大学英语三级考试语法复习要点
大学英语三级考试语法复习要点
一、动词的时态和语态
1. 动词的时态
1.1一般现在时
1.1.1在下列从句中，主句如用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时
1) 由when, until, the moment, as soon as, after, the next time和 if, unless, in case,
whether, as long as, once, however，provided that, supposing 等连词引导的时
间状语和条件状语从句中。
e.g. If she doesn’ttell him the truth now, he?llsimply keep on asking her until she
does.
He will call you up the moment he finishes the work.
Youwon?tpasstheexamunless you study harder.
2) 在定语从句中，如，Be quick, or the train will have left by the time we get to
the station
3) 名词性的wh-, that- 从句中, 如:They will be thankful for whatever help you
offer him.
4) 让步状语从句(从句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时): e.g. Whether the weather is goodorbad,…
No matter whether you agree ornot…
However carefully you drive…
1.1.2 表示客观事实和真理的句子任何时候都用一般现在时。 e.g. In the past many people didn?tbelieve that the earth is round. 1.1.3 在某些常用的句中表示在一个具体的现在时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。
e.g. Here he comes.
There goes the bell.
1.2 一般过去时
1) 当提及过去存在的人或物时，即使句中没有表明过去的时间状语，该句的谓语动词也应该用一般过去时。
e.g. Dickens was a great English writer.
When did you write the story?
2) 在表示时间或条件的状语从句中代替过去将来时。 e.g. They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him.
I decided to go to the library as soon as I finis what I was doinghed. 1.3 一般将来时:表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或存在的状
态。表示将来的谓语结构有:
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shall/will do
be going to do
be about to do : 表示动作“正要”，“刚要”发生，不与表示将来的时
间状语连用。
be to do :表示按“日程”将要发生的动作，或用来征询意见。
be doing (come, go, arrive, drive, fly, leave, start, plan )
will be doing: 常表示预计即将发生或势必发生的动作，它含有已经
安排好的意思。
e.g. We must hurry. The film is about to start.
George is arriving onthefouro?clock train this afternoon.
There is to be a test at the end of this term.
Are we to go now?
Don?tworry. I expectI?ll be seein him tomorgrow. Then I can tell him about it. 试比较:I will be seeing him about it tomorrow.
I?ll see him about it tomorrow. (末事先安排好)
1.4 现在进行时
该时态可以同频度副词，如:always, forever, constantly连用，带有情
感色彩，如赞扬或厌烦等。
e.g. He is always askin the same questgion.
试比较:He is always coming late.
He always comes late.
1.5 现在完成时
1) 在含有 the first/ second time,superlative degree +n 句型中，通常用现在完成时
e.g. This is the first time they have traveled by air.
This is the most interesting novel I have ever read.
2) 由连词 since 引出状语从句时，主句一般都用现在完成时,有时用现在完成进行时，从句用一般过去时。
句型:S，have/has V-ed2/been V-ing since s + V-ed1
e.g. I have not heard from her since we graduated from university.
He has been working in this school since he came here. 3) 用于时间状语从句或条件状语从句表示将来完成的动作。 e.g. I will return your book on Monday if I have read it..
I will let you know after I have talke with him. d
The students will go home as soon as they have finished the exams.
Check it out when you have finishedit.
4) 现在完成时经常与不确定的过去时间状语连用，如:already, just, yet,
before, recently, lately等;也可同表示频度的时间状语连用，如:often, ever,
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never, twice, 等;还可同表示一段时间的状语连用，如:for, since, in(for) the
last/past ten years, these ten days, up to now, so far等。
5) go, come, return, buy, become, join, borrow等瞬间动词不能和表示延续的时间状语连用。要表示有关的意思时应该用have 的完成时或be 的完成时。
e.g. They have been back for more than a month.
不能说:They have come back for more than a month.
He has had the bike for two years.
不能说:He has bought the bike for two years.
1.6 现在完成进行时
强调一个动作从过去开始一直持续到现在，没有中断过，并将继续下去。
e.g. He has been doing his homework all the morning but hasn’tfinished it yet. 1.7 过去完成时
这是一个相对的时态，只有与过去时或过去某个动作相比较时才能用。
1) 在含有when, before, after, until, as soon as 等引起的时间状语的主从句中，若主从句谓语均表过去的动作，则动作在先的用过去完成时。 e.g. When I had finished my homework, I went out for a walk.
They had left before I returned.
2) 在含有hardly, scarcely, barely, no sooner 等词的主从复合句中，从句谓语一般用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时。
e.g. No sooner had I arrived at the school than the bell rang.
Hardly had he finished his speech when the audience started cheering. 3) 含有by the end of + 过去时间的介词短语的句子中，谓语动词应用过去完成时。
e.g. She had finished her design by the end of last month.
4) 有些动词,如intend, hope, plan, mean, think等的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图。
e.g. I had hoped that she would answer my letter.
She had intended to go to the cinema last night, but she was busy then.
1.8 过去完成进行时
表示过去某时或某动作之前的动作或状态一直持续到过去某个时候，没有中断过。
e.g. He had been working in the office for two years before she a raisegot . 1.9 将来完成时:表示将来某时之前已完成的动作。
e.g. By the end of this month, we surely will have founda satis factory solution to
the problem.
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The conference will have lastea full week d by the time it ends. 2. 被动语态
在不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁时，或者为了突出或强调动作承受者时，就用被动语态。
e.g. My bike was stolelast nightn .
The plan has been made.
结构:be+V-ed2
2.1各种时态的被动语态
主动语态 被动语态 一般现在时 V(s) is/am/are+V-ed2 一般过去时 V-ed1 was/were+V-ed2 一般将来时 shall/will+V shall/will+be+V-ed2 现在完成时 have/has+V-ed2 have/has+been+V-ed2 过去完成时 had +V-ed2 had+been V-ed2 现在进行时 Is/am/are+V-ing is/am/are+being+V-ed2 过去进行时 was/were+V-ing was/were+being+V-ed2 2.2 含有情态动词的被动语态结构:情态动词+be+V-ed2 e.g. All that can be done has been done.
The work must be done at once.
3.时态的呼应
在主从复合句中，主要是在宾语从句中，时态常受主句谓语动词时态的影响，从句的时态要做一些必要的调整，这种现象叫时态的呼应。关于主、从句时态的呼应，应注意以下两点:
1)如果主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时，宾语从句的谓语动词可
以是各种时态。
e.g. I don’tapprove of what he did.
Will you tell us how you managed to overcome the diffi? culties2) 如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态，从句应该用相应的过去时态，但如果从句表示一个客观真理，则从句用一般现在时。
e.g. that the teacher was in the classroom..
that the teacher was talking with the students.
She told me that the teacher had been in the classroom for half an hour.
that she was born in 1980.
that the teacher would leave the classroom soon.
that the earth goes round the sun.
