peter, the top student in our grade, not able to solve the problem. A(are B(were C(is D(am 6(There one or two things that I have to mention. A(is B(are C(has D(have 7( Either I or my accountant(会计) to blame for the loss ? A(Is B(Are C(Am D(Does 8(So far 70% of the poor in this area out of poverty(贫困)with the help of the local government. A(has got B(are getting C(have got D(had got 9(Collecting stamps as a hobby increasingly popular during the past ten years. A(became B(becomes C(has become D(have become 10(Whether or not the new plan will produce any positive(积极的)results to be seen. A(remain B(is remained C(remains D(have remained 11(Too much work and too little rest bad health. A(lead to B(leads to C(result in D(result from 12(He is the only one of those speakers who ideas perfectly clear. A(make their B(makes his C(express their D(express 13(Every possible means tried, but without much result. A(has been B(have been C(are D(is 14(Ten minutes an hour when one is waiting for a phone call. A(seem B(look C(seems D(looks 15(All we have seen and heard our memory. A(is deeply impressed on B(great impress C(are strongly impressed in D(highly impresses 1-5 BAABC 6-10 AACCC 11-15 BBACA 第三章 代 词 单 数 复 数 第 一 人 称 第 二 人 称 第 三 人 称 第 一 人 称 第 二 人 称 第 三 人 称 人 称 代 词 主格 I you he she it we you they 宾格 me you him her it us you them 物 主 代 词 形容词性 my your his her its our your their 名词性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs 反身代词 myself yourself Himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves 一、人称代词的用法 1(人称代词的主格在句中作主语 He is always thinking more of others than of himself. 2(人称代词的宾格作动词和介词的宾语 You can?t trust him. Who else wants to go for a picnic besides him ? 注1(主格，宾格均可作表语，在口语中用宾格较多 If I were she, I would act on the doctor?s advice. —— Who is knocking at the door ? —— It?s me. ※注2(作主语的人称代词孤立地使用在无谓语动词的句中，常用宾格 —— I want an apple. —— Me, too. “What ! Me to say sorry to him ? No!” 注3(两个或两个以上的人称代词并列时，其顺序是: 单数按2，3，1人称排列;复数按1，2，3人称排列。 You, she(Mary)and I must attend today?s meeting. ※I and Tom are to blame.该责备的是我和汤姆(在承认错误或自我批评时，说话人一般把自己放在他人之前讲。) 二、it的用法 1(代替已提到的事物或上文提及的情况 He bought a magazine and lent it to me. Her mother has died. It is a terrible shock to her. 她母亲死了。这对她打击很大。 2(用于It+be+n/adj句型中，说明天气、时间、距离等 It is fr‎‎eezing cold today. It is five minutes? ride from here to the station. 3((未指明但谈话双方都明白的)那件事;那种情况。 -------- Do you like it here? ------- Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is nice. 4(代替性别尚不明的婴儿和小孩 She was holding a baby in her arms and it was crying. 5(作形式主语或形式宾语，代替作主语或宾语的不定式，动名词或从句 It was kind of you to send me a present.(it作形式主语) I make it a rule to walk two miles a day.我通常一天步行二英里。(it作形式宾语) I take it that you don?t agree with me.我的理解是，你和我看法不同。(it作形式宾语) ake(理解)，hate，dislike，不能直接带宾语从句，须在 ?注:少数动词，如t 动词和宾语从句之间，加形式宾语it。 5(It is/was … that …. 构成强调句，强调句中某一部分 It was I that/who told him about it.(强调主语I) 三、物主代词 1(形容词性物主代词只能作名词的前置定语，不能单独使用 Those people are my schoolmates. 2(名词性物主代词单独使用，在句中作主语，表语和宾语 作主语 Your bike is black. Mine(Mine = My bike)is red. 作表语 This fault is yours, not hers. 这是你的过错，不是她的错。 作宾语 There is something wrong with my bike. May I use yours ? 3(名词性物主代词与of连用构成双重所有格 1)表示部分概念 Yesterday I came across an old friend of mine(= one of my old friends)in the street. 2)表示强调 We show great interest in this invention of yours(= your invention) Be sure not to believe that daughter of hers(her daughter)千万别信她的那个女儿。 四、反身代词 1(作动词或介词的宾语 She has been teaching herself English. 她一直在自学英语。 2(作表语 I am not quite myself today. 我今天身体不太好。 3(作主语或宾语的同位语，译“亲自”;“本人，自己” The mayor himself will look into the matter. 市长将亲自调查这件事。 You?d better ask the patient himself about his trouble. 关于病人的病情，你最好问他自己。 4(反身代词的重要短语 I gave the room a good cleaning all by myself. by oneself = alone /on my own 独自一 人 I will be myself in no time. be oneself 身体或大脑正常 Please make yourself at home. 请不要受拘束 help oneself to sth. 自行取用，随意拿取 Help yourself to apples. No one was there, so she helped herself to all the money on the table. He came to himself a few minutes later. come to oneself 苏醒 It is better to think for yourself. think for onself 独立思考，自己作出决定 I?d be grateful (thankful) if you keep this information to yourself. keep sth. to oneself 不把某事告诉别人 五、相互代词 each other一般指两者;one another一般指三者或三者以上。但现在可以通用，不加区别。在句中仅作宾语，不能作主语。 We should care for each other and help each other. They often stay at one another?s houses. 他们经常住在彼此的家里。 六、不定代词 1(some和any some及复合代词someone, something用于肯定句。 any及复合代词用于否定句、疑问句和条件句。 Some of the milk has gone bad. I haven?t any money on me. If anything unusual happens, let me know. 若发生异常情况，请告诉我。 注1(若表示请求，建议，尽管是疑问句，用some，不用any。 Would yo‎‎u like some more coffee ? Shall I bring some food to the party ? 注2(any及复合代词也可用于肯定句，表示三者或三者以上中任何一个。 I think any of his movies would interest you. —— Which would you like, tea, coffee or wine ? —— Any will do. 随便哪一个都行。 2(each和every each用于强调两个或两个以上的人或事物中每一个。既可作定语，也可作主语和宾语。 Each of the boys has his strong and weak points. There is a bookstore on each side of the street. every(形容词)用于表示三个或三个以上的人或事物中每一个。在句中只能作定语。 I have read every book he lent me. 请注意以下不定代词的特殊用法或固定搭配 ? I have read it in some magazine. some修饰单数可数名词，相当于a certain ? She is something like his mother. 她有点像她的母亲。 ? He is something of an expert at computers. 他是一个出色的电脑专家。 ? She is nothing but a dancer. 她只不过是一个跳舞的。 (nothing but = only) ? He was anything but pleased at the news.听到这个消息他一点不高兴。 (anything but = not … at all) 3(both, either, neither和all, any, none both两者，双方;neither(两者)都不，(两者中)无一;either(两者之中)任何一个; all(三者或三者以上)全体人员，所有东西。none(三者或三者以上)都不。any(三者或三者以上中)任何一个。 作用:1)作主语 Both of his students are from Beijing. Either of the teams has the chance of winning. Neither of his novels is satisfactory. have(has)ever been abroad. None of the money was paid to me. None of us 2)作名词的定语 He spent all his money. Both sides are eager to reach an agreement. There is a post office on either side of the street. Neither seat is occupied. 两个位子都空着。 3)both, all, each作主语同位语，位于be动词 / 助动词和行为动词中间。 作宾语同位语，置于宾语之后。 They are both(all)tired of reading. We each have different opinions about it. I will invite you both = I will invite both of you. 选择:—— Have you any money ? I need some badly. —— Sorry. at all. A. Nothing B. No one C. None D. A little 注 1.指带没有上文中提到的人或物， 用none. 2.none 不能做定语。下句是典型病句: Luckily, none passengers were injured in the car accident. 3. no one 仅指人; no one, nothing 等不定代词不能接 “of + n.”结构 Everyone of us likes it. 判断下列句子是否正确。如果有错，请改正。 1(The Parkers bought a new house, but they will need a lot of decoration before they move in. A B C D 2(Some people make more money than we teachers, but few gain as much satisfaction from A B C his work. D 3(Between you and I, we have nothing in common. A B C D 4(You have to hurry up if you want to buy something cheap because there is hardly something A B C left. D 5(The men and women who pushed the frontier(边境)Westward across America probably A never thought of them as brave pioneers. B C D 6(My wife and I reached the agreement that everything is more important for us than building A B C D a solid bank account. 7(There are two buses to Baihai Park. You can take each of them. A B C D 8(Believe it or not. There is such no thing which will happen here. A B C D 9(His refusal came as none surprise. I expected it. A B C D 10(When each the pop star stepped into the hall, all the people present burst into cheers. A B C D 另外，替代上述之事用that, this, it;替代下文要说的事，用this: Her mother was ill. That / This is why she couldn?t come. The problem is this:he is suffering from cancer. 4(one和that 1)one替代上文提到的同种类的人或事物，但非同一个人或物。 one = a + 单数名词。 —— What do you think of the watches ? —— Excellent. I?m going to buy one. = I going to buy a watch like them. 其复数形式为ones。The white coats match the hat than the blue ones. 白色上衣比蓝色上衣更配这顶帽子。 one只能替代可数名词。若其有形容修饰，需加“a”;若其后有限制性后置定语，需加“the”。 例1:This hat is too small for me. Can you change it for a bigger one ? 例2:This picture is the one my mother wants to have very much. 2)that替代上文提到的同种类的事物。 that = the + 单数名词，常用that of …结构。 例1:My seat was next to that of the mayor.(that = the seat) 例2:The air of a suburb is clearer than that of a city. 郊外的空气比都市的干净。 that可替代可数名词(例1)，也可替代不可数名词(例2)。其复数形式为those。 Our rules are quite different from those of other organizations. one和that作“替代”的用法，是高考的一个重点热点。 5(疑问代词who, what, which 1)which既可指人，也可指物。表示在一定范围内“哪一个”。 Which of these ideas costs the least ? 在这些办法中，哪一个花费最小, Which do you prefer, classical music or popular music ? 2)who(谁)，what(什么)则用于无选择范围的情况。 Who are you talking about ? What is your hobby ? 你的业余爱好是什么, 6(部分否定 1)everyone, everything可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句。 —— Is everyone here ? —— Yes, except Li Ming. 2)not与both, all, everyone, everything及副词always, entirely / wholly(全部地)连用，表示部分否定，译“并非…都是” Not everyone is kind. = Everyone is not kind. 并非所有人都善良。 All your answers are not correct. I don?t wholly agree with you. 我并不完全同意你的看法。 选择:I agree with most of what you said, but I don?t agree with . A. everything B. anything C. something D. nothing 答案A 7(other, the other, the others, the rest, another 1)other (adj) 其他的，仅作定语，修饰复数名词。no / some / any / many other可修饰单数或复数名词 Can we settle this problem in other ways ? You have no other choice but to wait. I have many other questions to ask. Please come to my home some other time. 2)another同类中另一个 Would you like another cup of tea ? Give me another chance, please. I need another three dollars = I need three more dollars. 我还需要三美元。 3)others泛指其他人，别人或其他东西，常与some对照使用，表示“有的…有的…” It is like her to think of others. Some people believe in God; others don?t. 4)the other 表示两者的另一个。 He has two sons. One is thin and the other is fat. 5)the others / the rest 表示除去一部分其余的人或物。the others代替可数名词;the rest可代替可数或不可数名词。 Some of the boys went swimming, while the others lay on the beach, bathed in sunlight. 一些男孩去游泳，其余的躺在沙滩上沐日光浴。 用other, the other, the others, the rest, another填空: 1)I don?t know pop music. So I can hardly tell one song from . 2)You might as well paint side of the wall white. 3)Perhaps he came here for reasons. 4)Some of the equipment is made in China; is introduced from Japan. 5)We must try to meet the needs of . 代 词 Exercise 1. Shanghai is really a fascinating city and we?ve decided to stay for ______ two weeks. A. another B. other C. the other D. other?s 2. ---Do you like ______ here? ---Oh, yes, the air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice. A. this B. these C. that D. it 3. I like _____ in the autumn when the climate is clear and bright. A(it B(that C(this D(one 4. We considered _____ logical(符合逻辑的)that not all plans can be put into practice. A(that B(quite C(it D(very 5. --- Are the new rules working ? --- Yes, ______ books are stolen. A(Few B(Some C(Less D(None 6. --- Have you any money with you ? I need some badly --- Sorry, but _____ . A(not B(nothing C(none D(quite a little 7. --- How much tea is left in the pot ? --- ______. A(None B(Nothing C(Not some D(No one 8. ---You have no difficulty finding the answer to the question? ---_______. A. Not a little B. No problem C. None at all D. Neither 9. --- Do you have_____ ready for tonight?s party ? --- No. I still have to send all the letters of invitation. A(anything B(something C(everything D(nothing 10. --- Do you mind if Peter join you in your work ? --- Yes, I do. I will be glad to work with _____ Peter. A(anyone but B(no one except C(all besides D(everyone and 11. --- Where do you think I should put this pot of flowers ? --- Put it on _____ side of the meeting hall. A(every B(any C(each D(either cities like Cario and Jakarta probably would _____ have a 12. As is expected, population of 20 million by 2010. A(both B(each C(every D(either 13. You should learn to think for yourself; nothing taught by others can have the same effect on you as ______ learned by yourself. A(what B(it C(that D(the one 14. --- Why don?t we take a little break ? --- Didn?t we just have _____ . A(it B(that C(one D(this 15. If this dictionary isn?t yours, ______ can it be ? A(what else B(who else C(which elses? D(who else?s 16. New English-Chinese dictionary has been republished many times, more up to date than the last edition. B(either C(each D(any A(every 17. They couldn?t have dinner in a restaurant because_____ of them ____ money. A(all, didn?t have B(everyone, had no C(none, had any D(no one, had any 18. Most of the equipment is made in China; _____ imported from Japan. A(others B(the others C(the rest D(the other 19. It is one thing to enjoy listening to good music, but it is quite _____ to perform skillfully yourself. A(another B(other thing C(others D(the other 20(The man is so familiar to me. I must have met him one day _____ . A(or the other B(or another C(or else D(or something 21. One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and _____ . A(the other is white B(another white C(the other white D(the rest white 22. I intended to compare notes with a friend, but unfortunately _____ couldn?t spare even one minute. A. they B. one C. who D. it 23. I read about it in some book or other. Does it matter _____ it was ? A(where B(what C(how D(which 24(There is _____ thing _____ private ownership(私有制)of land in China today. A(no such a, as B(no such, as C(such no, as D(no such, like 25. --- Is David a man with good manners. --- I don?t think so. As a matter of fact, he is ______ but polite. A. something B. everything C. nothing D. anything 26. Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, _____ I will always treasure. A. that B. one C. it D. what 27. --- Can I help you? --- I?d like to buy a present for my father?s birthday,__ ___ at a proper price and of great use. A. one B. it C. that D. those 28. The Parkers bought a new house but _____ will need a lot of work before they can move in. A. they B. it C. one D. which 29. --- What do you think of her idea? --- I was not in the least surprised for I had fully expected ______. A. that much B. as much C. very much D. so much 30. --- What an amazing film. It?s the most interesting film I?ve ever seen. --- But I?m sure it won?t interest _______. A. somebody B. anybody C. everybody D. nobody 31. He seems to have little, if ______,to do with it. A. so B. any C. some D. anything 32. In that case, it was ______ she could do not to cry. A. something B. anything C. all D. nothing 33. If your daughter can make what her teachers teach ______, she will make rapid progress. A. it B. that C. herself D. hers 34. Due to lack of fund and equipment, we have ______ choice than to give up the experiments. A. some other B. other C. another D. no other 35. --- Who on earth could it be? --- It was ______ other than Clint Eastwood. A. nobody B. none C. nothing D. not 36. --- Is Jissica a diligent student? --- No, but she is a lazy one, if ______. A. something B. everything C. anything D. nothing 1-5 ADACA 6-10 CACCA 11-15 BBCCD 16-20 CCCAB 21-25 CADBD 26-30 BABBC 31-36DCDDBC 第四章 冠 词 一、冠词的种类 冠词可分成不定冠词a，an和定冠词the。 二、泛指和特指的定义 1(泛指:一般提及人或事物，不作具体说明叫泛指。下列两种情况为泛指 a)未明确交待的人或事物 I met her in a coffee shop near the station. 我在车站附近的一家咖啡馆遇到她的。 b)表明数量“一” He asked for a book and two magazines. 他要一本书和两本杂志。 2(特指:具体指明人或物叫特指，其基本意思是“这，那”。下列三种情况为特指。 1)上文提到过的人或物 I bought a book yesterday. The book is of great value. 昨天我买了一本书，这本书很有价值。 2)说话人或听话人心中都有数的人或事物 —— When will the meeting be held? —— At 2:00 o?clock in the afternoon. 3)带有限制性的后置定语 The movie directed by Mr. Zhang Yimou was a great hit. 张艺谋执导的那部电影极为叫座。 三、冠词使用的基本规则 1(可数名词 泛指 特指 单数可数名词 a book the book 复数可数名词 books the books 表示泛指，单数可数名词用不定冠词a(an)，复数名词不用冠词。 表示特指，可数单数名词和复数可数名词，均用定冠词the。 2(物质名词和抽象名词 物质名词和抽象名词不用冠词。 Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。 Wisdom is better than strength. 智慧胜于力量。 特指的物质名词和抽象名词，用定冠词the。 The snow in front of the house is beginning to melt. 房前的雪开始融化了。 a(n) 与物质名词连用，可表示种类或一杯之量。 Maotai is an excellent wine. Bring me a coffee, will you? 选择:The warmth of sweater will of course be determined by the sort of wool used. A(the ;the B(the ;不填 C(不填 ;the D(不填 ;不填 四、需要用定冠词的其他几种情况 1(用于表示世界上独一无二的事物名词之前。 the sun, the moon, the earth, the world, the sky 2(用于表示方位名词，序数词和形容词最高级之前。 sail to the east turn to the right This is the most expensive of all the clothes. This is the third time that he has been elected chairman of the Student Union. 3(与某些形容词或分词连用，代表一类人或事物。 I was brought up to respect the old. 我从小就接受教育，要敬爱老人。 The beautiful can never die. 美是永恒的。 4(用在表示江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、沙漠，建筑物等名词之前。 the Pacific(Ocean)太平洋 the South-China sea 南中国海 the Sahara 哈拉沙漠 the Persian Gulf 波斯湾 the Beijing Station 北京车站 5(用于姓氏的复数形式之前，表示“夫妇”或“一家人”。 The Turners are sitting at lunch table. 特纳一家正吃午饭。 6. 由普通名词构成的专有名词(如国家，党派等)前。 例:the United States; the Communist Party of China 7. 用在表示发明物的单数名词前。 The telephone was invented by Bell. 8(用在某些固定短语中: on the spot 当场 on the whole 总的来说 for the most part 多半，在多数情况下 out of the question 不可能 五、不用冠词的其他几种情况 物质名词，抽象名词(见第三章)，人名，地名等专有名词前。 Air is important to us. Beijing is the capital of China. 2(表示季节、月份、周日、节假日(中国传统节例外)名词之前。 I like spring most. I?m going to return to England at Christmas Day. 若具体指明哪一年的季节，应有定冠词。 The war broke out on the spring of 1942. 3(表示学科、球类、棋类和三餐名词之前 He is good at maths. I like playing football. I often go to school without breakfast. 注:强调一顿饭或特指某顿饭可用冠词。 Mother cooked me a nice dinner this morning. The dinner cooked by my mother tastes delicious. 4(表示正式的或独一无二的职位、头衔的名词，在句中作宾补或同位语。 He has been elected chairman of the student union. Mandela, president of South Africa, was awarded the Nobel prize for peace in 1997. 南非总统曼德拉于1997年获得诺贝尔和平奖。 5. 在与by 连用的交通工具名称之前。 例:by taxi, by bike, by boat 但注意:get into a taxi, take a bus, on the train 等表达形式。 6(某些固定短语中，要求不用冠词。 at present 目前 take part in 参加 in peace 平安，平静 by chance 碰巧 注意:有些词组中有无冠词含义不同。 at table 在进餐 in hospital 住院 at the table 坐在桌子旁 in the hospital 在医院工作或参观等 be in charge of 负责… out of question 不成问题 be in the charge of 由…负责 out of the question根本不可能 by day在白天 by the day按天计算 7(高考中冠词考查热点 选择:Summers in south of France are for most part dry and sunny.(2000年 春季高考) A(the ;不填 B(不填 ;the C(不填 ;不填 D(the ;the 答案为D。分析:方位名词要用定冠词the，故可考虑的选项为A、D。for the most part为固定短语，故答案为D。近几年来，高考试卷对冠词的命题方式大多数情况是，一空考冠词的基本用法，一空考固定短语中冠词使用。因此在我们学习固定短语中，一定要留神并准确记忆固定短语中名词前使用的冠词。 冠词练习 1. ______on-going division between English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is ______ major concern of the country. 2. ---Where is my blue shirt? --- It?s in the washing machine. You have to wear _____ different one. A. any B. the C. a D other 3. The sign reads “ In case of _____ fire, break the glass and push _____ red button”. A. / , a B. / , the C. the, the D. a , a 4. There is ______ dictionary on ______ desk by your side. A. a, the B. a, a C. the, a D. the, the 5. Jumping out of _______ airplane at ten thousand feet is quite ______ exciting experience. A. /, the B. / , an C. an , an D. the, the 6. One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain _____ good knowledge of basic word formation. 7. The cakes are delicious. He?d like to have _____ third one because _____ one is rather too small. A. a, a B. the, the C. the, a D. a , the 8. The warmth of ______ sweater will of course be determined by the sort of _____wool used. A. the, the B. /, the C. the, / D. / , / 9. Mr Smith, there is a man at _______ front door who says he has ______news for you of great importance. A. the, / B. the, the C. / , / D. / , the A bullet hit the soldier and he was wounded in ______ leg. A. a B. one C. the D. his Paper money was in ______ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in _____ thirteenth century. A. the, / B. The, the C. /, the D. / , / 12. It is not rare in ______ that people in ______ fifties are going to university for further education. A. 90s, their B. the 90s, / C. 90s, the D. the 90s, their People regard the wheel as _____ invention of the first importance in _____ human history. A. an , the B. an; / C. the, the D. the, / Young as he is , David has gained ______ rich experience in _____society. A. /, / B. the, the C. a, / D. /, the 15. The party last night was _____ success. We sang and danced until it came to ______ end at twelve. A. a , the B. the, an C. a , an D. / , an She is usually on _____duty in her office every _____ days. A. the, a B. / , / C. / , a D. a , / 17. The two rooms are of _____ size. But another two rooms are twice _____ size of them. A. the, the B. a, a C. the, a D. a , the Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by ______ hour. A. the B. a C. an D. / ----He wants to have ______ word with you. ---- I know ______ word has come that I am the next person he wants to talk to. A. / , the B. a , the C. a , / D. the, a 20. Mr Smith told us that _____ gold medal his son had got was considered _____ great honour to the whole family. A. the, / B. a, a C. the, a D. a, the 21. Who do you think will take_____ office next month and become ______ of that country? A. a, the B. / , the C. the, / D. / , a --- Do you think an advertisement is ______help when you look for a new job? --- Well, it all depends. Anyway, it gives me more of ____ chance to try. A. a , a B. / , / C. the, the D. a , the 23. Although he knew ______little about _____ large amount of work done in the field, he succeeded where more well-informed experimenters failed. A. a, the B. the, a C. a, / D. / , the 24.I got ____ bad toothache yesterday, which kept me awake ______ whole night. A. a, the B. / , a C. the, a D. a , / 25. ______ person like him won?t be simply satisfied with ______ little progress that has been made. A. The, a B. The, / C. A, / D. A , the 26. I smoke out of ______ habit, not for ____ pleasure; for I have been in the habit for 20 years. A. a, the B. the, a C. / , the D / , / 27. Many people are still in ______ habit of writing silly things in ______ places. A. the, the B. /, / C. the, / D. / , the 28. I wonder what it feels like to become one of _____ really rich. The Jenkins already have two Roll Royces and now they are buying _____ third! A. the, a B. the, the C. / , a D. / , the 29. In the face of _____ failure, it is the most important to keep up ______ good state of mind. A. / , a B. a , / C. the, / D. / , the --- What drinks shall I order? --- _____ large coffee for me. Oh, you may as well bring me _____ hot chocolate too. A. / , the B. A, / C. A , a D. / , / I hear that ______ apple juice is _____ healthy drink . A. / , a B. / , / C. an , a D. the, / 32. All these changes will lead to ______ strong and powerful China, _____ country that can surprise and enrich our planet. A. a , a B. the, a C. the, the D. a , the 33. When it comes to bringing up children , some people say ______ discipline produces _____ happy, well-behaved child. A. a , the B. / , a C. a , a D. / , the 34. The growing crime rate has become ______ major problem of _____ society. A. the, the B. a , / C. / , the D. / , / 35. Don?t worry too much about ____ mistakes. They are ____ natural part of learning. A. / , a B. the, a C. the, / D. the , the 1-5 ACBAC 6-10 ADCAC 11-15 CDBAC 16-20 BDACC 21-25 BADAD 26-30 DCAAC 31-35 AABB 第五章 形容词和副词 第一节 形容词和副词的作用 1(形容词的作用 作定语 The present markets have taken a new look. 目前市场一派新气象。 作系动词的表语 Their performance was excellent. He looks upset. This text seems difficult. He is said to have gone mad. 作宾语补足语 Who left the door open ? 谁没有关门, Something must be done to make the waste water clean. 作伴随状况 He waited outside, cold and hungry. His son returned home, safe and sound.(安然无恙) 2(形容词作定语的位置 1)形容词作定语通常放在被修饰的名词之前。若出现多个形容词，排列顺序为: a)冠词——序数词——数量词——描绘性形容词 I spent the last few sunny days at the seaside. b)描绘性形容词——大小——长短——新旧——国籍——材料 build a fine new stone bridge He is a famous American writer. 2)下列三种情况定语后置 a)短语 He was the only person awake at the moment. b)修饰不定代词 If anything unusual happens, let me know. c)“a”开头的形容词 He is the greatest artist alive today. 他是在世最伟大的艺术家。 Time alone will show who was right.(time alone=only time) 只有时间能证明到底谁正确。 3(副词的作用 主要用 作状语，修饰动词，形容词，副词，介词短语和整个句子 I simply can?t accept your presents.(修饰动词) 我无论如何不能接受你的礼物。 I?m terribly sorry to interrupt you. The cars are running at much the same speed.(修 饰形容词) This article is translated quite well.(修饰副词) She looks exactly like her mother.(修饰介词短语) Luckily, I escaped being killed by a passing car.(修饰全句) 改错 1)—— How did you find his lecture ? A B —— Very well. It couldn?t be any better. C D 2)How different the people there speak English from us～ A B C D 3)The vast majority of people were strong against the decision. A B C D 4)It is too a hot day today. I can?t stand the burning air. A B C D 1)C well ? good well表示“好”是副词，当形容词用时表示“健康” 2)B different ? differently,它修饰动词speak 3)B strong ? strongly,它修饰介词 短语against the decision 4)B a hot ? hot a too通常修饰形容词和副词。too也可修饰单数可数名词，表达方式:too + adj. + a +n。类似词有as, so和how。 He is so good a boy that we all like him. How good a boy he is! 请注意关于too的一些特殊表达: 1(can not…too… 再… 也不为过 2(only too = very 非常 You can?t too careful when crossing the street. 横越马路后，越小心越好。 I?m only too pleased to be able to go home. 能回到家，我真高兴。 3(too 可以有以下程度状语 1)You speak a bit/ a little/ rather too fast.你讲话有点快。 2)These shoes are far/ much too big for me.这双鞋我穿太大了。 几组副词的比较: very, much 二者均为程度副词，very 修饰形容词或副词;much修饰“a”开头的形容词，过去分词或非谓语动词。例如: very good/ exciting/ limited.(以习惯上被用作形容词的过去分词) He was (very) much afraid. I enjoyed the film (very) much. already, yet, still already 用在肯定句，表示某事已经发生;yet用于否定句和疑问句中，表示期待某事发生;still表示某事还在进行。例如: I have already finished my work. He hasn?t come back yet. Has she fallen asleep yet? 译:1)Keep still when I take a picture. 2) It is raining hard; still, we must go out. 3(almost, nearly 1)almost 比nearly 更接近某状况。例如: It?s almost 12 o?clock. (11:55) It?s nearly 12 o?clock. (11:45) 2)almost 多与nobody, nothing, no, none, never 连用。例如: I almost never see him. not nearly为固定用法，含义为“远非”。例如: It?s not nearly easy. 4(quite, rather, fairly 1)quite 和rather 修饰名词时在a 之前。而fairly 在a 之后。例如: fairly interesting film. We had quite a party. It?s a 但如果有形容词和rather 一起修饰名词时，放在a 的前后均可，例如: They are rather a strong (a rather strong) team. 2)rather 通常修饰贬义词和不喜欢的词，而fairly通常修饰褒义词或喜好的词。 例如: The question is rather difficult. The city is fairly clean. 第二节 形容词和副词的比较结构 英语中的形容词和副词可以划分为三个等级:原级，比较级和最高级。 原级 比较级 最高级 young younger youngest excellent more excellent most excellent 形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成方法 1)单音节词及以“er”，“le”，“ow”，“辅音字母+y”收尾的双音节词，在词尾加er或est构成比较级和最高级 quick ? quicker ? quickest large ? larger ? largest thin ? thinner ?thinnest clever ? cleverer ? cleverest simple ? simpler ? simplest narrow ? narrower ? narrowest happy ? happier ? happiest 2)其他双音节词及多音节词，在词加more或most构成比较级和最高级 famous ? more famous ? most famous beautiful ? more beautiful ? most beautiful 3)英语中有一部分形容词和副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的，如下表所示: 原级 比较级 最高级 far farther farthest further furthest good, well better best bad badly, ill worse worst many, much more most little less lest old older oldest elder eldest 注:1)farther, further均可表示距离上“更远”;但表示程度上“进一步”，用further。 I?m too tired to go any farther / further. We must look into the matter further. 我们必须进一步调查此事。 I have nothing further to say. 我再没什么可说的了。 注:2)elder / eldest指家庭成员的长幼关系，作前置定语。 older / oldest 表示年龄大小关系，可作定语也可作表语。 My eldest sister is going to get married. 我大姐要结婚了。 My elder sister is ten years older than my younger brother. 我姐姐比我弟弟大十岁。 He is the oldest teacher of us. 我是我们中最年长的老师。 第三节 形容词和副词的比较结构 1(表示A与B一样 肯定形式 1)S + V + as adj / adv(原级)as 2)S + V + as adj + a + n(单数) as 3)S + V + as many / much / few / little + n + 其他成份 as This river is as long as that one = The river is the length of that one. Peter is as lovely a boy as Tom. = Peter is a boy as lovely as Tom. I will offer you as much help as I can. Try to make as few mistakes as possible. 否定形式 not as / so … as This movie was not so good as I had expected. I haven?t seen as old a car as this for years. 以上结构中，第二as为连词，连接比较的一方。第一个as为副词，可在其前加上多种程度状语。 English is not nearly as easy as I imaged. 英语远没有我当初想象的那么容易。(not nearly远非) We have produced 70% / twice as much cotton this year as we did last year. 今年我们生产的棉花是去年的70% / 两倍多。 2(表示A超过B 表达形式 S + V adj / adv(比较级)than This text is more difficult to understand than that one. Work means more to me than anything. 对我来说，工作比任何东西都重要。 It is raining more heavily than ever. 雨下得比以往任何时间都大。 比较级前可加上多种程度状语 (多得多)much / far / a lot / a great deal (更)even / still I spend(一点)a bit / a little / rather / slightly more time on English than before. (两倍)twice (半小时)half an hour ※在否定句和疑问句中，比较级程度状语用any Are you feeling any better ? I am so tired that I can?t go any farther. ※注:两者比较，形容词比较级前面不用冠词“the”，但句中带有“of + 比较范围”这一结构，则要在比较前加“the” He is the cleverer of us two. Which is the cheaper of the two ? 3(表示越…越… 表达形式 1)the adj / adv(比较级)S + V 2)the adj(比较级)+ n S + V The sooner, the better. 越早越好。 The less she worried, the better she worked. 她越不担忧，工作效果越好。 The harder you study, the greater progress you will make. 4(表示“最” 三者或三者以上的人或事物之间进行比较，用形容词或副词最高级 V + adj / adv(最高级)+ 比较范围 表达形式:S + He is the best student in our class.(在某一范围或区域内比较用in) He did the experiment (the) most carefully of / among all of us.(在与主语同类的人或物中比较用of 或among) (副词最高级前the ，可省略) This is the most beautiful city that I have ever visited. 注:most作“非常”解时，其前不用the, 但可用a。 This city is most beautiful. He is a most skilled driver. 表示“最”的概念还有以下方式 1) adj./ adv.(比较级)+than any other +单数名词/the others 2)…否定词(never, nothing等)+ 比较级 3)…否定词… + so … as She speaks English more fluently than any other student in our class. No other country in Europe went through more wars than England. = England went through the most war in Europe. 在欧洲没有一个国家比英国经历的战争多。 It can?t be worse. = It is the worst thing I have ever known. China has never been so powerful as it is today.中国从来没有象今天这样强大。 5(需了解的几种特殊表达方式 1)A no + adj / adv 比较级 than B A、B与形容词或副词性质相反 You are no more stupid than he. = You are as clever as he. The dish tastes no worse than I expected. = The dish tastes as good as I expected. 这道菜的味道和我当初估计的一样好。 2)as much + 名词 as 表示双方在程度上一样 He has as much interest in politics as in art. 他对政治与艺术同样感兴趣。 选择:It is generally believed that teaching is it is a science. A(an art much as B(much an art as C(as an art much as D(as much an art as (答案D，本题为句型(2)的具体运用) 3)not so much A as B = more B than A A、B同结构，译“与其说A不如说B” He is not so much a novelist as a critic. 与其说他是小说家，不如说他是评论家。 She was more sad than angry when her son lied again. 当他儿子再次说谎时，与其他说愤怒不如说他悲伤。 