4. 情态动词，完成体
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1)情态动词为现在时，表示对过去事情的推测，把握性大。
must + have + V-ed2 一定已经(把握性大的推测)
can + have+V-ed2 可能已经(把握性较弱)
may + have + V-ed2 也许已经(把握性最弱)
cannot + have + V-ed2 一定没有(否定推测)
2)情态动词”may,can”的过去时，表示对过去事情的推测，可能性小点
;或表示本来可以完成或发生而实际并末完成或发生的事情。
could + have + V-ed2 表示可能已经或本来可以完成，但事实上并
没有实现的事情。
might +have + V-ed2 表示也许已经，或者对本来也许发生而实际
并未发生的事情表示“感叹”或“遗憾”，并
含有“劝告”、“责备”的语气。
should,ought to +have +V-ed2 本来应该做而实际并未做
should not/oughtn?ttohaveV-ed2 本来不应该做而实际做了的
needn?thave+V-ed2 表示本来不必要做的事情已经做了。
didn?tneed + toV 表示没有必要做，实际上也没有做。 e.g. You can’t have seen her in the office last Friday; she?sbeenoutoftownfortwo
weeks.
With all this work on hand, he shoul dn’t have gone to the cinema last night
You needn ’t have done all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort
of thing.
He may/might have heard the news yesterday.
The dictionary has disappeared. Who could have taken it?
二、非谓语动词
非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词、和分词三种形式，它们的功能如下:
主语 表语 宾语 宾补 定语 状语 否定式 逻辑主语 不定式 , , , , , , not+ toV for/of sb. 分词 , , , , not+V--ing/V-ed 动名词 , , , , not+V-ing sb’s 1. 不定式。表示未来的、具体的、一次性的行为。
1.1 作主语
句型:To V is+adj/n.
It is +adj/n+.to V
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e.g. It is important (hard, easy, necessary) for sb to do sth.
It is kind (foolish, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, stupid, careless,
considerate, rude, impolite, naughty) of you to do sth.
It is a pity (a shame, an honour, a pleasure) to do sth.
It takes/ took sb. some time to do sth.
To talk with him is a great pleasure.
It is a great pleasure to talk with him.
It is necessary for us to learn English well.
It is very thoughtful of you to have arranged all this.
1.2 作表语, 表示具体的、将来的动作。
句型:S，系动词，toV
e.g. His job today is to clean the room.
The best way to do in the present situation is wait and see.(当主语部分含有do 的某种形式时，to 可省)
试比较:Her wish is to become a teacher.
I am to go on with the work.
1.3 作宾语。
句型:S + Vt + to V
1) 下列动词后只能用不定式作宾语:hope, wish, expect, want, offer, promise, refuse, decide, pretend, afford, agree, attempt, fail, intend, learn, manage, plan
e.g. We expec t to organize a youth club.
He promi sed to come back on time.
2) 在 show, tell, teach, know, find out, decide, wonder, advise, discuss等动词后，常用一个带wh-words 的不定式作宾语,宾补，构成V+wh-words+to V…
e.g. Show me how to do it.
Idon?t know where to put it.
3) 若作宾语的不定式有补足语时，先用先行词it 作形式宾语而将正
直的宾语不定式后移置补足语之后。
句型:S + Vt (think, consider, find, make) + it + O.C(adj/ n) + to do
e.g. I find it difficult to follow the professor for I haven?tprepared for the class.
We think neces itsary to learn English well.
I find it a pleasure to talk with you.
1.4 作宾补。
1)不定式在句中作宾补时，可带不定式符号to ,也可不带。下列动词:see,
watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, listen to, look at, make, have, let 等后的不
定式作宾补时，to 必须省去。
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句型:Vt + O + to V Vt + O + V e.g. He wanted you to call him back at noon.
The coach made the players practise every day.
Idon?tnotice you enter.
但这种句子变为被动语态时，“to”必须还原。
e.g. The players were made to practise every day.
2) be said/ be reported/be known/be thought/be believed/ seem/ happen/ appear/
prove等常以to V 或to be 作主补。
e.g. He is said to be from a poor peasant famil. y
He is said to have gone abroad.
3) 下列句型中不定式不带”to”
had better +V/ would rather +V…than..+ V/ do…except/but +V/ had rather +V/
cannot but +V
e.g. He said he would do anything except cook.
He can do nothing but wait.
1.5 作定语。不定式作定语一般放在被修饰词后，表示一个将来的动作。
句型:n. + to V
1)不定式与其所修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系。如果该不定式是不及
物动词，其后应有必要的介词。
e.g. I have a lot of questions to ask.
Robert has a large family to suppo rt
Give me a sheet of paper to write. on
There is nothing to worry about .
试比较:Do you have anything to be taken to your son?
Do you have anything to do ?
2)有些名词后常跟不定式作定语。此类常见名词有:way, right, chance,
ambition, ability, attempt, promise, tendency, wish, desire, decision等。 e.g. His attem pt to solve the probl turneemd out to be a failure.
Is that the best way to solve the problem?
3)only, last, next 以及形容词最高级和序数词修饰名词时，常用不定式
。
e.g. He is always the first one to come to school.
Idon?tthink he is the best man to do the job.
1.6 不定式作状语
1) 不定式后置表示原因，不定式说明产生该形容词表示的情绪的原因，不定式修饰某些形容词表示范围、情况，这类形容词有:clever, comfortable, difficult, easy, foolish, right, wrong等。
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句型: be + adj/V-ed2 + to V
e.g. The question is diffi cult to answer.
Alice is easy to get along with. (不定式与主语是动宾关系，不定式是不及物动词时，要带介词，介词后不能再带宾语)
2) 不定式后置表示结果。不定式修饰动词、形容词和副词表示结果时后置，常用下列句型:
adj/adv.+ enough + to V
so + adj/adv. + as to + V
such +(adj) + n. + as to V
too + adj /adv + to V
only + to V(意想不到的结果)
e.g. Would you be kind enough to open the window?
The rain was so heavy as to make our picnic impossible.
I was too excited to go to sleeplast night .
We arrived at the station only to find the train had left. 3) 不定式前置表示目的(应用逗号隔开)，常用下列句型:
To V/ In order to V, S + V
e.g. To become a teacher in a unive,rsity it is necessary to have at least a master?s
degree.
In order to catch up with the advanced natio, we must make stillns great efforts. 4) 不定式后置表示目的，常用下列句型:
S + V…toV/in order to V/ so as to V e.g. He got up early to/in order to/so as to read Engli for a whilesh in the morning. 1.7 不定式的否定式。
句型:not to V
e.g. I?mgoing to start now in order not to miss the beginning.
Take care not to catch a cold.
1.8 不定式的时态
一 般 体 to do
进 行 体 to be doing
完 成 体 to have done 1) 一般体:不定式表示的动作与谓语的动作是同时发生的，或是在其后发生的。
e.g. He is said to leave tomorrow.
The students are learning to sing an English song.
2) 进行体:不定式表示的动作与谓语动词的动作是同时发生的，而且
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正在进行着。
e.g. The teacher seems to be getting along quitewith the stude well nts.
He is said to be writing a letter now.
3) 完成体:表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动作之前。若用在intended, hoped, meant, planned, should/would like, expected, hoped, promised, wanted等词
后，表示过去没有实现的愿望、期待或
计划
项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载
等。
e.g. He is said to have come here yesterday.
，am sorry to have kept you waiting.
I would like to have gone with her, but I was too busy then.
1.9 不定式的语态
一 般 体 to be done
完 成 体 to have been done
当不定式的逻辑主语与不定式的动词动作有被动关系时，常用不定式的被动语态。
to be translated into Engli next year. sh
e. g. This book is reported
to have been translated into Engli last year. sh
The next thing to be done is to make a plan.
He is said to have been sent abroad.
2. 分词
分词有两种:现在分词和过去分词。它们兼有动词、形容词和副词
的特征。
构成:现在分词由动词原形，ing构成，过去分词由动词原形，ed构成。
区别:现在分词表示主动、正在进行的意思;过去分词表示被动、完
成的意思。
试比较:I heard someo ne opening the door .
I heard the door opene. d
China is a developing country.
Japan is a developed country.
2.1 作表语。现在分词作表语说明主语所具有的特征或性质;过去分
词作表语说明主语所处的状态。 句型:S + 系动词 + V-ing/V-ed2
e.g. The lecture was boring.
His students were bored.
2.2 作宾补。现在分词作宾补，表示和宾语之间是主动关系，而且动作正
在进行;过去分词作宾补，与宾语之间是被动关系，表示已完成
的动作。 常用分词作宾补的动词有:see, hear, notice, look at, watch,
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find, smell, feel, keep, set, have, make, leave, start等。
句型:S + Vt +O + V-ing/V-ed2
e.g. I saw two men planting trees.
I found trees planted in lines .
He was surprised to find his room thoroughly cleaned.
He was surprised to find someo ne cleaning the room.
试比较:have/has /get+ sth done
have/has + sb + do sth(经常)./doing sth..(正在进行或让某人连续较
长时间地做某事)
e.g. He has the letter typed.
He had his leg broke in an accidnent.
His father has his son write a compositio everyn week.
His father has his son writing a composition now.
现在分词和不定式都可以作宾补，现在分词强调动作正在进行，不定式表示动作已完成，指事情发生的全过程。
句型:see/watch/hear sb.do sth./doing sth.
e.g. Do you hear anyone knocking at the door?
Yes, I do. I heard him knock threes times.
I saw him get off the bus and go away.
I saw him coming slowly to me.
2.3 作定语。
1) 单个分词作定语一般前置，在意思上相当于一个定语从句。分词与
其修饰语之间是主动关系时用现在分词，是被动关系时则用过去
分词。
句型:V-ing/V-ed2 + n
e.g. I am reading a very interestin book. g
Must all the written exercises be done?
单个过去分词作定语，有时也可放在被修饰词之后。
e.g. The guests invited are all here.
The experience gainewill be of greatd value.
2) 分词短语作定语时放在它所修饰的名词之后，功能相当于定语从句。
句型:n. + V-ing phrase / n. + V-ed2 phrase
e.g. The problem bothering us(=which is bothering) is the lack of money.
They lived in a room facing(=that faced) the south.
These are goods imported from Japan (=that were imported from Japan).
Is this the book recommended by our teach?er
2.4 作状语。分词作状语表示原因、条件、时间、让步、伴随情况、结果等。
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2.4.1 分词作状语放句首时常表示:原因、条件、时间或让步，放在句末常表示伴随或结果。现在分词作状语有主动意思，过去分词作状语有被动意思。分词作状语多用在书面语中，口语中多用状语从句。 句型:V-ing, S + V +O + 其他成分,S+V+O+…,V-ing
V-ed2, S + V + O + 其他成分,S+V+O+…,V-ed2
e.g. When compared with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not
seem high at all. (表示时间)
Hearing the news, we jumped with joy.
Don?treadwhile eatin (g表示时间，放后面需加.连词)
Not knowing how to do it, he went to his father for help.(表示原因)
Being short of manpo, werwe?lltrytofinish the work in time.= Though we are
short of manpower .(表示让步)
They stood there for an hour, watching the game.(表示伴随)
All of us returned home exhausted.(表示伴随)
It rained for two weeks on end, completely ruining our holid(表示结果)ay.
Given the opportunit, he mighty have become a good writer.(表示条件)
Given more time, we can do it better.(表示条件)
2.4.2分词作状语时，它的逻辑上的主语一般应与句子的主语一致，若与句子的主语不一致时，分词应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立结构，独立结构有时可以用with, without引导。
句型:N.+ V-ing, S+V+O 其他成分
N，V-ed2, S+V+O+其他成分
With +n.+V-ing/V-ed2,…
e.g. His work finished, he went straight home..(时间)
All things considered, the planned trip will have to be called off.(条件)
It being Sunday today, we can have a good rest.(原因)
Weather permitting, we will go mountainclimbing tomorrow.(条件)
Sometimes many people spoke at once, with nobody stopping them. (伴随)
With the test finished, we began to analyze the result.(时间) 2.4.3分词作状语与不定式作状语的区别
1) 表语后一般用不定式作状语，不用分词作状语。
e.g. He was excited to hear the news.
2) 分词一般作方式、伴随、时间、条件、让步、程度、原因等状语;不定
式一般只作目的、结果、原因等，不能作时间、让步、程度、伴随和方
式状语。不定式作原因状语，一般放在句末，分词作原因状语，一
般放在句首。
e.g. They felt sorry to hear the news.
Being too excit, he coulded not say a word.
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2.5 分词的否定式。在分词前加not.
e.g. Not having been there, Idon?tknowtheplace.
2.6分词的时态和语态
现在分词有时态和语态的变化，而过去分词则无形式变化。当现在分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，用现在分词的完成时，在句中主要作状语，表示时间、原因。在表示一个被动动作时，如果这个动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行，这时现在分词要用被动态的一般式。如果一个被动动作发生在谓语动作之前，用分词的完成被动式。现在分词的时态与语态的变化构成:
主 动 式 被 动 式
一 般 体 doing being done
完 成 体 having done having been done e.g. Having been given such a good chanc, hee planned to learn more.
Having been told many times he still, didn?tknowhowtodoit.
Having finished his work, he went home.
The computer works very fast, handling data at the speed of light.
The building being built now is our lab.
The problem being discussed is of great importance.
3. 动名词
3.1. 作主语，置于句首或用it 作为形式主语，把真正的主语置于句末，表示一个一般性的动作。
e.g. Reading aloud is very important in learning English.
在 use, good, pity, worth, worthwhile, tiring, useless等名词或形容词作表语时，常用it作形式主语，把动名词后置，构成It is no use /no good / useless / worthwhile / dangerous + V-ing, 或There be + no + V-ing e.g. It is no use buying books without reading them.
There is no joking about such matters.
3.2 动名词和不定式在句中作主语的区别
1) 动名词表示抽象的一般性行为，通常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起;不定式表示具体的一次性行为，常与特定的执行者联系在一起。
e.g. Living in this big city has its disadvantage.(指一般情况，对许多人而言)
To live in this big city is what Mr. Black hopes for.(对布莱克而言) 2) 在句型“主，系，表”中，若表语为不定式，主语应用不定式;表语用动名词，主语也应用动名词。
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e.g. To see is to believe.
Seeing is believing.