形容词与副词练习 1.Allen had to call a taxi because the box was _______ to carry all the way home. much too heavy B. too much heavy C. heavy too much D. too heavy much 2. —I?m very _______ with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious. —Mm, it does have a ______ smell. A. pleasant; pleased B. pleased; pleased C. pleasant; pleasant D. pleased; pleasant 3.Boris has brains. In face, I doubt whether anyone in the class has _______ IQ. A. a high B. a higher C. the higher D. the highest 4(_______to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills. A. Brave enough students B. Enough brave students C. Students brave enough D. Students enough brave 5. I must be getting fat------- I can _______ do my trousers up. A. fairly B. hardly C. nearly D. seldom 6. He did it _____ it took me. A. one-third a time B. one-third time C. the one-third time D. one-third the time 7. Come and see me whenever _______. A. you are convenient B. you will be convenient C. it is convenient to you D. it will be convenient to you 8. ---- I was riding along the street and all of a sudden, a car cut in and knocked me down. ---- You can never be _______ careful in the street. A. much B. very C. so D. too 9. We are in _______ when we left that we forgot the airline tickets. A. a rush so anxious B. a such so anxious rush C. so an anxious rush D. such an anxious rush 10. Professor White has written some short stories, but he is ______known for his plays. A. the best B. more C. better D. the most 11. The _______ means of getting form place to place in the city is the bus. A. most commonly useful public B. most commonly public sued C. public used more commonly D. most commonly used public 12. My brother was still studying _______ into the night while I was _______ awake. A. late; sound B. lately; wide C. deeply; far D. far; late 13. It was _______ possible for her to get the 9 o?clock train. I know she got up at 9:15. A. quite B. very C. too D. much 14. ---- What does the model plane look like? ---- Well, the wings of the plane are ________ of its body. A. more than the length twice B. twice more than the length C. more than twice the length D. more twice than the length 15. ---- Wait until we get a satisfactory reply, will you? ---- I couldn?t agree ______. The idea sounds great to me. A. much B. worse C. more D. at all 16. I think this exhibition is_______ of the two. I have never seen _______ exhibition. A. by far better; the better B. far better; a better C. by far the better; a better D. far the better; a better 17. Crowds of people were turned ________ for lack of room. A. out B. to C. on D. away 18. Broadly speaking, I would agree with Shirley, though not _______. A. widely B. thoroughly C. entirely D. extensively 19. Qualities of precious jewelry _______ found buried _______ in the earth. A. was; deeply B. were; deeply C. was; deep D. were; deep 20. For some people, traveling abroad is the thing they enjoy most in life; for others, ______, cultural differences make them feel uncomfortable. A. fortunately B. even worse C. what?s more D. though 21. ----Do you really want to go out? ---- It may rain. ________ , I shall go out; I don?t mind the rain. A. anyway B. otherwise C. now that D. or else 22. ---- How do you like the film? ---- There was nothing special---- it was only_______. A. average B. usual C. normal D. common 23. Management theories are ________ but the method of doing business is different. A. the same pretty much B. much pretty the same C. the same much pretty D. pretty much the same 24.---- Tom is very stupid. He fails in every exam. ---- In my opinion, he is ________ than stupid. A. lazier B. no lazier C. more lazy D. lazier rather 25. ---- Do you play football after work? ---- Yes, ________. Playing football is not my favorite sport. A. more or less B. once in a while C. time and again D. sooner or later doctor was pleased to see how ________ she looked after her recent illness. 26. The A. right B. pleasant C. well D. good 27.Our bodies are strengthened by taking exercise. _____, our minds are developed by learning. A. Probably B. However C. Similarly D. Generally 28. The examination I took yesterday wasn?t difficult, but it was _______ long. A. much too B. so much C. too much D. very much 29. I think that a person should aim ________ and never speak ________ of himself. A. high; high B. highly; highly C. high; highly D. highly; high 30. Exercise is ________ as any other to lose unwanted weight. A. so useful a way B. as a useful way C. as useful a way D. such a useful way 1-5 ADBCB 6-10 DCDDC 11-15 DAACC 16-20 CDCDD 21-25 AADCB 26-30 CCACC 第六章 动词时态 在英语中，通过不同的时态，表示或区别在不同时间发生的动作或出现的情况，要准确地使用不同的时态，关键要弄清各种时态的定义和用法。在近年英语高考命题中对时态的考查是一个重点，所考查的主要是一般过去时，现在完成时，现在进行时，过去进行时。 一、一般现在时‎‎ 基本用法: 1(表示包括现在时刻在内整个阶段经常性和习惯性动作 The bank opens at 8:00 a.m. on weekdays. However busy I am, I write to my mother regularly. 2(表示人或物基本特征，特性及目前的状态 Now I am busy; I can?t spare time for a holiday. That street is in bad condition, and smells terrible. 3(表示客观真理，科学事实，格言及没有时限的客观存在 Knowledge is strength. Light travels faster than sound. Japan lies to the east of China. 选择:1(I ping-pong quite well, but I haven?t had time to play since the new year. A(will play B(have played C(played D(play 2(—— Can I help you, sir ? —— Yes, I bought this radio here yesterday, but it . A(didn?t work B(won?t work C(can?t work D(doesn?t work 1. 答案为D。乒乓球打得出色是一个的基本能力和特征，因此要用一般现在时。 2. 答案为D。收音机不响，反应的是收音机目前的工作状况，故用一般现在时。 改错: 1(Make sure that you will pick me up after work. 2(I?ll see to it that I will return the reference book on time. 答案:1)will pick ? pick 2)will return ? return 在see to it that… 和make sure that…句型中，从句动词用一般时，表示将来时。 二、一般过去时 基本用法: 1(表示在一个特定的过去时间，发生的事件或人或物的客观情况。该时态常跟一个表示过去时间的状语连用。如:yesterday, the night before(前天晚上)，once(曾经)， the other day = a few days ago, just now = a moment ago(刚才) I got to know him two years ago. He was seriously ill last week. 2(也可表示过去经常性或重复发生的动作或情况。 As a child, I would go to sea along with my father. China is different from what it used to be. 情态动词would do可表示过去习惯性动作;used to be / do可表示过去习惯性动作或状态。 选择:1(—— Your telephone number again ? I quite catch it. —— It?s 9568422. A(didn?t B(couldn?t C(don?t D(can?t 2(—— We could have walked to the station, it was so near. —— Yes. A taxi at all necessary. A(wasn?t B(hadn?t been C(wouldn?t D(won?t 3(—— Come on it, Peter. I want to show you something. —— Oh, how nice of you ! I you to bring me a gift. A(never think ;are going B(never thought ;were going C(didn?t think ;were going D(hadn?t thought ;were going 简析:1. 答案A。“没听清楚”发生在对方当时报电话号码那个过去时刻，故用一般过去时。 2. 答案A。根据对话的情景可知，甲乙双方都在谈论过去发生的事情。甲方用虚拟语气，责备自己当时未能步行去车站，乙方强调当时乘出租车没有必要，故用一般过去时。 3. 答案B。思维动词think, know, expect等，时态使用的原则是:表示现在的看法、知晓用一般现在时;表示过去的看法、知晓，而这种思维活动现在已不复存在，用一般过去时。根据对话可知，乙方没想到„“甲方会给他带来礼物”，发生在未见到礼物之前。一旦见到礼物，这种想法即刻消失，故think应用一般过去时。答案B比C语气强，更符合对话的情景，因此B为最佳选项。 在以下句型中，必须用一般过去时表示将来发生的动作: 1(It is(high / about)time(that)you went bed. 你该去睡觉了。 2(I would rather they came tomorrow. 我倒希望他们明天来。 三、现在完成时 1(表达形式:主动语态have / has done ;被动语态have / has been done 2(基本用法: 1)表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个过去时刻，到说话时已完成，并与现在的情况有联系。 I have turned on the electric heater(电热器)in the room. (I turned on the electric heater, and the room is getting warm now.) He has taken away my reference book. (He took away my reference book, and now I can?t use it.) 选择:The price , but I doubt whether it will remain so. A(went down B(will go down C(has gone down D(was going down 答案为C。作者对今后物价是否能继续走低，心怀疑虑，而他此时的心态是由物价下跌这一动作引发的，故用现在进行时。 2)表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻开始，一直延续到现在。可能刚结束，也可能继续下去。 ? ? 起点 Now He has been in Beijing for two years. We have had plenty of rain here since we parted last month. 自上个月我们分手以来，这里下了很多雨。 表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻持续到现在的时间状语还有in the past(last)few years, ever since, so far, up to the present(直到现在)，until now, in recent years等。 选择:—— How are you today ? —— Oh, I as ill as I do now for a long time. A(didn?t feel B(wasn?t feeling C(don?t feel D(haven?t felt 答案为D。译:我很长时间没有象今天这样周身不适。本句的实质是:今天我身体状况最差，而这以前情况基本正常，即not feel ill。这种正常身体状况从过去延续到今天截止。故应用现在完成时。 关于现在完成时，请注意以下三点: 1)现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:现在完成时表示的动作或状态或与在有联系，它强调的是对现在的影响。一般过去时表示的动作或状态已成为历史，不复存在，与现在无关系。 He has worked in Paris for two years. (现在人仍在巴黎。) He worked in Paris for two years. (现在人已不在巴黎。) 2)可用句型It is +(一段时间)+ since(主语)+(动词的过去时)，解决瞬间动词不能与一段时间连用的矛盾。如: It is ten years since he left Shanghai. It is about two years since I got married to Jane. 3)下列句型的分句中动词用现在完成时。如: It is the first(序数词)time(that)I have visited China. 我是我第一次访问中国。 This is the most beautiful(形容词最高级)city that I have ever seen. 这是我见过的最美丽的城市。 四、过去完成时 1(表达形式 主动语态had done ;被动语态had been done 2(基本用法 1)在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已完成的动作。 had done ? ? ? Now 例:He said that he had arrived three days before. 2)动作或状态在过去某一时间之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间。 例:By the time he came we had worked for two hours. had done ? ? ? Now 例1:—— Mary came back yesterday. —— Where she ? A(had; been B(did; go C(has; been D(had; gone 答案为A。乙方要问的是“在昨天之前，她去过哪里”，属过去的过去。故应用过去完成时。 例2:Until then, his family from him for two months. A(didn?t hear B(hasn?t heard C(hadn?t heard D(heard nothing 译:到那个时候，他家人已有两个月没有收到他的来信。 答案为C。“未收到来信”这种情况持续到那个时候，而不是现在。根据过去完成时的第二种用法，应用过去完成时。 例3:用正确时态填空 I (mean)to go on Monday, but I have stayed at their request. 答案为had meant。动词hope, wish, intend, mean, want, expect等，其过去完成时可表示“过去未曾实现的希望，打算或意图”。 五、现在进行时 1(表达形式:主动形式:am / is / are doing 被动形式am / is / are being done 2(基本用法 表示此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。 The students are preparing for the entrance exam at present. 表示目前的变化、发展和进展过程，需要用现在进行时。 Selecting a mobile phone for perponal use is no easy task because technology is changing so rapidly. 请注意以下两点: (现在进行时与一般现在时的区别:一般现在时表示的动作，其特征为经常 1 性;现在进行时表示的动作，其特征具有暂时性。经常性与暂时性是区分这两种时 态的主要尺度。 例:—— Is this raincoat yours ? —— No, mine there behind the door. A(is hanging B(has hung C(hangs D(hung 答案为A。这段对话大多发生在下班，会议或社交活动结束后，人们各自找自己的雨具这样的场合。“雨衣挂在门后”是临时性的，故用现在进行时。 2(进行时与always, continually, constantly, forever等副词连用，作为一种修辞手段，用于表达赞扬、不满、抱怨等情绪。 He is always thinking of others. 他总是为别人着想。(赞扬) At school he was constantly playing trick on others. 在校读书时，他老是捉弄人。(厌恶) 六、过去进行时 1(表达形式 主动态:was / were doing ;被动形式:was / were being done 2(基本用法 用于表示在过去某一时刻或过去某一阶段正在进行的动作。 I was making a long-distance call to my near relative before you arrived. In those years we were having a hard time. 例:1.—— Hey, look where you are going ! —— Oh, I?m terribly sorry. . A(I?m not noticing B(I wasn?t noticing C(I haven?t noticed D(I don?t notice 2.Tom into the house when no one . A(slipped; was looking B(had slipped; looked C(slipped; had looked D(was slipped; looked 1. 答案为B。“走路时心不在焉，不注意前进方向”，发生在甲方责备他之前那段已过去的时间里。故应用过去进行时。 2.译文:汤姆乘着没有人注意，溜进房屋。答案为A。when, while, as引导的时间状语从句，若主句动作与从句动作同时进行，且一长一短。那么持续时间长的动作用进行时，持续短的动作用一般时。本题中“溜slip”发生在没有人注视这一过程中，“溜slip”为短动作，故用一般过去时，而watch“注视”持续时间长，应用过去进行时。 七、一般将来时 1(基本用法 表示将来或即将发生的动作 2(表达形式 主动形式:shall / will do ;shall / will be doing 被动形式:shall / will be done shall用于第一人称，will用于所有人称 I won?t be free tonight. I will be waiting for you outside after school. 一般将来时其他表达形式如下: 1)am / is / are going to do 用于表示a)预先打算做某事。b)有迹象表明即将发生的动作。 are going to visit the Great Wall at weekends. We Listen to the loud crash of thunder. It?s going to rain. 听那震耳的雷声，天就要下雨了。 2)am / is / are to do 用于表示按 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 、安排要进行的动作 The meeting is to be held tomorrow. 注1: 该结构也可当情态动词用，表示“命令”、“可能” You are to be back by 9 o?clock at the latest. 你必须最迟在9点之前回家。 This kind of book is nowhere to be bought. = This kind of book can?t be bought anywhere. 注2:用在if 条件句中，表示“想”。If we are to be there in time, we?ll have to hurry up. 3)be about to do 用于表达某动作马上要发生 Be quick ! Flight No. 302 to Tokyo is about to take off. 改错:Allention please ! The concert is about to start in five minutes. 删去in five minutes。 be about to do不能与具体时间状语连用。 4)转移动词go, come, start, leave, arrive, return, sail等以及win, lose, die可用进行时表示将来时。 The ship is sailing for Shanghai tomorrow. It seems to me that our team is losing. 八、过去将来时 1(基本用法 表示在过去某一时刻尚未发生的动作或存在的状态。 2(表达形式 主动语态:should / would do 被动语态:should / would be done I never imagined that he would become a doctor. I promised my boss that I would finish this work by the end of this month. 一般将来时的其他表达形式，也适用于过去将来时 I felt that something terrible was about to happen. 请注意: ?when, once, until, as soon as等引导的时间状语从句 ?if, unless, so long as等引导的条件状语从句 ?even if, though, whenever, whether…or(不管…还是…)等引导的让步状语从句 若从句动作未发生，应用一般时表示将来时。 I will let you know if he comes back. He said that he wouldn?t lose heart even if he failed. Whatever happens, do be calm. 九、被动语态 1(定义:若主语是谓语动作的承受者，即主谓语为被动关系，则谓语动词应用被动形式。 The question is being discussed at the meeting. up socialist construction. 必须充分利用时间 Full time should be made use of to speed 加速社会主义建设。 ?下列情况不能用被动语态: a(不及物动词及不及物性的短语动词，如happen, appear, disappear, break out, take place等 b(状态动词或系动词。 例:There is no doubt that Taiwan is belonged to China.(错) His head is felt hot.(错) This plan was proved practical.(错) ?下列情况用主动形式表示被动意义: a(表示事物的名词作主语，谓语表示该事物的特征。 例:This book sells well. This cloth washes well. b(动词前有情态动词won?t, wouldn?t，表示该动作难以实现。 例:The door won?t open. 这扇门就是关不起来。 The engine wouldn?t start this morning. 今天上午这马达怎么也发动不起来。 动词时态练习 一、经典高考考题重现。 (04全国卷) 1. My mind wasn?t on what he was saying so I' m afraid I ______ half of it. A. was missing B. had missed C. will miss D. missed (04浙江卷) 2. The discussion ____ alive when an interesting topic was brought in. A. was coming B. had come C. has come D. came (04福建卷) 3. She has set a new record ,that is ,the sales of her latest book ________ 50 million. A(have reached B(has reached C(are reaching D(had reached (04江苏卷) 4. More patients ___________ in hospital this year than last year. A. treated B. have treated C. had been treated D. have been treated (04湖北卷) 5. He kept looking at her , wondering whether he her somewhere . A(saw B(has seen C(sees D(had seen (04浙江卷) 6. Because the shop _____, all the T-shirts are sold at half price. A. has closed down B. closed down C. is closing down D. had closed down (04北京春季) 7. ,Sorry to have interrupted you. Please go on. ,Where was I? ,You ______ you didn?t like your father?s job. A. had said B. said C. were saying D. had been saying (04湖南卷) 8. Turn on the television or open a magazine and you advertisements showing happy families. A. will often see B. often see C. are often seeing D. have often seen (04北京卷) 9. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy _____ going back to school, but she hasn?t decided yet. A. had considered B. has been considering C. considered D. is going to consider (04北京卷) 10.The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympics __ by 2006. A. has been completed B. has completed C. will have been completed D. will have completed 1-5 DDADD 6-10 CCABC 二、提高练习。 1. ---I thought you were proud of the work I . ---I?m afraid not. You?d better change it for another. A(do B(had done C(did D(would 2. ---Sorry, Joe, I didn?t mean to… ---Don?t call me “Joe”. I?m Mr. Parker to you, and ______ you forget it! A. do B. didn?t C. did D. don?t 3. Nobody could have guessed, 20 years ago, the important place in Chinese history that Shenzhen______. A. was having B. was to have C. had had D. had 4. The plane over the landing field for twenty minutes when the pilot was told that he should use the Eastside Field. A(had been circling B(is circling C(was circling D(had circled 5. ---What about the situation there? ---Oh, it ________ as serious as it does now for a long time. A. didn?t look B. wasn?t looking C. doesn?t look D. hasn?t looked 6. ---Why! Where?s my passport? Maybe I left it on the plane. ---My Goodness! You ______ things behind! A. had never left B. didn?t leave C. never left D. haven?t left 7. Doctors and medical supplies to the scene of the accident after the train crash. A(had been rushed B(were rushed C(were rushing D(rushed 8. All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her nervousness_____. A. has grown B. is growing C. grew D. had grown 9. ---The former president was caught at last. ---Really? Where himself? A(had he hidden B(has he hidden C(was he hidden D(has he been hiding 10. After a tsunami hit Southeast and South Asia last month, up to150,000 ________ and thousands more _________ . A. were killed; are still unknown B. have been killed; were still unknown C. are killed; are still unknown D. had been killed; were still unknown 11. Why don?t you put the meat in the fridge? It will fresh for several days. A(be stayed B(stay C(be staying D(have stayed 12. You ____ things about. Look, what a mess in your room! A. always throw B. have always thrown C. are always throwing D. have always been throwing 13. Plant more trees in this area, otherwise we ______ from sandstorms. A. often suffer B. will often suffer C. is often suffer D. will often be suffered 14. ---Henry, the phone is ringing. Do you want me to go…? ---No, sit still. ________. A. I'll get it B. I am to get it C. I' m getting it D. I am going to get it. 15. The article suggests that when a person ______ under unusual stress he should be especially careful to have a well—balanced diet. A. be B. is C. were D. was 16. The prices of agricultural products while those of industrial products only a little. A. are going up; have been brought down B. have gone up; are being brought down C. are being gone up; has brought down D. have been gone up; are bringing down 17. ---I thought you might have got drunk. ---Yes, I ______. A( have B(had C(did do D(might have 18. We plan to reach the North Pole in mid-July, and by then we for six weeks. A(are walking B(have been walking C(will be walking D(will have been walking 19. How can you possibly miss the news? It ______ on TV all day long. A. has been B. had been C. was D. will be 20. I don?t understand how you got a ticket. I always you a careful driver. A(think…are B(am thinking…are C(thought…were D(think…were 21. ---Why did you come by taxi? ---My bike broke down last night and I ________ it repaired. A. didn't have B. don't have C. won't have D. haven't had 22. ---Do you mean we have to break off the experiment for dinner? ---Yes, it in the dining room; no waiting after the set time. A(is served B(serves C(is being served D(will serve 23. --- Fined $20! You know you ______ 100 km an hour, don?t you? ---No, officer! I can?t have been. This car doesn?t do 80. A. are driving B. have driven C. drove D. were driving 24. ---Do you regret having left your first job? ---Why should I? I ______ as much, but I enjoy more of my present job. A. didn?t earn B. don?t earn C. hadn?t earned D. haven?t earned 25. It seems oil _____ from this pipe for some time. We will have to take the machine apart to put it right. A. has leaked B. is leaking C. leaked D. has been leaking 26. Once a programme put into a computer, it accordingly. A. is; acts B. is being; is acting C. has been; will act D. will be; acts 27. ---Could you lend me that book you me about when I telephoned you? ---No, I am sorry. I can?t. I gave it to a friend. A(were telling B(would tell C(had told D(had been telling 28. --- How huge these tomatoes! You must have applied much fertilizer(肥料) to them. --- Yes, I _________ . They ought to be ripe enough to pick by next Tuesday. A. do B. must C. have D. did 29. ---Peter, you _____ the car down at once. ---Ok! Oh! The car ______ gone. A. wash, is B. will wash, is C. wash, was D. will wash, has 30. ---The possibility of a flood was just reported over the radio. --- I know. I heard about it. The river ______ the top of its bank. A. has reached B. reaching C. had been reached D. had reached 1-5ADBAD 6-10CBCAA 11-15BCBAB 16-20ACDA 21-25DCDBD 26-30CACAD 第七章 情态动词 情态动词具有一定的词义，没有人称和数的变化，不能单独充当谓语。它和谓语动词连用，表示“请求，愿望，建议，推测”等意义。 第一节 交际 1(表示“请求”，请别人做事。用will, would, can , could。 句型:(1)Will / Would you(please)do … , (2)Can / Could you do … ? 在这两个句型中would, could比will, can更正式、客气。 Will / Would you please explain the text once again ? Can / Could you tell me what time Flight 312 arrives? 2(询问是否“许可”。用can / could，may / might 句型:(1)May / Might I do … ? (2)Can / Could I do…? 在这两个句型中could, might比can, may更正式、客气。 — Could I use your car ? — Yes, of course, you can ?(回答必须用can) — Might I have a look at your new computer ? — Yes, you may(回答必须用may)或Please go ahead. 3(自己想做，要求对方做决定, 即征询对方 意见 文理分科指导河道管理范围浙江建筑工程概算定额教材专家评审意见党员教师互相批评意见 。用shall，用于第一人称和第三人称。 句型:Shall I(we, he, she it, they)… ,译“要不要…,” — The room is so dirty. Shall we clean it? ? — Of course. (03全国春季) Shall these goods be sent over to you at once ? 要不要把这些货物马上送给你, 4(表示规劝，建议 1)正面的规劝，表示“最好”，“应该”，或“必须”做某事。 ?表示“最好”，用had better，may / might as well或It is better / best to do sth. You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers may not like the design of the furniture. (04上海春季) If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better forget it—you?ve got some big bills coming. (04广东卷)(better forget it相当于You had better forget it.) ?表示“有义务或有必要”，用should或ought to。 即“应该”。 If you see anything unusual, you should call the police. ?用must 译:“必须”。 The guide required that all passengers must wear seat belts. 导游要求所有旅客必须系安全带。 2)反面的规劝，表示“不必”，“不应当”，或“不许”做某事。 ?表示“不必”，用needn?t 或 don?t have to 。 --- I don't mind telling you what I know. --- You needn?t. I'm not asking you for it. (04江苏卷) You needn?t return / don?t have to return the book now. You can keep it till next week. ?表示“不应该”，用shouldn?t 或 oughtn?t to。 We shouldn?t throw cold water on them. 我们不应当给他们泼冷水。 ?表示“不许”,用mustn?t。 You mustn?t smoke in class. 上课时不准吸烟。 needn?t / don?t have to ? shouldn?t ? mustn?t 语气逐步加强 5(须区别或注意的情态动词 1)can, could与be able to的区别 a)表示能力时can和be able to可以互换使用 I can / am able to speak English. She could / was able to read novels at ten. b)表示在过去某一特定场合下，一次性表现出来的能力，只能用was / were able to。 The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone get out. A(had to B(would C(could D(was able to(答案D)(97全国) 2)shall用在主语是第二、第三人称的陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的许诺或命令。 Work hard and you shall be paid. 好好干，你会得到报酬的。(许诺) You shall leave here at once. = You must leave here at once. (命令) shall也用于法律、法令或规章等正式文件中，表示义务或规定。译“应，必须”。 The fine shall be paid in cash. 罚款应以现金交纳。 3)need和dare的用法。 改错: 1)To become a member of this club, one need attend three meeting and pay his fees regularly. A B C D 2)We do need masses of young people who dare accept all kinds of challenges. A B C D a)need(需要)，dare(敢于)可作行为动词用，句型need to do, dare to do。也可作情态动词，但不能用在肯定句。在肯定句中只能作行为动词使用，故第一题B错，need ? needs to;第二题C错，accept ? to accept b)need,作情态动词用时，无人称变化。need用于否定句和疑问句中;dare用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中。 You needn?t work so hard. ? You don?t need to work so hard. — Need I go at once. Yes, you must. / No, you needn?t. Mary dare not touch the snake. ? Mary doesn?t dare(to)touch the snake. Dare you walk through the forest at night ? If the enemy dare enter our country, we will fight against them to the end. 如果敌人胆敢进入我国，我们就和他们战斗到底。 4)should的用法。 should除表示“应该”外，还可用于表示情感、意志等句中的that从句。译“竟然、居然”。例如: You can?t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman _____ be so rude to a lady. A. might B. need C. should D. would (答案C)(01上海) 第二节 推测 1(根据某一事实、现象推测可能发生的情况。用must, may, might。下表比较了三者表示推测肯定程度的差别，以及对不同情况推测的表达方式。 大 可 能 性 小 对当前情况的推测 对已发生情况推测 对将来可能发生的情况 must be be doing must have done 不能 may be be doing may have done may do might be be doing might have done might do 例:You must be tired. Go home and have a good rest. (对目前的推测) The light is on in the lab. Mr Li must still be doing experiments. (对目前的推测) Sorry I'm late. I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again. (对过去的推测)(2000北京春季) 注:1)must表示推测仅用于对当前和已发生的情况，不能用于推测将来可能发生的事情。must表示推测仅用于肯定句。在否定句和疑问句中，必须用can / could取代must。 Mr Li can?t still be doing experiments at present. My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared(Who ___________ have taken it, A(should?? ?B(must? ?C(could? ?D(would 答案C (03上海春季) 2)may / might可以用于推测将来可能发生的情况，既可用于肯定句，也可 用于否定句，但不能用于疑问句。在疑问句中，同样使用can / could。 例:1. —Is John coming by train? — He should, but he________not. He likes driving his car. A. must B. can C. need D. may 答案D (02全国) 2. — Your son may return to Nanjing tomorrow by way of Hong Kong. — Wonderful! But how can he come, by air or sea? 2(根据经验或惯例对某一情况进行推测，用should或ought to，常译成“按理应该…”或“可能会……”。 It?s nearly seven o?clock. Jack should be here at any moment. 时间已将近7点了，按理Jack该回来了。 第三节 反思 1(表示“当时本应该做，而实际上没有做”，用: ?should have done或ought to have done ?could have done或might have done 句型?责备的语气强于句型? 例:1. Mr. White should have arrived at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn?t? show up. (04广西卷) 2.He might have given you more help, even though he was busy. 2(表示“当时没有必要”做某事 ?needn?t have done 当时做了某事，但事实上没有必要 You needn?t have told him the news; he knew it already. didn?t have to do 通常指当时某事没有必要做且没有做。 She told me that she had a daughter and didn?t have to have another baby. 第四节 虚拟语气 虚拟语气是指所说的话只是一个与事实相反的主观愿望或假想。虚拟语气可用于条件状语从句、名词从句以及其他结构中。 一、if引导的非真实条件中的虚拟语气。 1、三种形式。具体情况见下表: 假设类型 if条件句谓语动词形式 主句谓语动词形式 与现在事实相反 动词用过去时形式(be用were) would / could / might + do(动词原形) 与过去事实相反 had done would / could / might have done 将来不可能发生 were to do或should do would / could / might + do(动词原形) 例:1. If there were no gravity, we would not be able to walk on the earth. 假如没有引力，我们就不可能在地球上行走。 2. We would have succeeded if we had made enough preparations. 当初要是作了充分的准备，我们就有可能成功。 3. This kind of boiler is very safe. If it were to go wrong, the controlling system would cut off the fuel oil supply automatically. 这种锅炉很安全。万一锅炉发生故障，控制系统会自动切断燃油的供给。 2、if虚拟条件句的省略。 若虚拟条件从句中有were, had, should, 可把if省略，而把were, had, should提到主语前面，成为倒装结构。 例:1.If I were you, I would accept the challenge. ? Were I you, I would accept the challenge. 2. If you had informed me earlier, I wouldn?t have signed the contract. ?Had you informed me earlier, I wouldn?t have signed the contract. 当初你要早点告诉我，我是不会签那个 合同 劳动合同范本免费下载装修合同范本免费下载租赁合同免费下载房屋买卖合同下载劳务合同范本下载 的。 3、错综时间条件句。 在这种虚拟条件句中，从句动作和主举动作发生的时间不一致，因此，从句和主句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选择适当的动词形式。 例:1. If I were you, I would have taken that job. (从句指现在，主句指过去) 你错过了这么好的机会。我要是你，我当时就接受那份工作。 2. Had her husband not been killed in the war, she would not be helping others with housework now. (从句指过去，主句指现在) 如果她的丈夫那时没有死与战争的话，她现在不会帮人做家务了。 4、含蓄虚拟条件句。 有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来，而是以其他形式表现出来。 1)介词短语but for 或 without。译:“要不是，要是没有”。 例:1. But for electricity (= If it were not for electricity), there would be no modern industry. 要是没有电，就不会有现代化工业。 2. Without your help (If it had not been for your help), we could not have succeeded. 当初没有您的帮助，我们不可能成功。 2)or 或otherwise。句型:did(过去时)，or / otherwise would have done. 例:I ran all the way to school, otherwise I would have been late. 我一路跑到学校，否则，我就会迟到了。 3)but句型:(1)would do but do (一般现在时) (2)would have done but did (一般过去时) My daughter would gain weight but she doesn?t eat enough. ---- Why didn?t you help him out? ---- I would have but I didn?t have money. 5、wish后的宾语从句和if only引导的感叹句中的虚拟语气。 wish后的宾语从句和if only引导的感叹句表达的是与客观事实相反的愿望，需用虚拟语气。wish that从句 = if only + 从句 译:“要是……就好了” 或 “但愿……”。 1)愿望与事实相反。从句谓语动词用:were或did (过去时形式) I wish I knew the answer to the question. = If only I knew the answer to the question. 我要能知道那个问题的答案就好了。 2)愿望与过去事实相反。从句谓语动词用:had done (过去完成时形式) We had a great time last night. ---- ---- I wish that I had not been ill yesterday. = If only I had not been ill yesterday. 昨天我要是不生病那该多好啊～ 3)愿望将来不大可能发生。从句谓语动词用:would / could / might do I wish that it would be fine tomorrow. = If only it would be fine tomorrow. 但愿明天是个好天气。 6、“(should) + 动词原形 ”的形式在名词从句中的运用。 在这些从句中should可以省略，具体运用在以下三种情况下。 1)用在谓语动词为suggest(建议)，insist(坚持)，adivse(建议)，order(命令)， desire(希望)，demand(require， request)(要求、请求) 的宾语从句中。 2)suggestion, advice(忠告), order, demand, desire(愿望)等名词后的同位语从句或表语从句中。 3)在固定句型中: It is important / necessary (essential) (必要的)/ desirable (希望) that (should) do 例:1. I suggest that our manager (should) go there by sea. 我建议我们的经理由海路去那里。 2. Our desire is that we (should) get a rise in salary as soon as possible. 我的愿望是能尽快涨工资。 3. It is essential that you (should) win the voter?s hearts. 赢得选民的心是绝对必要的。 提高练习: 一、考题重现。 (04天津卷) 1. ---- Who is the girl standing over there ? ---- Well, if you know, her name is Mabel. A. may B. can C. must D. shall (03全国卷) 2. A left luggage office is a place where bags be left for a short time, especially at a railway station. A(should B(can C(must D(will (04浙江卷) 3. I ____ pay Tracy a visit, but I am not sure whether I will have time this Sunday. A. should B. might C. would D. could (04江苏卷) 4. --- I don't mind telling you what I know. --- You . I'm not asking you for it. A. mustn't B. may not C. can't D. needn?t (04上海春季) 5. You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers ________ not like the design of the furniture. ?? ??A. must??? B. shall?? ? C. may? ?? D. need (04全国卷) 6. ---- Isn?t that Ann's husband over there? -----No, it _______ be him. I'm sure he doesn't wear glasses. A. can't B. must not C. won't D. may not (04福建卷) 7. ----I?ll tell Mary about her new job tomorrow. ----You________ her last week. A(ought to tell B(would have told C(must tell D(should have told (04重庆卷) 8. “The interest be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides,” declared the judge. A. may B. should C. must D. shall (98全国) 9. ----When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon. ---- They_____ be ready by 12:00. (03上海春季) A. can B. should C. might D. need 10. Look at the trouble I am in～If only I ___________ your advice( A(followed??????? B(would follow C(had followed??? D(should follow 1-5 CBADC 6-10 ADDBC 二(自我测评. 1. Last year?s SARS outbreak tells us that a sound public health system _______ be built up and strengthened in our country. A. should B. can C. will D. may 2. Children under 12 years of age in that country ________ be under adult supervision when in a public library. A. must B. may C. can D. need 3. --- Can I tell my best friend about it? --- No. I don?t want anyone else to know. You tell anyone. A(won?t B(mustn?t C(don?t have to D(don?t need to 4. --- Amazing! You ______ wear slippers at work. --- Don?t you know it?s a fashion. A. should B. ought to C. dare D. mustn?t 5. --- Did you have difficulty finding John?s house? --- Not really. John had given us good directions and we ______ find it. A. would B. could C. had to D. were able to 6. --- We need a person badly to think up such an idea . --- the new comer have a try ? A(Shall B(May C(Should D(Need 7. It has been announced that all the poultry(家禽) within 3km of farms infected with bird flu _____ be killed to bring the disease under control. A. will B. shall C. need D. may 8. If you _____ be in time for the flight to Paris, be sure to start out by 5:00 p.m. at the latest. A. are to B. are about to C. will D. are due to 9. --- I would like to take tomorrow off, _______ I ? --- I?m afraid you can?t. There are many things for us to then, you see. A. shall B. may C. would D. should 10. --- ________ you be happy! --- The same to you! A. wish B. Hope C. May D. Should 11. --- Well, lost again! --- It is not very important. We ___ as well forget about it. OK? A. can?t B. mustn?t C. might D. should 12. --- Do you know Uncle Tom is crazy about gardening? --- Sure. He ____ his flowers in the garden now. A. may be watering B. must be watering C. could look after D. ought to watch 13. --- Hurry up, Michael! It?s ten to three. --- Goodness me! The class ______ . I?ll be late again. A. must begin B. may begin C. should have begun D. must have begun 14. Mr. Smith is on time for everything. How _______ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony. A. can B. should C. may D. must 15. --- There is a lot of smoke coming out of the house. --- Really? It _____ be a fire, most probably. A. must B. might C. ought to D. can 16. --- Where will you start your work after graduation? --- Mmm, it's not been decided yet. I ____ continue my study for a higher degree. A. need B. must C. would D. might 17. --- I telephoned you twice last night, but anyhow, I couldn?t get through to your house. --- I think that the lines might have been out of order, ______? A. don?t you B. haven?t they C. weren?t they D. hadn?t they 18. He has made so many mistakes in his homework that he ______ not have been allowed to watch TV while doing it. A. could B. must C. would D. should 19. --- Hank Stream didn?t turn up last night, did he? --- No. We for him. A whole night was wasted. A. needn?t have waited B. couldn?t have waited C. needn?t have to wait D. didn?t need to wait 20. ---They haven?t finished the work up to now. --- How absurd of them! They _________two days ago. A. should B. should have C. would D. must have 21. We so much had we not had your help. A. will not achieve B. would not have achieved C. do not achieve D. did not achieve 22. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing nowadays if I _____ in love, at the age of seven, with the library in my hometown. A. wouldn?t have fallen B. should not fall C. had not fallen D. were not to fall 23. I supported him in time, otherwise he ________ off the bike. A. might fall B. would fall C. would have fallen D. should have fallen 24. The traffic accident wouldn?t have happened yesterday, but the driver _____ really careless. A. had been B. is C. were D. was 25. --- Did you meet with the famous space hero , Yang Liwei ? --- No. If only I here earlier ! A(came B(had come C(would come D(have come 1-5AABAD 6-10 ABABC 11-15 CBDAC 16-20 DCDAB 21-25BCCDB 第八章 非谓语动词 不定式(infinitive)、分词(participle)、动名词(gerund)是非谓语动词，在句子中不能作谓语。以下表格列出了他们各自在句中的作用。(?表示可以在句中担任的语法成分，×则表示不可以。) 作用 种类 主语 宾语 宾语补足语 表语 定语 状语 不定式 ? ? ? ? ? ? 动名词 ? ? × ? ? × 分 词 × × ? ? ? ? 非谓语动词在句中的特点、性质、用法、区别及使用注意事项分述如下: 第一节、非谓语动词作主语 可作主语的非谓语形式为:不定式和动名词。其表达形式为: 不定式:主动态 to do; 被动态 to be done; 动名词:主动态 doing; 被动态 being done。 例1:To act like that is foolish. 例2:It is impossible for me to buy the car with cash. 要我用现金买那辆车是不可能的。 例3:Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old. 例4:—— What made you so late for work today ? —— Driving to the office was very slow this morning because of heavy traffic. 因为交通拥挤，今早开车上班非常慢。 一般说来，动名词和不定式作主语，可以互换，其意义没有多大差别，但须注意以下两点: 1(表示具体的，尤其是未发生的动作，倾向用不定式(如例2)。 表示无时限的泛指动作(如例3)或描述当时的情况(如例4)，倾向用动名词。 2(在下列句型用动名词作主语 It is no good doing.(……没有用) There is no doing. (……不可能) It is no good arguing with him. 和他争论没有用。 There is no knowing what may happen. = It is impossible to know what may happen. 练习: 1((改错)As is known, learn a foreign language well requires great efforts. 2((改错)Though flying balloons are easy, balloonists must watch the weather carefully. 3((选择)_______ to sunlight for too much will do harm to one?s skin. A. Exposed to B. Exposing C. Having exposed D. Being exposed 答案:1(learn ? learning 原形动词不能作主语。 2(are ? is 单个动名词作主语，谓语用单数。 3.答案D。句义:遭太阳暴晒对皮肤有害。本题考查动名词作主语。分析句子结构可知，待选项在句中作主语，又因为人与expose为被动关系，所以选D。 第二节、非谓语动词作表语 可作表语的非谓语动词为:不定式，动名词。 1(Your task this morning is to deliver the mail to Professor Smith. 你今天上午的任务是把这个邮件送给史密斯教授。(不定式解释主语内容) 2(My hobby is collecting stamps. (动名词解释主语内容) 1. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ____it more difficult.(99全国)A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make 2.分析句子是否正确: What we do is prepare our students to face fierce competitions when they enter society. 1、答案B。is后有两个表语，两者必须在结构上对称。第一个表语为不定式to make life easier，则第二个表语也应该为不定式，所以选B。 2、正确。当主语部分有实义动词do 时，作表语的不定式可以省略to; 若没有实义动词do,表语中to不能省略。 第三节、非谓语动词作宾语 可作宾语的非谓语动词为:不定式和动名词。 1(不定式作宾语 例1(He demanded to know the truth. 例2(The car failed to stop at the red light. 那辆轿车看到红灯没有停。 英语中有相当数量的动词，只能以不定式作宾语。如: agree(同意)，decide, refuse, pretend(假装)，manage(设法)，promise, seem, happen, hope, wish, offer to do(表示愿望) afford to do(买得起，承担得起)，bother to do(特意)，choose to do(愿意或决定) attempt / seek to do(试图) learn to do(学习或学会) 短语 would like(love)to do，would prefer to do(更愿意)，be about to do(即将), 介词 but / except to do 例1)I have no choice but to give up the plan. 2)There was nothing we could do except wait. 注:but / except前有实义动词do, 其后to必须省去 请注意以下几点: 1)疑问代词如what，which;疑问副词如when, whether(why除外)引导的不定式可作know, decide等的宾语，在意义上相当与一个未曾发生的宾语从句。 例1(We haven?t decided what steps to take next. ? We haven?t decided what steps we should take next. 2(I really don?t know whether to write to her or give her a phone call. ? I really don?t know whether I should write to her or give her a phone call. 这种结构也可以作主语和表语 例1(What to do next remains to be discussed. 下一步该怎么办有待于讨论。 例2(Our difficulty is where to get enough money. 2)为了避免重复，不定式可省去与前边重复的动词原形，而保留“to”。 例:—— Would you like to go for a picnic with me ? —— I?d love to, but I can?t spare any time at present.(to后省略了go for a picnic with you) 3)不定式的时态与语态: 主 动 语 态 被 动 语 态 形 式 时 间 概 念 形 式 时间概念 to do (一般时) 1)未发生2)和谓语动作同时 to be done 同 左 to be doing (进行时) 谓语动作发生时，正在进行 to have done (完成时) 发生在谓语动作之前 to have been done 同 左 不定式的进行时和完成时常用在下列句型中: seem / appear(似乎)to 1)S(人，物)happen(碰巧)to pretend to be said(据说)to be thought / supposed / considered/ believed(据认为)to )S(人，物)be reported(据报导)to 2 be known(知道)to 请注意:考查不定式的时态和语态，主要集中在以上句型中，是高考的重点和热点。 I happened to be standing next to him when he fell down. The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broad daylight yesterday. 据当地报纸指导，这家银行昨天在光天化日之下遭到抢劫。 He is known to have been arrested by the police. 人们都知道他曾被警察逮捕过。 4)was / were to have done ;would like to have done wished(hoped / wanted / intended / meant)to have done 表示当时想做，而实际不能做到 I was to have picked you up at the airport, but I forgot about it. I intended to have helped you out but I had no money then. 我当时真想帮助你摆脱困境，可是我那时身无分文。 2(动名词作动词或介词的宾语 I can?t imagine marrying a girl of that sort. 我很难想象与那种女子结婚后的情形。 I narrowly missed being killed in the car accident. 在那次车祸中我死里逃生。 He admitted having stolen my bicycle. 他承认偷了我的自行车。 There is no point in arguing any further.再争议下去毫无意义。 1)下列动词必须带动名词结构作宾语: understand(理解)，admit(承认)，keep(on)(继续)，practise(练习)，finish(完成)，imagine(想象)，miss(错过，避免)，avoid(避免)，escape (逃避)，suggest(建议)，dislike(讨厌)，enjoy(喜欢)，delay(推迟)，excuse(原谅)，mind(介意)，appreciate(感激)，oppose(反对)。 另外，有的词既可带动名词做宾语，亦可带不定式做宾语补足语，请区别清楚。如: allow doing(比较:allow sb. to do) advise doing(比较:advise sb. to do) 2)下列短语必须带动名词结构作宾语: be worth(值得)，pay attention to(注意)，object to(反对)，can?t help(情不自禁)，devote oneself to(致力于)，put off(推迟)，be / get used to(习惯于)，feel like(想要)，look forward to(盼望)，get down to(开始做，认真做某事)，how / what about(……怎么样)，There is no point (in) doing sth (做某事毫无意义) 3)下列动词可以用不定式作宾语，也可以用动名词作宾语，但有明显的语义差别。 remember doing 回忆起过去做过的事 remember to do 记住要做的事 forget doing 忘记了曾做过的事 forget to do 忘记该做的事 regret doing 对已发生的事表示后悔 regret to do 对现在要发生的事表示抱歉 mean doing 意味着，意思是 mean to do 打算，想要 try doing 试一试某种方法 try to do 设法去做一件事 比较1(I don?t mean to give up the plan. 我不打算放弃这个计划。 A break down on our way would mean our walking for hours. 汽车半路抛锚意味着我们要步行几个小时。 比较2(I have always deeply regretted selling(having sold)the farm.我一直为卖掉这个农场而后悔不已。 We regret to tell you that you owe the bank &100. 我们很遗憾地告诉你，你欠银行100英镑。 第四节、非谓语动词作状语 作状语的非谓语动词为:分词和不定式 1(现在分词和过去分词的区别 1)现在分词表示主动，译为“令人……”;过去分词表示被动，译为“感到…”，这是两者最重要的区别 The weather of this summer is disappointing. My parents will be disappointed with me if I fail the exam. 描述事物或事情的性质一般用现在分词。 描述人的情感一般用过去分词。 I don?t think it surprising for such a bad man to have been punished.(it指“象这样的坏人受到惩罚”这件事) There was a surprised expression in her eyes.她的眼里流露出惊讶的神情。(人的表情是情感的具体表现，故应用过去分词来修饰expression) 2)现在分词通常表示动作正在进行;过去分词通常表示动作已完成。 Power stations employ falling water to produce electricity. The ground is covered with fallen leaves. 2(现在分词的时态与语态 主 动 语 态 被 动 语 态 形 式 时 间 概 念 形 式 时 间 概 念 doing 1)正在进行 2)与谓语动作同时 being done 动作正在进行 having done 分词动作发生在谓语动作之前 having been done 同左 3(分词表示时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随或补充说明等 a)分词做时间、原因、条件、让步状语的表达形式如下: doing done having done S(主语)+ V having been done S(主语)+ V (主动关系) (被动关系) Not understanding its meaning, he asked the teacher to explain the word. (表原因:understanding与句子主语he之间是主动关系，同谓语动词asked同时 发生) Having made a decision, they immediately set out to work. (表时间:make a decision与句子主语之间是主动关系且发生于谓语动词set out之前) Having been experimented many times, this new product will be put into mass production. 由于这一新产品已实验过多次，不久将投入批量生产。 (表原因:experimented与主语product为被动关系，且先于谓语动词put之前发生) 词作上述状语时，它的位置可置于主句之前，也可置于主语之后。 例:They, having made a decision, set out to work. 选择:The research is so designed that once_____nothing can be done to change it. (02全国) A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun 本题考查状语从句的省略，难度较大。若时间、原因、条件和让步状语从句的主语与主句主语相同，且从句部分有be时，可省略从句主语及be。省略后的形式如下: (1) when(while, until, once, as, if, though等)+ doing 从句谓语动词与主语为主动关系 (2) when(while, until, once, as, if, though等)+ done从句谓语动词与主语为被动关系 表示“某一事件的开始”，begin既可用主动态，也可以用被动态。状语从句表达形式: (1)Once it beings。这种形式，不具备省略条件。 (2)Once it is begun。具备省略条件(有be)。省略后的形式为:Once begun。 所以本题选D。 b)分词作伴随状语时, 其形式为:(1)doing(2)done。究竟用现在分词还是过去分词，取决于该动作与句子主语是主动还是被动关系 “We can?t going out in this weather,” said Bob, looking out of the window.(04重庆) The boy sat in the dark room, frightened and trembling. 男孩一个人做在黑洞洞的房间里，吓得浑身发抖。 注意:作伴随状语的分词，与谓语动作同时。这是判断一个动词是否作伴随状语的主要尺度。 请注意下列固定短语在作状语时的表达形式: Generally speaking 一般地说 Strictly speaking 从严格意义上说 Judging from / by … 根据…判断 Given / Allowing for 考虑到 Given their inexperience, they have done a good job. 在缺少经验的情况下，他们的工作算是做得不错。 4(不定式用作表目的，结果，方式和形容词原因状语 1)目的 To win over the undecided voters, they are working twice as hard. 为了把尚未拿定主意的选民争取过来，他们正在加倍努力工作。 He got up early not to miss the first bus.(not to也可用so as not to或in order not to这一强调形式) 2)结果 不定式作结果状语，常见结构有: too adj / adv to do ; too adj + a + n to do so adj / adv as to do ; such + n as to do The boy is too young to dress himself. He was too shrewd(精明的)a businessman to accept our offer. 他是个非常精明的商人，不会接受我们的开价。 Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio ? 请把收音机开小一点。 He can?t have done such a terrible thing as to keep you waiting so long. 他不可能做出这样糟糕的事，让你等这么长的时间。 注意:表示一种事先没有预料的结果，用不定式。不定式前可用only来加强意想不到的语气。如:(04福建卷)The news reporters hurried to the airport ,only to be told the film stars had left. 然而，要表示在事情发展过程中必然会产生的结果，就要用分词来表达。分词前可加thus, 加强必然的语气。The new machine will work twice as fast, thus greatly reducing costs. 新机器的运转速度提高一倍，因而大大降低了成本。 3)方式状语 结构: S(人，物)be + adj to do 特点(1)句子的主语在逻辑关系上为不定式动作的宾语 (2)形容词为:easy, hard, difficult, comfortable, dangerous等。 1.Some books are interesting to read, but boring to learn. 有些书读起来很有趣，但学起来很讨厌。 2.The telephone number is easy to remember. 他的电话号码很难记。 3.That man is difficult to deal with. 那个人很难对付。 4.The river is dangerous to swim in. 注意:以上句子，尽管句子的主语和不定式动作为被动关系，但只能用主动形式;若不定式动词为不及物，应加上适当介词，如例4。 4)形容词原因状语。这类形容词通常是表示情感或评价行为表现的形容词。 I am shocked to hear the news of his sudden death. You were silly not to have locked your car. (04湖南) 第五节、非谓语动词作宾语补足语 作宾语补足语的非谓语动词是不定式和分词。 英语中有相当一批动词必须以不定式作宾语补充语。 My parents don?t allow me to stay out late. She waited impatiently for him to make up his mind. 这些动词和短语为: wish, want, ask, require / request(要求);order, warn(警告) allow / permit, forbid(禁止), expect, remind(提醒)，encourage, inspire(激 励) call on(号召，要求)，depend on, long for sb. to do(渴望) 请特别记住下列动词的宾补形式，表达的意义及判断的依据。 do 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。 1(make(使)+ O + C done 宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。 to do 主语与不定式动作为主动关系。 S + be made done 主语与分词动作为被动关系。 注:句型“O”代表宾语，为名词或代词;“C”代表宾补。 例:Those who won?t work should be made to work. 那些不愿工作的人应强制 他们去工作。 He couldn?t make himself heard. 他无法让别人听到他说的话。 2(Keep(leave)+ O + C doing 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。 (使……处于某种状态) done 宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。 doing 主语与分词动作为主动关系。 S + be + kept(left) done 主语与分词动作为被动关系。 例:Now students are kept burying themselves in books all day. 现在的学生被迫整天埋头读书。 His work was left undone. 他丢下工作不去干。 3( doing 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。 find(发现)+ O + C done 宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。 doing 主语与分词动作为主动关系。 S + be +found done 主语与分词动作为被动关系。 例:(03全国)A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen. 4( doing 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系 with + O + C done 宾语与宾补动作为被动关系 to do(动作未发生) 例:1.He lay on the grassland with his jacket covering his stomach. 他躺在草地上，把上衣盖在肚子上。 2.With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. (02上海春季)由于很多棘手的问题要解决，那为新当选的总统处境艰难。 5(catch sb. doing ; be caught doing 该句型表示(偶然或突然)撞见、发现。 例:He looked around and caught a man putting his hand into the pocket of a passenger. (04北京春季)他向四周看，突然发现一个人把手伸进一个旅客的口袋 6( do 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。让某人做某事。 have(使)+ O + C doing 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。让某一动作一直在进行。 done 宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。 (表示:1)让某事由别人做。2)表达主语的遭遇。) 例: 1.Whom would you like to have handle the complication problem? 2. Paul had his hand burned seriously while cooking dinner. 保罗在做饭时，手被严重烫伤。 7( to do宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。Get sb to do = have sb. do。 get(使)+ O + C done宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。get sth done = have sth. done。 例:You?ll never get her to agree. When are going to get your hair cut ? 8(感官动词hear, listen to, see, look at, notice, watch, observe, feel等。 do 宾语与宾补动作是主动关系。该动作全过程已结束，或经常性发生。 hear + O + C doing 宾语与宾补动作是主动关系。该动作正在进行。 done 宾语与宾补动作是被动关系。 to do主语与不定式动作为主动关系。该动作全过程已结束或经常发生 S + be +heard doing主语与分词动作为主动关系。该动作正在进行。 done 主语与分词动作为被动关系。 例:He has never heard her sing so well before. I didn?t notice you carrying a pack when you came in. Never before had he felt himself so powerfully attracted to the scientific idea. 改错: 1)Now more talented young people are hoped to go to work in Western China. A B C D 2)I demand you all to take your work quite seriously. A B C D 3)His appearance immediately made all the children becoming excited. A B C D 4)This song has never been heard to be sung so well. A B C D 5)With much work remained to be done, we have to put off the trip until next week. A B C D 答案:1)B错 are hoped ? are wished hope sb. to do典型病句 2)B错 to take ?(should)take demand句型:1)demand to do 2)demand that (should)do 3)C错 becoming ? become 现在分词doing不能做make的宾补。 4)C错 to be sung ? sung 5)B错 remained ? remaining。 remain “剩下”是不及物动词，只有主动形式。 注意:以上动词的宾补形式的考查是高考的重点和难点。 第六节、非谓语动词作定语 1(不定式作定语 在三种情况下需用不定式作定语: 1)动作未发生，被修饰的名词在逻辑关系上是不定式动作的宾语。不定式用主动形式还是被动形式，由句子的主语与不定式的逻辑关系决定。 It seems to me that I have nothing to take home to my children. 在我看来今天我们没有东西可以带给孩子了 She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role to play in making the earth a better place to live((03上海春季)她会告诉我们为什么她强烈地认为在使地球成为更好住处这一点上，我们每个人都有可以发挥的作用。 若作定语的不定式动词为不及物动词，需加适合介词。如: Now I feel very lonely because I can?t find anyone to talk with. 2)被修饰的词为抽象名词，如need, way, reason, right等，不定式解释其内容。 There is no need to quarrel with him. Please give your reason to refuse him. 3)被修饰的词，其前有序数词first, second, last, only作定语。 He is always the first(one)to get to school every day. She was the only one to survive in the air crash. 她是这次空难中唯一的幸存者。 2(分词作定语 以下情况常用分词作定语: 1)被修饰名词与作定语的动词为主动关系，该动作正在进行，或与谓语动作同时进行，或是经常性行为时，用现在分词。 When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door reading“sorry to miss you; will call later.”(99全国) 现在分词作定语在意义上相当于一个时态为进行时或一般时的定语从句。 reading“sorry to miss you; will call later.”= which read “sorry to miss you; will call later.” 2)若被修饰的名词与作定语的动词为被动关系，动词采用以下三种形式: a)动作已发生或为经常性行为，用done。b)若动作正在进行用being done。 c)动作未发生，用to be done。 例1:Many things impossible in the past are common today. A(considering B(to consider C(considered D(being considered 2:People are talking about the play in two days at the theatre. A(to perform B(being performed C(performed D(to be performed 例1答案为C。