3.3. 作宾语。
1) 只能用动名词作宾语的动词有:avoid, enjoy, consider, endure, finish, mind, practise, postpone, risk, suggest, advise, propose, allow, permit, anticipate, encourage, admit, appreciate, delay, escape, excuse, keep, mention, miss,
prevent, quit, recall, recommend, resent, resist, tolerate, understand, fancy, deny , imagine, favor, reject, cannot help, put off, give up, look forward to等。 e.g. Ican?t understand your reading the boring novel.
You should practise speaking English more.
He avoided giving me a definite answer
如果宾语带有补足语时，通常用先行词it 作形式宾语，把动名词放在句末。
句型:S + Vt + it + no use/no good./a pleasure+ V-ing
I thought it no use argui ng with him.
2) 在动词need, want, require, deserve等词后面可用动名词的主动形式，或不定式的被动形式作宾语，表示被动含义。
句型: sth need/require/want/deserve + V-ing/ to be V-ed2
e.g. The new instrument doesn?twant cleaning/to be clean ed.
The matter needs looking into/to be looked into.
3) 有些动词后既可接不定式，也可接动名词，意思不同，注意辨别。如:stop to do sth/stop doing sth., remember to do sth/remember doing sth, forget to do sth/forget doing sth, regret to do sth/regret doing sth, try to do sth/ try doing sth, mean to do sth/ mean doing sth. , go on to do sth/ go on doing sth e.g. I regret to tell you about it.
I regret telling you about it.
Don?tforget to give my regards to them.
I shall never forget hearing him play Chopin.
He tried using another method.
Success means working hard.
Ididn?tmeanto make you angry.
4)在like, dislike, hate, prefer，love等词后用不定式，表示具体的特定的行为，用动名词表示一般的抽象的行为，习惯、爱好。
e.g. I like reading books, but I don?tlike to read this book.
5)在advise, allow, encourage, permit等词后面，用动名词作宾语，用不定式作宾补。
句型:allow/advise/encourage/permit + V-ing/ sb to V.
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e.g. Mr. Smith doesn?tpermit going to sleep in class.
Mr. Smith doesn?tpermit his students to sleep in class.
6) 在介词后用动名词作宾语。如:be busy doing sth , spend time doing sth,
lose no time doing sth, have trouble/difficulty/problem doing sth. There be no need/no
point in doing sth, insist on doing, feel like doing sth. be worth doing等。
e.g. There is no point in looking up every new word.
They are busy preparing for the exam.
I am sorry for giving you so much trouble.
3.4 作表语。不定式和动名词作表语说明主语的具体内容，主表可以颠倒。不定式常表示具体的一次性的动作，而动名词表示一般情况。分词作表语表示主语的性质、特征。
句型:S + be + V-ing
e.g. His hobby is collecting stamp s.
试比较:My job today is to teach the use of ….
My job is teaching English.
The situation is encouraging.
Her job was washing clothes.
She was washing clothes.
3.5 作定语。不定式、分词和动名词都可以作定语，但位置不同，不定式作定语表示未来的行为，放在修饰词后面，和修饰的名词有动宾关系;分词作定语表示所修饰的名词发出的动作，有逻辑上的主谓关系;动名词作定语放在修饰语前，表示它所修饰的名词的作用和用途。
e.g. a sleeping car the house to be built
a sleeping child the house being built
the house built
3.6 动名词的逻辑主语。物主代词和名词所有格都可以作动名词的逻辑主语，构成动名词的复合结构。(作主语时，逻辑主语只用所有格，若作宾语，逻辑主语也可用宾格,当逻辑主语为无生命的名词时，只作宾格)
e.g. Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
I would appreciate your keeping it a secret.
The old man looked forward to his daughter’s coming.
Idon?tmindHsiaoLi/him going.
Is there any hope of Hsiao Lin?sgroup winning the red banner? 3.7 动名词的否定形式
动名词的否定形式只需在其前加“not ”
e.g. John regretted not having worked harder.
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3.8 动名词的时态和语态
主动形式 被动形式
一般体 doing being done
完成体 having done having been done 1) 动名词的一般体
通常表示一般性动作，即不是明确地在过去、现在、将来发生的动
作，或是表示与谓语所表示的动作同时发生的动作。 e.g. He took a great delight in helping other. s
2) 动名词的完成体。表示动名词的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前
。
e.g. I regretted not having taken your advic. e
The students? having done the work so well made us very happy. 3) 动名词的被动语态
当动名词的逻辑主语为动名词动作的承受者时，动名词用被动形式。
e.g. I appreciate being invit to your partyed.
He dislikes being interruptein his speecd h.
She is afraid of being left alone.
如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动作之前，有时需要用动名词的完成被动形式。
e.g. Idon?tremember having ever been given a chanc to try this methoed.
三、虚拟语气
虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式，它表示一种假设的情况或主观愿望，即动词所表示的动作或状态并非事实或不可能实现。下面简要介绍一下虚拟语气的主要用法。
1. 非真实条件句
用于通常由if 引导的条件句中，表示一种与事实相反或实现的可能性极小的情况。
假设类型 if 条件句 主句
与现在事实相反 were/V-ed1 should/would/could/might+V 与过去事实相反 had V-ed2 should/would/could/might+have+V-ed2 将来不太可能的事 were toV/should V should/would/could/might+V
V-ed1
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e.g. If he were here, everything would be all right.
I could have done better if I had been more careful.
If it were to rain next Sunday, the match would be postponed .
If we should fail again, we wouldn’tloseheart.
2. 错综时间条件句
指虚拟条件从句和主句中动作发生在不同的时间，因此条件从句和主句中的谓语动词要根据各自的时间来确定正确形式。 e.g. If it had not been for your help, I would be in trouble now.
If you had taken your medicine yesterday, you would be well now. If Tom intended to start out this morning, he would have got everything ready last night.
3. 含蓄虚拟条件句
指句子表面上没有通常使用的if等引起的条件句，但是在句中通
过介词、形容词、动词、分词、不定式、定语从句、祈使句或上下文等表
示虚拟条件。常用的此类词有:with, without, but for, or, otherwise,
but…and…, in the absence of等。
e.g. I lost your phone number, otherwise I would have calle you long beforde.
He must have had an accident, or he would have been here then.
Howard would have stopp to speaked with them but they appeared to be in
a hurry.
It would be a pity for you to miss the show.
Without/ But for your help, I would not have succeeded. 4. 省略if 构成倒装的条件句
非真实条件句中，若谓语含有were, had, should时，可以省略if，把
were, had, should提到主语前，构成倒装句。
e.g. Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exams.
Should it rain tomorrow, our picnic would be cancelled.
Were I you, I would get up early every morning.
5. wish 后宾语从句中的虚拟语气
无论wish 为何种时态，后面从句须用虚拟。
宾语从句
与过去事实相反 had +V-ed2
与现在事实相反 were/V-ed1
将来没有把握或不太可能实现的would/could/might+V
愿望
e.g. We wish we had paid more attention to our pronunciation.
I wish I had a car.
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I wish he would try again.
6. if only后用虚拟语气，表示强烈不满、遗憾等口气，常译为“要是…就好了”。谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在没有实现的愿望;用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望。
句型:if only + V-ed1/were
had V-ed2
e.g. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I had followed your advice.
If only he were here!