例2答案为D。 非谓语动词练习 一、高考典型考题重现 1. You were silly not your car. (04湖南卷) B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked A. to lock 2. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month ,he had a hard time________ the exam. (04福建卷) pass B(to pass C(passed D(passing A( 3. I've worked with children before , so I know what ________in my new job. (2000全国) A(expect ed B(to expect C(to be expecting D(expects4. The old man, _________abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland. (04江苏卷) A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked 5. ______late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm. (01北京春季) A(To sleep B(Sleeping C(Sleep D(Having slept 6. The news reporters hurried to the airport ,only________ the film stars had left. (04福建卷) A(to tell B(to be told C(telling D(told 7. The flowers ____ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. (04上海卷) A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt 8. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, ____ as 3M. (04浙江卷) A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known 9. Don?t leave the water while you brush your teeth. (04天津卷) A. run B. running C. being run D. to run 10. If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better ______ it—you?ve got some big bills coming. (04广东卷) A. forget B. forgot C. forgetting D. to forget 1-5 BDBDA 6-10 BBBBA 二、提高练习. 1(Did on time make our teacher angry ? A(she not come B(she not to come C(not her coming D(her not coming 2(I in the quiet countryside instead of in the busy city. A(feel like living B(would prefer living C(dislike to live D(would rather to 3(You can never imagine what great trouble I have had what he wanted. A(to do B(doing C(done D(to be doing 4(The students expected there more reviewing classes before the find exam. A(is B(being C(have been D(to be 5(The time he has devoted in the past ten years ____ the disabled is now considered _____ of great value. A(to help ; being B(to helping ; to be C(help ; to be D(helping ; being 6(I deeply appreciate the opportunity to go abroad for further study. A(to give me B(to have given me C(being given D(that I have been given 7(Here we found little snow, as most of it seemed off the mountain. A(having been blown B(that it had been blown C(to be blown D(to have been blown 8(The leaders us in our discussion, but owing to more important business they couldn?t come. A(were to join B(would like to join C(intended to join D(were to have joined 9(I would love to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A(to go B(to have gone C(going D(having gone 10(--- How did you find the lecture today ? --- Very . I doubt if I will come for his lecture next time. A(inspiring B(surprised C(disappointing D(puzzled 11( ___ from heart trouble for years; Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes. A(Suffered B(Suffering C(Having suffered D(Being suffered 12( _ scores of times, but he still couldn?t understand it. A(Having explained B(Having been explained C(Though it was explained D(It was explained 13(The sun was shining brightly, everything there more beautiful. A(making, look B(to make, look C(making, looking D(made, looked 14(She set out soon after dark, home an hour later. A(arriving B(to arrive C(having arrived D(and arrived 15(The headmaster hurried to the concert hall only the speaker . A(to find, left B(finding, leaving C(finding, left D(to find, gone 16(As we know, the harder one studies, the more questions he thinks of . A(asking B(to ask C(being asked D(to be asked 17(The headmaster suggested the student to be given a prize. A(should refer B(referred C(referring D(would refer 18(--- Who do you want to see at the moment ? --- The man Mr. Zhang. A(called himself B(you call him C(calling himself D(is called 19(When first _________ to the market, these product enjoyed great success. A. introducing B. introduction C. introduce D. being introduced 20(Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures ________ in your mind instead of before your eyes. A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed 21(________with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all. A. Compare B. When comparing C. Comparing D. When compared 22(I don?t know whether you happen _______, but I am going to study in the USA this September. A. to be heard B. to be hearing C. to hear D. to have heard. 23(Laws that punish parents for their little children?s actions against the law got parents _______. A. worried B. to worry C. worrying D. worry Is this the laundry? I have some clothes_______. 24. --- --- Leave them in your room, please, and we are going to fetch them soon. A. to wash B. to be washed C. washed D. washing 25(With many troublesome problems, such as unemployment and crime _______, the mayor seems to be at a loss. remained to solve B. remaining to be solved C. remained to be solved D. remaining to solve 26. _______ to the hospital, the injured student was treated without delay and now is out of danger. A. To rush B. Rushing C. Having rushed D. Rushed 27. --We shall go for a picnic this Sunday morning. Do you have anything _________ then? --No, I'm free. A. to plan B. planned C. to be planned D. planning 28. ________ on the top of the mountain is an ancient tower dating back to hundreds of years ago. A. To stand B. Having stood C. Standing D. Stand 29. The son promised to keep his parents __________ of how he was going on with his studies at college. A. inform B. informing C. informed D. to inform 30. --- Where is the new teaching building _________ the first-year students to be built? --- Just behind the old one. A. to seat B. to be seated C. seated D. seating 31. After the earthquake, no house in the village __________. A. left standing B. was left to stand C. was remained standing D. remained standing 32. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain _________ as the plane was making a landing. A. seat B. seating C. seated D. to be seating 33. The young man we followed stopped and looked as if ________ whether he was going in the right direction. A. seeing B. to have seen C. having seen D. to see 34. _______ in the United States, St Louis has now become the 24th largest city. A. Being the fourth biggest city B. It was once the fourth biggest city C. Once the fourth biggest city D. The fourth biggest city it was 35. --- I?d like to buy an expensive camera . --- Well , we have several modes . A(to choose from B(of choice C(to be chosen D(for choosing 36. Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper it closely. A(followed B(to follow C(following D(being followed 37. You can hardly imagine the difficulty the woman had _________her children. A. brought up B. to bring up C. bringing up D. to have brought up 38. The eighteen - storied building, when ____, will shut out the sun ____ up the rooms in my house. A. completed; lighted B. completing; lighting C. completing; lighted D. completed; lighting 39. Comparison may make something appear more beautiful than it is when ______ alone. A. to see B. seeing C. is seen D. seen 40. Lily?s mobile phone was left in a taxi accidentally, never again. A. to find B. to be found C. finding D. being found 41.With all the magazines I needed ,I left the post office. A. buying B. to buy C. bought D. to be bought 42. With a lot of difficult problems , the manager felt worried all the time. A. settled B. to be settled C. settling D. to settle 43. Such __________ the case, I couldn't help but ________ him. A. being; support B. is; to support C. has been; supporting D. be; supposed 44. Which do you enjoy _______ your weekend, sports or shopping? A. spend B. spending C. being spent D. to spend 45. English Taxi, a new computer game ________ for English learners in China, is on the market now. A. is designed B. has been designed C. designing D. designed 46. In the reading room, we found her _______ at a desk, with her attention ________ on a magazine. A. sitting; fixing B. seated; fixed C. sit; fixing D. sitting; to be fixed 47. More natural resources should be made use of ____________ the ________ need of energy. A. meeting; increasing B. to meet; increased C. meeting; increased D. to meet; increasing 48. I ________ you yesterday, but you were not in. That means __________ up the chance. A. meant telling; to give B. mean telling; giving C. meant to tell; giving D. mean to tell; to give 49. Everything into consideration, they ought to have another chance. A(to take B(taken C(to be taken D(taking the child most was to visit his brother in hospital. 50. What wo‎‎rried A(his not being allowed B(his not allowing C(his being not allowed D(having not been allowed 1-5 DCBDB 6-10 CDDBC 11-15 CDADD 16-20 BBCCC 21-25 DDABB 26-30 DBCCD 第九章 状 语 从 句 状语从句在复合句中作主句的状语，它可根据功能分为时间、条件、让步、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式和比较九种从句。要掌握这方面知识，关键要弄清各个连词的含义和功能。 一、时间状语从句 引导时间状语从句的连词有when, while, as, before, after, until, till, once(一旦)，as soon as, the moment, hardly … when, no sooner … than, the first time, the last time, every / each time等。现结合具体情景，对重点连词和难掌握的连词加以说明。 1(when, while, as the post office. 1)—— I?m going to —— you?re there, can you get me some stamps. A(As B(While C(Because D(If 2)With parcels(包)of all shapes and sizes, Mr. Davies could hardly see where he was going he and his wife left the last shop. A(as B(while C(before D(until 3) the election approached(临近)，the violence got worse. A(When B(As C(While D(With 4)I was just about to leave home it started to rain. A(as B(while C(when D(as soon as while“当…时候” while表示的时间是一段而不是一点，故从句的谓语动词用延续性动词，不用瞬间动词。 Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁 as ?)正当…时候，?)一边… 一边，?)随着 as引导从句动作与主句动作同时发生，强调同时性。从句、动词通常为行为动词，不用be动词。 He sang songs as he was taking a bath. 他一边洗澡，一边唱歌。 You will grow wiser as you grow older. 他将随年龄的增长而聪明起来。 when“当… 时间”，引导的从句动作可以与主句动作时间，也可以先于主动的动作。 When they got home, I was cooking dinner.(同时) When you get into trouble, turn to your father.(一先一后)若遇困难，就去找你父亲。 ?此外，when还可以表示and just at the moment，用在以下句型中: ?)was / were doing when did ;?) was / were(just)about to do when did: ?) had done when did We were sleeping when suddenly the earthquake happened. 我们正在睡觉，突然地震发生了。 I was about to go out when the telephone rang. 我正要出去，这时电话响了。 1)答案为B。本题表达的意思为“当你去邮局时，能否给我买几张邮票,”不能选A，as引导时间状语从句，V从句一般不用be动词。 2)答案A。不能选B。while引导时间状语从句，V从不能为瞬间动词。 3)答案B。本题句义为“随着选举的临近暴力事件越演越烈”。表示“随着”，只能用as。本句还可表达为: With election approaching, the violence got worse. 4)答案为C。when表达“就在这个时候” ※※须指出的是，while还可以表达“转折对比”，译“…而…” Their country has plenty of oil, while ours has none. 他们国家盛产石‎‎油，我们国家却一点也没有。 2(before, since, until 1) will be years we meet again. A(It ; since B(There ; after C(It ; that D(It ; before 2)Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but they hung up I could answer the phone. A(when B(since C(until D(before 3)—— What was the party like ? —— Wonderful. It is years I enjoyed myself so much. A(after B(before C(when D(since 4)Was it not the bell rang the students stood up ? A(when ; that B(until ; that C(until ; when D(when ; then before基本词义为“在…之前”，此外还可表达以下两个意思: a)…才… The plane landed at Beijing Airport before we knew it. 重点句型:It was two days before he came to himself. It will be two years before the bridge is completed. It was not long before he died. ? Soon he died. It won?t be long before he gets well. ? Soon he will get well b)还未来得及…就 Before I could explain, the teacher drove me out of the classroom. 我未来得及作解释，老师就把我赶出教室。(before表示此义，其后常跟could或had time to do) since“自…以来” since引导的时间状语从句，从句用过去时，主句则用完成时 She has never called on me since she moved to the country. 自从她搬到乡下之后就没来看过我。 It is / has been a year since they got married. 他们结婚已有一年。 until 1)S + V(肯定句)until……。 在肯定句中，表示“直到…为止”。主句动词为连续性动词 I will wait(连续性)until he comes back. 2)Not / Never / No+n.……until……。在否定句中，表示“直到…才…”。主句谓语动词为终止性动词。 Until you told me I had no idea of what had happened in the school. 如果not until位于句首时，主句需要部分倒装结构 Not until the war ended did they meet again. 还可以用于 It is(was)not until…that… 强调“not until…” It was not until the war ended that they met again. (主句用正常词序) 3(as soon as, the moment, every / each time, the first time, the last time 1)We called the First-Aid Centre the traffic accident occurred. A(immediately B(shortly C(quickly D(hurriedly 2) I went to see him, he making experiments on living animals. A(For the first time ; was busy B(Whenever, devoted to C(The last time ; was lost in D(Every time ; was deeply in 表示“一…就…”，有多个连词 I will go there as soon as(the meoent / directly / immediately)I have finished my breakfast. Hardly had he entered the room when the telephone rang. 他刚走进房间，电话就响了。 No sooner had he heard the news than he fainted. 他一听到那个消息，就晕了过去。 注:在hardly…when…;no sooner…than…句型中，when / than前句用过去完成时;后句用一般过去时。 某些表示时间的名词词组，也可引导时间状语从句。every time / each time“每当”;the first time“第一次”;the last time“上一次”。 Every time I met him, I found him to be taller. 每次我见到他，我都觉得他长高了。 The first time I saw her, I fell in love with her. 我第一次见到他，就爱上了她。 二、条件状语从句 1)条件状语通常由if(如果)和unless(如果不，除非)引导。 If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch. I will not lend the book to you unless you can return it in time. ?2)引导条件状语从句还有as / so long as(只要)，on condition that(条件是…)，suppose / supposing(假如)，provided(that)假如，in case(万一) I?ll lend it to you as long as you handle it with care. 只要你小心使用，我会借给你的。 We will buy everything you produce provided that the price is right. 若价格合适我们会采购你们的一切产品。 Suppose ( supposing) that this is not the right way to the station, what shall we do. 如果这不是去车站的路，我们该怎么办, In case anything important happens, please call me up. 万一发生重要的事情，请打电话给我。 三、让步状语从句 1(though, although(虽然，尽管) 引导的句子陈述的是基本事实。although语气重，通常置于句首。though可放在句首或句末。 Although / Though it is hard work, yet I enjoy it. I won?t hire him though he is a talented man. 尽管他很有才华，但我不想雇用他。 注:although/though不能与but连用，但可与yet连用，以加强语气。 此外，表示“虽然”，还有while, as。as必须用倒装结构，把从句的表语、状语或谓语动词放在句首。 While I understand your viewpoint, I don?t agree with you. 虽然我理解你的观点，但我还是不同意。 将下列句子变成as引导的让步状语从句 1)Though he is a boy, he knows a lot. 2)Though Paul was disabled, he tried his best to serve the people. 3)Though I admire his courage very much, I don?t think he acts wisely. 2(even if / even though(即使) Even though I fail, I will keep on trying. 即使我失败，我仍会继续尝试下去。 3(Whether…or …，however / no matter how … 1)Whether…or …引导让步状语，意为“不管…还是…” expands as the temperature rises. All matter, whether it is a gas, a liquid or a solid, 不管是气体，液体，还是固体，所有的物体遇热都会膨胀。 I will study abroad whether my parents agree or not. 不论我父母同意与否，我都要出国留学。 2)however / no matter how …“无论怎么…”。 句子结构However adj / adv S + V;However S + V However cold it is, she always go swimming. 无论天有多冷，她总是去游泳。 W?ll have to finish it, however long it takes. 不管花多长时间，我们必须把它做完。 However I tried to explain, he wouldn?t listen. 无论我怎么解释，他就是不听。 类似的句子还有:Whatever / No matter what may happen, we won?t change our plan. 需要强调的是在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，动作未发生，需用一般时表示将来时。 四、地点状语从句 地点状语从句的作用，是具体交待主句动作发生的地点。连词用where，句型如下: 1)S + V + where从句 You should put the book where it was. 你应该把书放在原来的地方。 Make a mark where you have any doubts or questions. 有疑问的地方可以做个记号。 2)where S + V，(there)S + V，译“哪里…，那里…” Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者，事竞成。 Where water resources are plentiful,(there)hydroelectric power stations will be built. 哪里水源充足，就把水电站建在那里。 Wherever he went, he was warmly welcome. 无论他走到哪里，都受到热烈欢迎。 五、原因状语从句 引导原因状语从句的连词，有because, as, since和now that。 1) I haven?t seen the film, I can?t tell you what I think of it. A(As B(For C(With D(Because 2) you have got a chance, you might as well make full use of it. A(Now that B(After C(Though D(As soon as 3)It must have rained last night, the ground is wet this morning. A(for B(because C(therefore D(yet 1(because, as, since“因为”，都可以引导原因状语从句。 because语气最强，所陈述的理由是全句的重点，所引导的从句多放在句末。回答由why引出的问句，及在强调句中，若强调原因状语从句，只能用because。 He didn?t go out because it was raining.(全句中心) —— Why were you late ? —— Because the traffic was too heavy. It was because he was careless that he failed. since, as引导的原因状语从句，语气比because弱，表述已为大家所知的明显的原因，经常在句首，主句是全句中心。 As / Since he is working hard, he is likely to succeed.(全句中心) 由于他工作努力，他可能会成功。 2(表示“既然”，用连词since或now that Since / Now that John has arrived, we can begin. 既然John已经到 3(because与for的区别 for引导的是并列分句。功能?)对前面的分句加以解释，?)说明推断的理由，for引导的句子只能后置。 I believe her, for surely she will not lie to me. It is morning, for the birds are singing. 天亮了，因鸟儿在鸣叫。 (鸟鸣不是导致天亮的原因，故本句不能用because代替for) It must have rained last night, for the ground is still wet. 答案:1)A 2)A 本句句义为:既然得了一个机会，你最好充分利用它。3)A 六、目的状语从句 1(由so that, in order that引导目的状语从句。 从句中谓语通常用may / might, can / could, will / would, in order that引导的从句可置于句首，也可置于句末。so that引导的从句只能放在主句之后。 In order that he could make money, he did anything. ? In order to make money, he did anything. He told us to keep quiet so that we might not disturb others. ? He told us to keep quiet not to disturb others. 2(由in case, for fear that引导的目的状语从句 in case, for fear that“以防，以免”。应特别注意从句动词的形式 Take an umbrella in case it rains. 带把伞，以防下雨(从句用一般时) I hid the book for fear that she would see it. 我把书藏起来，以免被她看见。(从句用将来时) 七、结果状语从句 1(由so…that，such…that引导的结果状语从句 表达方式:such +n that…;so adj /adv that… so adj + a / an + n that…;so many / much / few / little + n that… It was such a bad accident that dozens of people were killed. So fierce was their dog that no one dared to come near. 他们的狗真凶恶，没有人敢走近它。 注:以上句型，若so或such位于句首，主句需部分倒装。 2(so, so that引导的结果状语从句 He made a wrong decision, so(that)half of his lifetime was wasted. 他做了错误决定，结果毁掉了半生。 八、方式状语从句 1(方式状语从句由as引导，词义:1)依照;2)象…一样 I will do as you advice. 我会照你的忠告去做。 Leave it as it is. 把它维持原状好了。 2(as与like的区别 两者均可表示“象”，但as为连词，后接从句或介词短语。 like为介词，后接名词或代词 On Friday, as on Monday, the meeting will be at 3:30. Jim is very much like his father. It looks like rain. 九、状语从句的省略 在状语从句中，若从句主语和主句的主语相同，且谓语部分有be，则从句的主语和be可以省略。表达形式为: When doing If , S + V Though done 用现在分词还是过去分词，由该动词与主句主语的关系决定。 状语从句练习 1(The earth revolves(旋转)a little more rapidly it is closer to the sun. A(than B(or C(when D(wherever 2(CCTV is exactly like a window on the world you will sit in front of it and fix your attention on what it shows. A(if B(as C(while D(as long as 3(I would prefer to go on Friday, it is all the same to you. A(unless B(if C(as soon as D(though 4(---- Can David go to see the film ? ---- You can?t he has finished his homework. A(on condition that B(once C(when D(unless 5(The old man was knocked down by a motor-car he saw it run away to the south. A(before B(after C(when D(till 6(It won?t be long man can explore the Mars(火星)and walk on its surface. A(since B(until C(when D(before 7(It is an attractive story, and nothing can be put down about it one has finished reading it. A(after B(when C(unless D(until 8(Mr Li was firm he felt himself to be right. A(what B(that C(where D(how 9( human beings live in great numbers, the waters are likely to be polluted. A(That B(Where C(Once D(As 10(It was found that although the girl could recognize things with her fingers, this ability stopped her hands got wet. A(while B(for the last time C(the moment D(until 11(Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, the behavior of animals depends mainly on instinct(本能). A(while B(as C(and D(or 12( the plan has been made, let?s get down to carrying it out. A(After B(As soon as C(For D(Now that 13(Someone must have left the tap on, the water was running over and flooding the A(therefore B(for C(because D(besides bathroom. 14(We will have to find the job on time, difficult it is. A(though B(even if C(as D(however 15(---- Did the door-keeper let you in ? ---- No, I tried to tell him that I was your relative, he just wouldn?t listen to me. A(No matter B(Even if C(However D(Whether 16(We will start off at 7:00 a.m. sharp, . A(whether she will come or not B(if she?d like to come or not C(no matter she comes or not D(whether she comes or not 17(Some parents don?t allow their son to go on line they will be affected by something unhealthy. A(for fear that B(once C(because D(in case 18(I hope all the measures against air pollution, suggested by the local government, will be seriously taken. A(as B(while C(like D(since 19(I couldn?t move my legs they were stuck to the floor. A(because B(as C(as though D(even though 20(One more week, we can fulfill(完成)the task. A(or B(so that C(and D(if 21(Anna Pavlova, a famous Russian actress, died 1931, but her name still stands for the most wonderful dancing the world has ever seen. A(as long as B(as early as C(as old as D(as recently as 22(---- It cost me 30 yuan to get here. ---- Well, it was crazy of you to take a taxi ______ you could come by bus as well. A. while B. if C. because D. when 23. It is like her to be self. She thinks of others ________what their use is in her life. A. as much as B. as far as C. as well as D. as good as 24. That?s an informal get-together. You can dress _______ you like for it. A. whatever B. as long as C. however D. so that 25. _____ modeling business is by no means easy to get into, the good model will always be in demand. A. While B. Since C. As D. If 26. You can eat food free in my restaurant _______ you like. A. whenever B. whoever C. whatever D. however 27. Don?t be afraid of asking for help _______ it is needed. A. unless B. since C. although D. when 28. Mr. White, our chief engineer, usually rides to work ______it rains. A. except that B. as long as C. only if D. except when 29. _______ much advice I gave him, he did exactly what he wanted to do. A. How B. Whatever C. However D. That 30. I wonder why you won?t do it as ______ and it is the third time you have done so. A. told you B. told C. you told D. told to 1-5 CABDA -10 DDCBC 11-15 ADBDC 6-20 DAACC 21-25 BDBCA 26-30 ADDCB 定语从句 第十章 定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导。关系词除了起引导作用外，在从句中还担任一定的成份。 1(who, whom引导的定语从句 who, whom用于代替人。who在定语从句中作主语;whom在定语从句中作动词或介词的宾语，在限制性定语中可以省略，在口语中可用who代替whom。 The man who wrote this book is a friend of mine. Is that the boy(whom / who)you spoke of the other day ? 2(which引导的定语从句 which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，在限制性定语中作宾语中可以省略。 He is driving a car which can travel 150 miles an hour. The clock(which)my grandfather bought 20 years ago is still in good order. 3(that引导的定语从句 that指人或指物，在定语从句中作主语，宾语或表语。 He is a man that / who means what he says. 他是个说话算数的人。 The pictures(that / which)I had taken won the first prize. He doesn?t seem to be the man that he was. 他似乎和过去大不一样。(that代替the man作was的表语) 4(whose引导的定语从句 whose指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作定语。指物时可与of which互换使用。 I have a classmate whose father is a mayor. I live in the house whose windows face south. I live in the house the windows of which face south. = of which the windows face south We looked at the tower whose tip / the tip of which was golden. 5(关系副词when, where, why引导的定语从句 when, where, why引导的定语从句，分别修饰表示时间、地点、原因的先行词，并分别在从句中作时间、地点、原因状语。关系副词也可以根据在句中的搭配关系，转换成“介词+which”的结构。 I shall never forget the day when / on which I entered the university. Is that the factory where / in which you worked two years ago ? That is the reason why(that / for which)I?m in favour of the plan. For six or seven months in the year no work can be done the rainy season makes it impossible. A(until B(because C(when D(why when / where引导的定语从句若过长，为了保持句子平衡，可将其定语从句移至句末。 6(“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句 用在介词后面关系代词是whom, which, whose。 He is telling a story of Lei Feng of whom every one of us is proud. They tired to think of a plan, by which they could complete the task ahead of time. Please tell the chief manager from whose room his secretary took away all the important papers. 定语从句中的介词通常置于关系代词之前，也可在关系代词之后。但是含有介词的短语动词一般不可拆开，介词仍放在动词之后。 in which I worked The company(which / that)I worked in is going from bad to worse. Your rudeness, which we have put up with too long, is beginning. to annoy our customers. 你的粗鲁，这我们早就受够了，现又在惹怒我们顾客。 (put up with“忍受”，是固定短语，不可将with与put up拆开) 7(使用定语从句应注意的问题 1)必须用关系代词that的几种情况 a)先行词为all;先行词被形容词最高级，序数词，only, very修饰 All(that)we want is peace and freedom. 我们要的是和平和自由。 This is the very book that I have been longing to get. 这正是我一直渴望得到的书。 b)并列的两个先行词分别表示人或物 In his speech he talked of his experiences and his kind mother that impressed us deeply. c)关系代词在从句中作表语 The modern plane is no longer the machine(that)it was when first invented. 现代飞机不是刚发明的那种飞机了。(that代替the machine，作was的表语) 2)不能用that的两种情况 a)that不能引导非限制定语 b)介词后面不能用that Susan is a man for that I have the greatest respect.(that错，改为whom) My brother, that had been on a visit to Pairs, returned last week.(that改为who) 3)在非限制定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时不能省略 She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn?t met before. 8(as与which用法比较 1)在非限制性定语从句中，as / which均可代替前示或后续的整个句子。 The man was a teacher, as / which was abvious from his way of speaking. 由那个男人说话的样子，可明显看出他是个老师。 但由as引导的定语从句可以前置，而which不可以。 As was expected, he performed the task successfully. 正如所预料的那样，他成功地完成了任务。 2)as作关系代词可用于the same…as, such…as，so +adj. + a(n) + n. as句型中，as在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。 Can you give such lectures as will interest us ? 你能不能作使我们感兴趣那样的讲座, = Can you give the lectures which will interest us.(as代替lectures,作主语) Such people as you describe are rare nowdays.你描绘的这种人现在已很少见了。(as代替people,作decribe宾语) We are facing the same problems as we did years ago. 我们正面临与几年前相同的问题。 = We are facing the problems which we face years ago.(as代替problems,作宾语) 在以上句型中，as不能被which, who, whom替换。 改错: 1)Don?t you think those have made contributions to the people are worth respecting ? A B C D 2)The computer, it I think is a 20th century important invention has created surprising A B C D technological progress. 3)Living on that island for three years seem to be an unforgettable experience for me. A B C D 4)The woman we met with her in the street holds an important position in the government A B C D office. 5)I will make great efforts to finish all what you require of me. A B C D 6)The Red Gross is one of the volunteer (自愿者) organizations which purpose is to help the A B C sick and the needy. D 7)Is this the musaum where you paid a visit to the other day ? A B C D 8)Is this hotel in which you said we were to stay in your latter ? A B C D 关于7，8小题注:在this后名词无冠词句子中，若关系在定语从句中作宾语，用the one(which)引导;若从句动词不及物，用where。 Is this hotel the one(which)you stayed in ? Is this hotel where you stayed ? 将以上句子变成肯定句，句子结构便一目了然。 This hotel is the one(which)I stayed in. This hotel is where I stayed. 这个旅馆我曾在那里住过。(where引导表语从句) 定语从句练习 1(He is the man I suppose is able to do such a thing. A(who B(to whom C(it D(which 2(All the doctors can do is to prolong the patient?s life. A(what B(which C(不填 D(but 3(It was an exciting moment for those football fans this year, for the first time in years their team won the World Cup. A(that B(while C(which D(when 4(He tried to get out of the business, he found impossible. A(but B(while C(which D(it 5(The back garden of our house has a lawn(草坪)， very pleasant to sit on in summer. A(that is B(which it is C(it is D(where it is 6( is known to all, good friends happiness and value to life. A(It ; add B(As ; add C(It ; add up D(As ; add to 7(The young mother saw her baby fall to the ground, brought her heart to her mouth. A(it B(and which C(and that D(this 8(Mr. Green drove slowly on the way home until it reached the highway, the speed limit was 60 miles per hour. A(because B(which C(where D(that 9(Is this drawer you used to put important papers while you acted as Chairman of the club ? A(where B(which C(the one D(in which 10(If you have a taste for exciting adventures, you may join the group of men is to explore the mysteries(奥秘)of the deep sea. A(their work B(who C(of which D(whose work 11(Mr. Lu Xun, some of works we had read, was one of the greatest writers in the world. A(his B(whose C(whom D(the 12(On sale at that shop is a new type of computer, makes it so attractive to students. A(which B(because its cheap price C(its low price D(the low price of which 13(She is such a kind-hearted lady all the people in the town show respect for. A(that B(whom C(so that D(as 14(The film brought the hours back to me I was taken good care of in that faraway village. A(when B(that C(until D(where 15(The pilot last touch with the base, the plane crashed in the desert. A(by means of which B(for which C(because of that D(as a result of which 16(In the nuclear power station we use generator(发电机) is used in the common steam power station. A(the same ; as B(such ; as C(so ; as D(as ; as 17(Anyway, that evening, _________I will tell you more about later, ended up staying at Rachel?s place. A. when B. where C. what D. which 18. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _____ the sailing time was 226 days. A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which 19. He has got himself into a dangerous situation _______ he is likely to lose control over the plane. A. where B. which C. while D. why 20. I can think of many cases _______students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn?t write a good essay. A. why B. which C. as D. where 21. He made another wonderful discovery, _______ of great importance to science. A. which I think is B. Which I think it is C. which I think it D. I think which is 22. Jack hid himself behind the door ________ he still could see what would happen to his classmate. A. there B. which C. from which D. from where 23. We have 1,600 teachers in our college, ________200 are foreigners. A. whose B. in them C. of them D. more than 24. The town is no longer _______it was five years ago, ________ it was quite dirty. A. what, which B. that, which C. what, when D. that, where 25. He is _______is known as a hacker(黑客)------he likes to show off on the Internet and attack websites. A. who B. what C. that D. which 26. Madam Curie, for _______life had once been very hard, was successful later. A. whom B. which C. whose D. that 27. Is this the reason _________at the meeting for his carelessness in his work A. why he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. he explained 28. Beijing government puts more than 7OO million yuan to increase its green space this year ， _______doubles the money provided last year. A. As B. while C. that D. which 29. ----Whose overcoat is it? ----Maybe it?s Julia?s. She likes to wear, _______was very uncommon in this small country, a bright red overcoat. A. what B. which C. it D. that 30. The hours ______ the children spend in their on-way relationship with television people undoubtedly affect their relationship with real-life people. A. that B. when C. in which D. on which 1-5 ACDCB 6-10 BCCAD 11-15 BDDAD 16-20 ADAAD 21-25 DCCBA 26-30 ADDBA 第十一章 名词从句 名词从句按其句法功能可分为主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。 引导名词从句的连词: 1)连词代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever等 连词副词when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however 2)连接词 whether 若一个名词从句，用连词表达的含义为“是否”，用whether 3)连接词that若一个句子表达含义和句子结构均完整，用连词that。 “that”在从句中不充当任何成分，没有任何含义。 