7. would rather/would sooner/would as soon(宁愿) 后的从句中用虚拟语气。谓语动词用一般过去时，表示现在或将来的愿望;用过去完成时表示过去的愿望。
句型:would rather/would sooner/would as soon + V-ed1
had+V-ed2
e.g. She would rathe we rhadn’tdone that.
To be frank, I’d rather you were not involved in the case.
I would soone that you rstarted the work at once. 8. 在It is /was (high, about)time that…结构中，that从句中谓语动词用过去时表示虚拟语气，意思是“是…的时候了”。
句型:It is/ was (high, about) time that V-ed1 e.g. It is time that you started working.
It?salready 5 o?clock now. Don?tyouthink it?sabout time we went home. 9. as if/as though 引导的方式状语从句或表语从句中，有时用虚拟语气。从句动作发生在主句动作之前，表示与事实相反，谓语动词用had+V-ed2;从句动作与主句动作同时发生，表示与事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时。但如果主句动词是感官动词，并且所述情况实现可能性大，也可用陈述语气。
句型:as if/as though + S + V-ed1
S + had V-ed2
look/ seem/smell, etc + as if/as though + S +V
e.g. He talks as if he knew all about it.
He talked as if he had done all the work himself, but in fact Tom and I did most of
it.
She acted as though nothing had happened.
It looks as if it is going to rain.
10. 在for fear that, in case(万一), lest(以免) 引导的目的状语从句中，或whether…or…引导的从句中，用虚拟。
句型:for fear that/ in case/ lest + S + (should)+ V
whether +S+ V+ or +V
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e.g. The sports meeting will be put off in case it rain/should rain.
Whether it rain or shine, we will start as planned tomorrow.
He ran away for fear that/ lest he be caught.
11在一些表示建议、意见、要求、请求、命令、劝告、需要等动词后的宾语从句中，用动词原形或should+V 表示虚拟语气。这类动词有:suggest, advise, propose, recommend, move, vote, prefer, ask, beg, demand, request, require, desire, insist, maintain, order, command, appoint, arrange, decide, urge, resolve, allow, indicate, grant, determine等。
句型:V+ that S+ (should) + V
e.g. We desire that the tour leader inform us immediately of any change in plans.
Someone suggests that we hold a speech contest.
The teacher required that every student be on time.
12. 由以上动词构成的It is +V-ed2( suggested, proposed, ordered, desired, recommended, demanded, requested, required,etc)+that…结构中，that 从句用动词原形或should+V表示虚拟。
句型:It is +V-ed2+ that S+ (should) V
e.g. It was proposed that this matter be considered at the meeting.
It is demanded that all the staff members atten the meetidng.
13(形容词构成的Itis+adj.+that…结构中，that从句的谓语用动词原形或should+V表示虚拟语气。这些形容词有:necessary, essential, important, vital, imperative, crucial, desirable, appropriate, advisable, natural, preferable, best, better, surprising, strange, urgent, anxious, eager, impossible, insistent, improper, proper等。
句型:It is + adj. +that S + (should) +V
e.g. It is important that enough money be collectedto find the proje ct.
It is necessary that the work be done at once.
It is natural that he think so.
14. advice, demand, order, necessity, decision, proposal, suggestion, recommendation, requirement, desire, motion, agreement等名词有关的主语从句、表语从句及同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，谓语动词用should+V或用V.
句型:n.+ that(同位语从句)…(should) + V
n + is + that(表语从句)…(should) + V
e.g. We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off.
Your advice that she wait till next week is reasonable.
His suggestion was that everyone a dictihaveonary.
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四、一致关系
(一)主谓一致
1. 语法一致
1.1当主语是单数，而后面跟有with, along with, together with, accompanied by, as much as, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, like, unlike, but, except, besides, in addition to, including, instead of等短语时，谓语动词仍用单数。
e.g. Xiao Wang, as well as two of her roommates, was invited to the party
I, rather than you, am responsible for all this.
Tom together with his family has been to London.
1.2 若主语为a kind/sort/type/form of, an amount of, a portion of, a series of, a species of, a set of , a wide range of 等，名词时，谓语动词一律用单数形式。
e.g. A series of problems has arisen in this city as a result of the development in
industry.
A good set of tires is supposed to last at least 20 thousands miles. 1.3 若主语为either/ neither of +复数名词或代词时，谓语动词用单数。 e.g. Either of the boys is good enough.
Neither of them was present at the meeting.
1.4 在“one of +复数名词，定语从句”结构中，定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式;但在“the only one of + 复数名词+ 定语从句”结构中，谓语动词用单数形式。
e.g. Mr. Smith is one of those people who have lost their families in the War.
She is the only one of us who is to be assigned to a university.
1.5由and 或both…and…连接的两个或两个以上的人或物作主语时，谓语动词用复数。但如果and连接的两个主语指的是同一个人或物，或指的是同一概念时谓语动词用单数,此结构的特征是and后的名词前无冠词。
e.g. Bread and butte r is on sale.
The bread and the butte r are on sale.
My best student and frien d has been sent to America.
The writer and edito r is going to the meeting in person.
2. 概念一致
2.1 集合名词作主语时，若其含义为一个整体，谓语动词用单数;若其含义为构成该整体的各个成员，则谓语动词用复数。常用的集体名词有:army, audience, club, committee, crew, family, group, jury, majority, staff, team, class, crowd, public, party, company, band, board, crew, firm, troop 等。
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e.g. The commi ttee have been arguing among themselves for hours.
The commi ttee was set up in 1990.
His famil y isn’t very large.
His famil y are all music lovers.
2.2 当表示时间、距离、重量、度量、面积、价值等的复数名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。
e.g. Five thous and dolla rs is a large sum.
Fifty miles is not a great distance.
2.3 若下列短语all, plenty, most, half, part, none, the rest, the remainder, 80%, lots + of 单数名词,不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数;若 of +复数名词时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。如果没法确定，看后面的表语。 e.g. The rest of the apple is rotten.
The rest of the apple s are rotten.
Most of the class are girls .
3. 就近原则
3.1 由并列连词or, either…or, neither…nor,notonly…butalso…连接两个主语，句中谓语动词的单复数由最靠近它的那个名词的数决定。 e.g. Not only the workers but also the gener al manag er has to abide by the
regulations.
Either the manager or his assis tants are to go.
3.2 each/every…andeach/every,no…andno…等后用单数谓语。(each和every后面的名词为单数)
句型:each/every/no +n.(sing.)+(each/every/no) n.(sing.) + V(sing)
e.g. Each teach er and stude nt is in favor of the plan.
Each boy and each girl is encouraged to take part in the sports meet.
Every succe ss and failu re contributes to an individual?sgrowth and maturity. 3.3 many a / more than one + 单数名词，或 a(n)/one…andahalf后谓语动词用单数。
e.g. Many a stude nt is looking forward to finding a prosperous job after graduation.
More than one sente nce is necessary to illustrate the usage of this word.
3.4 动词不定式、动名词、从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 e.g. Doing the job is quite difficult for a beginner.
To becom e docto rs is their ambition.
What he said was true.
3.5 由any, some, no, every和 body, one, thing等构成的复合不定代词在句中作主语，谓语动词用单数。
e.g. Every one is here.
Somet hing unhappy happens to them..
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3.6. 国家、机构、书刊、事件等名称作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 e.g. The Unite d Natio ns was founded in 1945.
His“ Selec ted Poems ” was published in 1978. 3.7 有些名词虽以s 结尾，但表示的却是单数意思，谓语动词用单数形式。这些名词有:means, news, electronics, politics, mathematics, physics, works等。
e.g. News of victories keepspouri ng in.
Physi cs is more interesting than maths.
3.8 当the + adj. 表示一类人或事物作主语时，谓语动词可视具体情况用单数或复数形式。
e.g. The young are full of vigor.
The publi c demands an official enquiry.
The publi c are generous in their contributions to the flood victims. 3.9 the number of +n(pl) + V(sing), a number of + n(pl) + V. e.g. A numbe r of cars are parked there.
The numbe r of students in the class is limited to 50. 3.10. Chinese, English, French, Japanese等词指语言时，用单数;指人民时，用复数。
e.g. Chine se is a difficult language.
The Chine se are kind and friendly..
(二)代词一致
1. 代词应与所指代的名词在人称、性、数上保持一致，下表列出了通常情况下一些代词所能指代的名词。
代词 所能指代的名词
He, him, himself, his 单数阳性名词，如:Tom, boy, actor等
单数通性名词，如:student, doctor
等
She, her, herself, hers 单数阴性名词，woman, girl Mary等
We, us, our, ours, ourselves
They, them, their, theirs, themselves 复数意义的名词，如:the Smiths,
students
It, its, itself 单数的动植物及无生命名词 e.g. Tom told me that he had his watch stolen.
Some students wanted to invite their parents to the graduation ceremony.
I should have thought of it myself.
2. 下列代词作主语或修饰主语时，代词一般用单数:
somebody/one/thing, anybody/one/thing, nobody/one/thing, everybody/one/thing, .
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each, either
e.g. Every dog has its day.
Everything they do has its fault.
3. one 作主语时，代词可用 one,one’s,也可用 he, him, his ,etc. e.g. One must devote oneself (himself) to one’s(his) country.
4. either…or或 neither…nor连接两个单数名词时，代词用单数;连接现
两个复数名词时，代词用复数。如果连接的两个名词一为单数
一为复数，或一为阳性一为阴性，代词与邻近的名词一致。 e.g. Will David or Lucy hand in her paper?
Either the teacher or the stude nts show their enthusiasm for this suggestion. 5. 集体名词用主语时，相应代词应就其所指意义而确定。
e.g. The commi ttee decides to improve its efficiency.
The commi ttee haven?tyetagreed on this issue and they are going to discuss it
tomorrow.
6. 当代词作名词的同位语时，代词和名词的单复数形式应保持一致。
e.g. They drivers should obey the traffic rules.
We teachers should be strict with students.
7. and连接两个单数名词时，代词用复数形式。
e.g. The boy and the girl went into the classroom with their books in their arms.
Peter and John have their own hobbies.
五、倒装语序
1. 当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词时，如:never, not, seldom, little, hardly, scarcely, rarely, nowhere, no longer, at no time, by no means, in no case, under no circumstance, not until…, notonly…butalso…, no sooner…than…, hardly…when…, scarcely…when…等， 句子要部分倒装。 e.g. Hardl y had they got to the bus stop when the bus suddenly pushed away.
Seldo m does she go to the cinema.
Not until he came did I know the news
Under no circu mstan ce should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but
harm the interests of the state.
Not only did she speak more correctly, but he spoke more fluently. 2. 当neither或nor 表示“也不”，so表示“也”时，它们引导的句子需要倒装。
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e.g. He likes to read novels, so do I.
He did not fear new ideas, nor did he fear the future.
Wedon?tneedairconditioning, nor can we afford it.
3. only+状语放在句首时，句子需要部分倒装。
e.g. Only in this way can you solve the problem.
Only under speci al circu mstan ces are freshmen permitted to take make-up tests.
Only when I did it by mysel f, did I know how difficult it was. 4. 当句首为一些频度状语，如:often, once, many a time以及程度状语，如:to such an extent/ a degree, to such a point等时，句子须用部分倒装。 e.g. Many a time has the old man mentioned his miserable past before me.
To such an exten t was he excited that he couldn?tgotosleep that night. 5. 由连词as, no matter how, however等引导的让步状语从句中，常采用部分倒装，把表语提前。
句型:adj/n. + as + S + be(=Though +S+be+adj/n.)
no matter how/however+adj/adv+S+V
e.g. Busy as he was, he always found time to study.
Objec t as you may, he will not change his mind.
No matte r how hard he tried, he could not solve the problem.
Boy as he is, he can make out many complicated problems.(=Though he is a
boy,…)
now, then, often, up, 6. 句首为表示地点、方向、时间的状语如:here, there,
down, in, out, away等，谓语动词为不及物动词时，需要用完全倒装句。主语一般用名词，谓语动词是come, go, fly，jump, rush等表示位置移动的动作动词。但当主语是代词时，不用倒装。
e.g. Now comes your turn.
Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when the policeman rushed into
the room.
试比较:Here comes the manager.
Here he comes.
7. 在so…that…句型中，若表示强调，可把so及它所修饰的词(形容词、副词、分词)提到句首。
句型:so+adj./adv.+be+S+…that…
e.g. So beaut iful wasthe scene ry that they all held their breath.
So great is solar energy that it can be widely used in industry. 8. 表示虚拟语气的条件状语从句中，如省略连词if, 该句需要用部分倒装，即把助动词were, had, should 提到句首。
e.g. Had you been more careful, such spelling mistakes might have been avoided.
Should he come tomorrow, he would help us with our work.
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9. 当句首为介词短语作状语时，采用全部倒装或部分倒装。 e.g. In this chapt er will be found a partial answer.
In vain did we try to persuade her to give up her plan. 10. V-ing/V-ed2 +词组+be+S+…
e.g. Stand ing at the gate was a friend mine.
Writt en on the label is the model of the washing machine. 11. as + be/do/did + S (and so too). e.g. She is tall, as are his parents.
六、连词和从句
1. 定语从句
1.1引导定语从句的关系词有:
关系代词:who, whom, whose, which, that, as
关系副词:when, where, why(只在句中作状语，其先行词总是表示时间、地点、理由的名词)
1.2 限制性和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句是主句中先行词不可缺少的一部分，如果省去，主句的意义就不完整或不明确，因此，它与主句的关系十分密切，不用逗号与主句分开;非限制性定语从句只是对主句中的先行词作附加说明，如果省去，主句意思仍明确，它与主句用逗号分开，可译成独立的句子，不能用that引导，即使作宾语也不可省略。
e.g. Don?tyouknowthepeople who live next door?
He refused to tell me the reason why he did it.
The problem, which is complicated, has been solved.
We have put off the meeting till next week , whenwewon’tbesobusy. 1.3只用关系词that
当定语从句修饰的先行词是不定代词，如:all, something, anything,
nothing, everything, little, much等时，连接词只能用that; 当先行词被
all, no, some, any, only, few, little, much, very, first, last等词修饰时，连接
词只能用that; 当先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，连接词
只能用that.
e.g. You can take any seat that is free..