一、主语从句，在句中充当主语。 What is the most important in life isn?t money. 人生最重要的并非金钱。 Whoever wants to see the film may get a free ticket. 凡是想看这部电影的人可免费得到一张票。 It doesn?t matter to me whether she is content or not. 她是否满意对我而言并不重要。 (whether she is content or not作主语，it在句中作形式主语) That he survived the accident is a miracle. = It is a miracle that he survived the accident. 在这场事故中他幸免于难，真是奇迹。 It is natural that she mourned over his son?s death. 她为儿子的死而感到悲痛是理所当然的。 It is reported that the number of wild animals in Africa is decreasing. 据报导非洲野生动物的数量正在减少。 注1:it作形式主语是极富交际功能的固定句型。 (1)It is a fact that… 事实是… It is common knowledge that… …是常识 It is a pity that… 遗憾的是… It is a shame that… …真是可耻 It is a wonder / miracle that … …真是个奇迹 (2)It is clear / obvious that … 很清楚… It is natural that … …很自然 (3)It is said that… 据说… It is reported that … 据报导… It is believed that … 据认为… (4)It seems that… 好像是… It happened that… 碰巧… It matters that… 要紧的是… 二、表语从句，在句中作系动词的表语。 其结构为:主语 + 系动词 + 表语从句 That is why he was late for school. 那就是他上学迟到的原因。 This is where I was born 20 years ago. 这就是我20年前出生的地点。 It may be because I didn?t have a good sleep last night. 那可能因为我昨天晚上没睡好。 The problem is whether he can stick to his promise(or not).问题是他是否能信守诺言。 The trouble is that I have lost my key. 麻烦的是我把钥匙丢了。 三、同位语从句 同位语从句作用是对名词，如fact, idea, hope等，作进一步解释，具体说明名词的实际内容。 1(同位语从句通常由that引导。 You have to face the fact that you have been laid off. 你必须面对下岗这一事实。 The fact remains that the waste gases from factories pollute the environment seriously. (为了句子平衡，同位语从句后移) 来自工厂的废气严重污染环境依然是事实。 Word came that the mayor would come to inspect our school the next week. 2(wh连词也可引导同位语从句。 The question who can take over his job is worth considering. 谁能接替他的工作值得考虑。 We are faced with the problem whether we can hold out to the end. 我们面临着能否坚持到底的问题。 四、宾语从句，在句中作动词或介词的宾语。 1(that引导的宾语从句 The teacher taught us(that)we should aim high. 老师教导我们要志向崇高。 She didn?t admit(that)she had helped the criminal and that she had kept in touch with him all along. 她不承认曾帮助过那个罪犯，并且一直与他保持联系。 that引导的宾语从句，that常省略。若一个动词带两个that引导的宾语从句，第一个that可省略，第二个that不能省略，从免引起歧义。 2(wh连词引导的宾语从句 Your success will depend on what you do and how you do it. 你是否能成功将取决于你做什么和怎么做。 I doubt whether / if he will come to our help. 他是否能来帮助我们，我感到怀疑。 五、名词从句要注意的问题 改错: 1)I thought that Mr. Li was to blame for the accident, but now I see how I was A B C completely mistaken. D 2)I will see to that the engine doesn?t get out of order. A B C D 3)It makes no difference if my brother knows the details of the plan for tomorrow?s picnic. A B C D 4)It remains a question as to if he can face his mistake and determine to correct it. A B C D 5)—— Will you invite all your classmates to your birthday ? A B —— Certainly. No matter who comes will be welcome. C D 6)A man can?t be really happy if that he makes great efforts to do is thought of as of no value. A B C D seemed to be a long time, the patient came to himself in the end. 7)After it A B C D 注1:学习名词从句要注意的首要问题是:要根据句义选择恰当的连词。 第一题C错。how—that 本句句义为:我当初认为李先生应对这次事故负责，现在我明白了，我当初的看法错了。 注2:介词能够带wh引导的宾语，但不能带that引导的宾语从句(介词except除外) 例:It all depends on whether we can get their cooperation. 这完全取决于我们能否得到他们的合作。 I know nothing about him except that he lives next door to us. 我对他一无所知，只知道他住在我们隔壁。(except后的that不能省略) 第二题A错。see to—see to it 介词后若接that引导的宾语从句，可在介词后加形式宾语it或the fact。 注3:主语从句，表语从句和同位语从句若需表达“是否”，只能用连词whether，不能用if。 在宾语从句中，if和whether通常可以互换使用，但介词或形容词后的宾语从句只能用whether，不用if。 第三题C错。if—whether whether引导的是主语从句 第四题C错。If—whether as to “至于”是介词短语。 注4:whoever与no matter who，whenever与no matter when等词义相同。但在名词从句中只能用whoever, whenever等;在让步状语从句，两者均可。 例:Whoever comes will be welcome. 不管谁来，都表示欢迎。 Whoever引导主语从句。 Whenever / No matter when you come, we will receive you warmly. 不管你什么时候来，我们都会热情接待你。 Whenever / No matter when引导让步状语从句。 第五题C错。No matter who—Whoever 注5:在名词从句中，what可表达。 thing(s)which “…的东西” the place which“…的地方” 3)the time which“…时间”，what在从句中作主语、宾语、表语。 第六题C错。that—what(…东西) 本句句义:若一个人尽力所做的事情被认为毫无价值，他是不可能高兴的。 第七题A错。it—what(…的时间) 本句句义:那个病人在通过一段似乎很时间后，终于苏醒过来。 名词从句练习 1( progress helps to increase in productivity(生产力)is a fact accepted by economists. A(Technological B(That technological C(Though technological D(There is technological 2( all the students in this class have in common is they have a high object in life. A(That ;that B(What ;that C(What ;whether D(That ;what 3( different life today is from it was 20 years ago. A(What a ;what B(How ;what C(What ;what D(What a ;how 4(Professor Lee?s book will show you can be used in other conditions. A(that you have observed(观察) B(that how you have observed C(how that you have observed D(how what you have observed 5(Why don?t you bring to his attention that now children bear heavy learning load. A(this B(what C(that D(it 6(---- I?d like to invite you to the concert this evening. ---- Thank you, but I?ll have time I?m not sure at the moment. A(while B(if C(when D(whether 7(Parents are taught to understand ________ important education is to their children?s future. A. that B. how C .such D. so 8(I expect Father would like to know ________ I have been up to so far, so I?ve decided to send him a quick note. A. which B. why C. what D. how 9(You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is ________ I disagree. A. why B. where C. what D. how 10(Evidence(证据)came up specific voices are recognized by babies as young as six months old. A(what B(which C(that D(whose 11(A modern city has been set up in ______ was a wasteland ten years ago. A. what B. which C. that D. where 12(---- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. ---- Is that you had a few days off ? A(why B(when C(what D(where 13(With the development of computers, it is man has suddenly become a millionaire of a mind(智力). A(that B(as if C(how D(as 14( breaks the traffic regulations will be fined $100. A(Anyone B(Who C(Those who D(Whoever 15(The president should appoint(任命) he thinks can do the job the most excellently. A(who B(whom C(whomever D(whoever 16( one can succeed depends on hard he works. A(That ;how B(That ;however C(Whether ;how D(Whether ;however 17(Was it not the 1500?s the first European explored the coast of California ? A(when ;that B(until ;that C(until ;when D(when ;then 18(I knew nothing about his journey he was likely to be away for three months. A(if B(in that C(except that D(but 19(After ________ seemed a long time, the wounded solider came to himself. A. that B. what C. which D. it 20( is no possibility Bob can win the first prize in the game. A(There ;that B(It ;that C(There ;whether D(It ;if 21(----I rang you at about nine, but there was no reply. ----Oh, that was probably ________ I was seeing an doctor. A. why B. when C. what D. that 22(A story goes _______ Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court. A. when B. where C. what D. that ______ fashion differs from country may reflect the cultural difference from one 23(__ aspect. A. What B. That C. This D. Which 24(Why! I have nothing to admit. _______ you want me to say? A. What is it that B. What it is that C. How is it that D. How it is that 25(There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars _____ road conditions need _____. A .that; to be improved B. if; to be improved C. where; improving D. when; improving 26(----It is said that the lady spent five years in Paris. ----If so, I wonder ________ her French is so bad. A. for what B. whatever C. how is it D. how come 27(I?m impressed not with your manager?s learning and appearance but ________ he deals with problems. A. the way which B. in the way which C. the way D. in the way 28(The working conditions of the workers haven?t improved a lot so far. I?m in doubt _______ the director has accepted our demands. A. that B. in which C. if D. whether 29(It is the ability to do the job ________ matters not where you come from or what you are. A. one B. that C. what D. it 30(Can it be in the restaurant _____ we had dinner last Sunday ______ you left your wallet? A. where; where B. where; that C. that; where D. that; that 1-5 bbbdd 6-10 dbcbc 11-15 aabdd 16-20 cbcba 21-25 bdbaa 26-30 dcdbb 第十二章 倒 装 英语句子的正常语序是:S(主语)+V(谓语)。有时由于句子结构的需要或表示强调，需采取倒装形式。 倒装可分为两种:完全倒装和部分倒装。将谓语动词完全移到主语之前称作完全倒装;只将助动词或情态动词放到主语之前称作部分倒装。 第一节 完全倒装 前置部分 + V + S 以下几种情况需采取完全倒装: 1(以here, there, now, then等开头的句子。 There stands a table in the middle of the room. 房子中间放着一张书桌。 谓语 主语 There came a cry for help from a river nearby. 从附近小河那边传来呼救声。 谓语 主语 Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。 Then came the hour we had been looking forward to. 我们期盼的那个时刻终于来到了。 注1:上述句子动词的时态通常用一般现在时或过去时，不能用进行时。 注2:当主语为人称代词时，不用倒装，用正常语序。 There he comes. 他来了。 Here it is. 这是给你的。 2(表示方位的副词in, out , away, off, down, up等开头的句子。 把上述表示方位的副词位于句首，常使用倒装，目的是为了生动形象地描写这些动作。 Up went the rocket into the air. 嗖地一声火箭上了天。 Down jumped the thief from the house. 小偷从房子上跳下来。 注:在这种结构中，若主语为代词时，则不倒装。 Back they came. 他们回来了。 3(作地点状语的介词短语在句首。 若一个句子的主语较长，为了避免头重脚轻，则采取完全倒装，将作状语的介词 短语置于句首。 Behind him hung his photo, taken on the Great Wall. 状语 谓语 主语 定语 (To the)north of the village stands a high mountain, covered with snow all the year round. 4(在“Doing / Done(分词) + 状语 + be + 主语”的结构中。该句型实际上就是“主语+be + doing / done(分词)”结构，为了句子平衡，避免头重脚轻，实行倒装。 Gone forever are the days when we Chinese people used foreign oil. Seated in the front is an old man in his fifties. Walking above the crowded streets on top of a building ten storeys high was Philippe Petit. 第二节 部分倒装 前置部分 + 助动词或情态动词 + S + V 以下五种情况，句子需采取部分倒装: 1(以neither / nor或so开头的句子 以neither / nor或so开头的句子，用于表示相同的看法，要用部分倒装结构。 so用于肯定句，neither / nor用于否定句。 They can afford to buy a car, so can we(= we can, too). 他们能买得起车，我们也能。 I have never been abroad. Neither has he(= She hasn?t, either). 我从没去过外国，他也没去过。 I know nothing about it, nor do I care(= I don?t care, either). 关于这件事我是一无所知，对此也无兴趣。 注:So在句首，若只是对对方所陈述的内容表示肯定，这时不用倒装。 —— He is a good student. —— So he is.(= Indeed he is a good student.) 2(具有否定意义的副词或介词短语在句首 具有否定意义的副词有:hardly, never, little, seldom, rarely(很少), scarcely, hardly, not until, no longer, no where, no sooner…than…等 具有否定意义的介词短语有:at no time, under no conditions, by no means等 Never in all my life have I met such a determined person. Not until many years later did I know the whole truth. Hardly had he arrived home when his wife started complaining. 他刚到家，他的妻子就唠唠叨叨地抱怨起来。 No sooner had he finished his talk than a man stood up and put a question to him. 他的讲话刚结束，就有人站起来向他提出一个问题。 At no time will China first use unclear weapons. 在任何时候中国决不会首先使用核武器。 3(以only所修饰的副词，介词短语或状语从句在句首 Only then did I realize that I was wrong. 到那时我才意识到我错了。 Only in this way can we control the environmental pollution. Only when you have read the book, can you answer these questions. 注:若only在句首，强调的不是状语，而是主语，句子不倒装。 Only you understand me. 只有你了解我。 4(not only 在句首 由并列连词not only…but also…连接的句子，若not only放在句首，则not only所在的句子部分倒装，but also连接的句子用正常语序。 Not only did he teach school, but(also)he wrote novels. 他不但在学校里教书，而且还写小说。 注:若not only…but also…连接的是主语，句子用正常语序。 Not only you but also she has to attend today?s meeting. 5(当so…that…和such…that…句中的so adj. / adv.和such + n位于句首 That dog was so fierce that no one dared come near. = So fierce was that dog that no one dared come near. It was such a bad accident that many people were killed. = Such a bad accident was it that many people were killed. 第三节 倒装结构在其他句型中的用法 1(在if引导的虚拟条件状语中，如果从句中有had, were或should可省去if，将这些词提到句首。 1)与目前事实相反 If I were you, I would not let him off lightly. = Were I you, I would not let him off lightly. 我要是你，就不会轻易放过他。 2)与过去事实相反 If he had had time, he would certainly have come to lend you a hand. = Had he had time, he would certainly have come to lend you a hand. 3)将来发生的可能性极小 If there should be a fire, please raise the alarm at once. = Should there be a fire, please raise the alarm at once. 若万一发生火灾，请立即发警报。 2(as引导让步状语从句，应将表语、状语或谓语移到句首。(见状语从句一章) Though he is a boy, he knows a lot.= Boy as he is, he knows a lot. Though he worked hard, he made little progress. = Hard as he worked, he made little progress. 注:though引导让步状语从句，也有这种用法。 Though they fought bravely, they had no chance of winning. = Bravely though they fought, they had no chance of winning. 3(为了强调宾语，可将宾语移至句首，但句子采取正常词序，不倒装。 —— I?d like to invite you to the concert this evening. —— Thank you, but I?m not sure whether I?ll have time at that moment(宾语). = Thank you, but whether I?ll have time I?m not sure at that moment. 倒 装 练 习 1(Not once in these years the prices of these products. A(we changed B(have we changed C(did we change D(we change 2( much food did I eat that I was almost sick. A(Too B(So C(Such D(What 3(So absorbed _____ in her work that she didn?t realize I was behind her. A(did she B(was she C(she did D(she was 4(Not until I shouted at the top of my voice his head. A(that he turned B(had he turned C(did he turn D(that he had turned 5(--- Why can?t I smoke? --- At no time _______ in the meeting room. A. does smoking permit B. is smoking permitted C. smoking is permitted D. permits smoking 6. --- So hard in the past few months that he has made great progress in English. --- I can see that; only a few mistakes in the exam. A(has he worked; did he made B(he has worked; did he made C(he has worked; he made D(has he worked; he made 7(If Mr Black doesn?t attend it tomorrow, . A(neither do I B(nor shall I C(I don?t, either D(never will I 8(--- Your son has done a good job. --- . However, there is a long way to go. A(So he has B(So has he C(So you have D(So have you 9(On the wall the pictures of my grandparents, taken 20 years ago. A(hangs B(hanged C(were hung D(hang 10(Southeast of the city two newly-built TV towers. A(has B(stand C(lie D(is 11( , I will learn it well. A(Whatever difficult Russian is B(No matter how difficult is Russian C(However difficult Russian is D(Difficult as is Russian 12(We waited and waited, we had been looking forward to. A(Then came the hour B(Then did the hour came C(Then the hour came D(The hour then came 13(I?m sure you?d rather he stayed in Shanghai, ? A(aren?t I B. didn?t he C. hadn?t you D. wouldn?t you 14.______was his diligence that everyone praised him for it. A. So B. Such C. It D. What 15. --- Are earthquakes common in this region? --- Almost never ________. A. they happen B. do they happen C. they do happen D. are they happening 16. _______from the fifth floor when the policeman pointed his gun at him. A. Jumped down the murder B. Down the murderer jumped C. The murderer jumped down D. Down jumped the murderer 17. _______forever are the days when teachers were looked down upon. A. Gone B. Go C. To go D. Going 18. Maybe you have been to many countries, but nowhere else _____ such a beautiful palace. A. can you find B. you could find C. you can find D. could you find 19. Of the making of good books there is no end; neither _____ any end to the their influence on men?s lives. A. there is B. there are C. is there D. are there 20. --- I would never come to this restaurant again. The food is terrible. --- ______. A. Nor am I B. Neither would I C. Same with me. D. So do I. 21. ______ snacks and drinks, but they also brought cards for entertainment when they had a picnic in the forest. A. Not only they bought B. Not only did they bring C. Not only bought they D. Not only they did bought 22. Only when your identity has been checked, ______. A. you are allowed in B. you will be allowed in C. will you allow in D. will you be allowed in 23. --- Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother? --- I don?t know, ______. A. nor don?t I care B. nor do I care C. I don?t care neither D. I don?t care also 1-5 BBBCB 6-10 DBADB 11-15 CADBB 16-20 c/d AACB 21-23 BDB