This is the very film that I want to see.
That is the only thing that we can do now.
That is all that I want to say.
1.4 只用关系词which
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在非限制性定语从句中，指物或指前面整个句子的意思时，只能用which,
e.g. He changed his mind, which made me very angry.
1.5 定语从句中“介词，连接词”的用法
在定语从句中，若连接词所替代的先行词在从句中作介词的宾语，按英语习惯，通常把介词前置，构成:“介词，which/whom; 介词，which/whose ，名词;名词，of，which”等结构。在这种结构中选择介词时，要掌握两种情况:一是要注意与前面主句中先行词的搭配;二是要注意与从句中词组的搭配。
e.g. The goals for which he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.
We need a chairman in whom everyone has confidence.
This is Peter in whose house I?velived for five years.
We study in a big room, the windows of which open to the park.
Her brothers, both of whom work in Scotland, ring her up every week. 1.6 where 和in which 的比较
若定语从句修饰的那个表示地点的先行词前面已有介词，关系副词
用where, 若没有介词，则用where/in which皆可。
e.g. He will visit the place where/in which Luxun was born.
He works in the factory wherehis fathe r once worked
1.7 关系代词和关系副词的区别
关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语、定语;关系副词在从句中只能作状语。
试比较:The company which we visited the day before yesterday is not far from here.
We shall go to the factory where your father has worked for many years. 1.8 which和as 在定语从句中的用法
在限制性定语从句中，先行词是指示代词such 或same时，只用as; 先行词被指示形容词such或same修饰时，通常用as, 构成such…as和thesame…as结构，as 可以指人或物。
e.g. I have the same trouble as you have..
Let?sdiscuss only such questions as concerned everyone of us.
This book is not such as I expected.
在非限制性定语从句中，as和which都可以代替整个主句，但which引导的从句只能放在主句之后，如:He admires Mrs. White, which surprises me. 而as引导的从句位置较灵活，位于主句前后均可，意为“正如…一样”。常用的句型有: as is well known, as is often the case, as has been stated above等。
e.g. As is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.
The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things,
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as is often the case in other countries.
试比较:He failed in this exam, which provesthathewasn?tworking hard enough.
2. 状语从句
2.1 时间状语从句
1) when, as, while
When 可指一段时间，也可指一点时间，既可表示短暂性动作，也可表示延续性动作。As表示的动作与主句同时发生，与延续性动词连用，意为“随着”。而while只能表示持续性的动作或状态。当主句意为“正要…时”或“正在…时”，状语从句经常用when引导，这时解释为“ at the same time”。
e.g. When Tom returns,I?llgivehimthekey.
I went out for a walk, when I met John.
While there is life there is hope.
2) 在测试中，before 经常用在下面两种情况
强调从句动作发生之前，主句动作已经发生，可译为“未…就已经…”，“趁还没有…就…”。
e.g. A man escaped from the prison last night. It was a long time before the guards
discovered what had happened.
主句用将来时态，从句用一般现在时，这时，before可译为“要过多久才能…”
e.g. Scientists say it may be five or ten years before it is possible to test this medicine
on human patients.
3) till, until 主句为肯定式，则谓语动词是表示延续性的动作，意为“一直到…为止”，主句为否定句，则谓语动词表示非延续性的动作，意为“直到…才…”。注意常用的两个句型:
强调句型:It was not until…that…
倒装句型:Not until…do/did+S…
e.g.1) It was not until I had investigated the matter that I had some idea of it.
2) Not until people lose friendship do they know its value.
4) 在“no sooner…than, hardly/scarcely/barely)…when”引导的时间状语从句中，主句用过去完成时，从句用过去时。如果这些连接词放在句首时，主谓部分倒装。
e.g. No sooner had she walke d out of the classroom than she reali zed her mistake.
I had hardly reach ed home when the telephone rang. 5) as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant“一等表示…就…” e.g. Jack stopped talking the moment he heard Jane?svoice at the door. 6) since, ever since, every/each time(=whenever)
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e.g. They have been friends ever since they met at school.
I?lllendyoumycassette recorder every/each time you want it. 2.2 地点状语从句
引入地点状语从句的连词有where和wherever
e.g. The teacher started where he stopped yesterday.
John went wherever he could find a job.
2.3 条件状语从句
常用if, unless, providing/provided that, given that, as/so long as, on
condition that, supposing/suppose that, in the event that, in case等引导。 e.g. I?llaccept any job as long as Idon?thavetogetupearly.
In case you need anything else, please let me know.
You will fail unless you study harder.
Suppose/Supposing it rains, shall we have the match as scheduled?
祈使句，and也可表示条件句。
e.g. Turn on TV or open a magazine and you will often see advertisement showing
happy, balanced families.
2.4 原因状语从句
引导原因状语从句的常用连接词有:because(直接原因,通常放句末)，since,( 已知的原因)，as, in that(因为，在于，常用于两事物之间的比较)，now that(既然，与since同义，但它只表示已经完成的动作)，not that…butthat…(相当录于not because…butbecause…), seeing that, considering that(由于，用于书面语)。
e.g. Since the weather has improved, the game will be held as planned.
Now that we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.
Considering that he?sbeenlearning English only a year, he speaks it very well.
Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us to find and correct our
mistakes.
Seeing that they are just beginners, they are doing quite a good job. 2.5 目的状语从句
目的状语从句常由so that, in order that引导，从句中常用情态动词can/could, may/might。lest, for fear that, in case也可引导目的状语从句，从句中常含有虚拟语气(should do)。
e.g. We climbed high so that we might get a better view.
We must hurry off lest we (should) be late for school.
I checked all the results time and again for fear that there (should) be any mistakes.
2.6 结果状语从句
结果状语从句经常由sothat,so…that,such…that,that引导。
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句型:such+adj+n.(u.n), such+a+adj+n.(c.n), such+adj.+n.(pl.), so+adj/adv,
so+adj+a+n.(c.n)
e.g. I was so tired that I could hardly keep my eyes open. ,So tired was I that I could hardly keep my eyes open.)
He is such a lovely boy that everyone likes him.
He is so lovely a boy that everyone likes him.
I was caught in a shower, so that all my clothes got wet. 试比较:He got up early so that he caught the train.
He got up early so that he could catch the train.
2.7 让步状语从句
引导让步状语从句的连接词有:although, though, even if, even though, as, while, whether…or…,whenever, whatever, however, whoever, no matter+wh-word.
e.g. Whether you be a student or a teacher, you are required to obey the regulations of the school.
Whoever(No matter who) you (may) be, you have no right to do such a thing.
While I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings.
使用让步状语从句的某些从属连词时注意以下几点:
1) though/although 不可以与连词but 连用
2) as 引导须将形容词,副词放在句首
e.g. Much as I would like to help, I have other work I must do.
3) however/no matter how引导的从句中
however/ no matter how后须接形容词或副词。
e.g. However/No matter how hard I tried, I could not solve this problem. 2.8 方式状语从句
由as, just as，the way, in the same way as, as if/ as though引导。 e.g. Do as the teacher told you to .
He speaks French as if he were a Frenchman.
2.9 比较状语从句
由as…as…,morethan,themore…themore,…moreandmore等引导。. e.g. The more learned a man is, the more modest he is.
The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.
He studies harder than any other student in the class.
The weather in Wuhan is hotter than that in Ningbo.
倍数的表达方式:…times as adj/ adv as, times morethan…
e.g. This box is four times as heavy as that one.
This box is three times heavier than that one.
最高级:the+形容词最高级，in/of 用于三个以上的人或事物之间的比较。in 是表示在某个范围内的比较，而of 则表示在同类的人或事
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物之间的比较。形容词的最高级前通常要加定冠词。 e.g. Of all things in the world, people are the most precious.
He is by far the most active student in our class.
3.名词性从句
包括主语、表语、宾语和同位语从句，它们可以由下列连词引导: 从属连词:that, whether, if
连接代词:who, whom, whose, what(ever), which(ever) 连接副词:when, where, why, how, how much, how long, etc.
3.1 主语从句
句型:subject clause+v….
It be +….+ subject clause.
It be said/reportedthat….
It turn(ed) out/seems/ appearsthat….
It be strange/ (im)possible/likely/certainthat… e.g. What he is doing is very important.
How he worked out the question is not clear.
It is strange that she did not come yesterday.
It is a pity thatshecan’tgowithus.
3.2 宾语从句
句型:Vt + object clause
e.g. Do you know who invented this?
Could you tell me where the post office is?
I was surprised at what he said.
They said (that) they could do it ahead of schedule.
注意: 宾语从句后有宾语补足语时，将宾语从句移置句末。 e.g. We thought it a pity that the match should have been cancelled.
I?llseeto it that everything is ready in time. 3.3 表语从句
句型:S + link-verb + predicative clause
e.g. The reason is that we haven’traised enough money.
That is what we want to know. 3.4 同位语从句
句型:n. + appositive clause
e.g. He expressed his hope that he would visit China again.
We were very excited at the news that our Chinese athletes won many gold
medals.
3.5 that 引导的名词性从句
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that 本身无词义，在从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，引导宾语从句可以省略，引导表语从句或同位语从句不可以省略。 e.g. That she?s still alive is sheer luck.
We understand (that) he has some trouble.
The reason why he has been a success is that he never gives up. .
I had no idea that you were here.
某些介词后可直接跟that引导的宾语从句。如:in that, besides that,
but that, except that等。
e.g. She knew nothing about his journey except that he was likely to be away for two
weeks.
He would have come with us but that he had no time. 3.6 what 引导的名词性从句。
e.g. What you said is right.
That?swhat we ought to do.
Idon?tknowwhat he wants.
3.7. whether/if 引导的名词性从句
whether(…ornot)可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句;而if只能引导宾语从句和主语从句，引导主语从句时，不能放在句首，不能引导介词宾语从句。
e.g. I wonder whether/if you can help me.
the present is not clear to me. (不能用if) Whether she likes
但可说:It is not clear if/whether she likes the present.
It all depends on whether they will support us. (不能用if)
Idon?tcarewhether or not she will apologize to me.
Idon?tcareif she will apologize to me or not.(if 后不能紧接or not) 3.8 whoever, whatever, whichever引导的名词性从句
e.g. Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
3.9 such that 引导的从句
e.g. The damage was such that it would cost much money to repair.(such用以预指后
文，在句中作表语)
3.10 doubt 后接肯定的宾语从句，用whether/if 引导，接否定的宾语从句，用that 引导。
e.g. Idon?tdoubt that he will succeed.
I doubt whether/if he will succeed.
七、强调句型
用“It is/was+被强调成分，that/who…”句型表示强调，当被强调成分是人时，可以用that或who引导分句，当被强调成分是事物时，只能
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用that 引导分句。
e.g. It was he who/that told me the news.
It was because it rained heavily that theydidn?tgotothemountain.
八、反义疑问句
1(情态动词为ought to时，附加疑问句中用should. e.g. I ought to complain, shouldn?tI?
2(在陈述句部分如果出现seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely等词时，附加问句部分要用肯定形式。
e.g. He was hardly able to understand it, was he?
They seldom go to the cinema, do they?
3(在前半部分含有祈使语气的反义疑问句中，附加问句的谓语中要用will, shall.
e.g. Let?smeetatthestation, shall we?
Have a little more tea, will you?
4(当反义疑问句的陈述部分是带有宾语从句的复合句时，附加问句的谓语动词和主语与主句保持一致，不与从句保持一致。 e.g. They believed what we said, didn’t they?
You can hardly agree that this is the best way out, can you?
但是，如果主句的主语是I，谓语是believe, imagine, suppose等词，后面又有一个that 引导的从句时，在附加问句中谓语动词及主语应和从句保持一致。
e.g. Idon?tthink that they will help us, will they?
I suppose the meeting will be cancelled, won’t it?
5(含有感叹语气的反义疑问句中，附加问句的谓语一般用系动词be 的一般现在时的否定形式。
e.g. What a lovely car, isn’t it?
What a handsome young man, isn’t he?
6(当陈述句部分的主语是anyone, everyone, everybody, no one, nobody等表示人的不定代词时，附加问句中的主语用they; 如果是anything, everything, nothing, something等表示物的不定代词时，附加问句中的主语用it.
e.g. Everyone wants to have a try, don’t they?
Something has gone wrong with his watch, hasn’t it?
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九、形容词和副词
1. 有几个形容词修饰一个名词时，一般的排列是:限定词 (冠词、指示
代词、所有格)?数字?描写性的词(表特征或性质的词)?大小、长度
或形状的词?年龄或新旧的词?颜色的词?来源的词?质地的词?用途
或类别的词?名词
e.g. She has a very valuable big gold watch.
theman?sfirst two interesting little red French oil paintings 2. 被as, how/however, so, too修饰的形容词放在不定冠词前。但要注意s
uch 的用法为:1)such + a(an) +adj +c.n(sing); 2) such + adj + u.n/c.n.(pl.)
e.g. He is not so big a fool as you think.…
She is as clever agirlasyou„reeverlikely to meet.
He is too old a man for the job.
However tiring a day she may have, she never loses her good humor. 3. 程度副词、频度副词一般放在情态动词、助动词或系动词之后，实义
动词之前。如:almost, ever, frequently, nearly, never, just, often, usually,
hardly, always等。
e.g. He is always ready to help others.
He always comes late.
4. 几个副词在一起时的词序:程度?状态?地点?时间。
e.g. They played fairly well there yesterday.
5. enough 放在被修饰的名词之前或之后，形容词或副词之后. e.g.I couldn?tfinda large enough coat, and so I took this one.
I wantedtobuyabike,butIdidn?thave enough money ./money enough. 6. 几个常见副词的意义和用法
fairly, quite和 rather,它们表示的程度:fairly最弱，quite较强，rather 最强。不定冠词可以放在rather 之前或之后，但只能放在fairly之前，quite之后。
e.g. The film is fairly /quite / rather good.
This is rather a silly book/a rather silly book.
This is a fairly interesting lecture.
I took quite a long walk this morning.
7. high, highly; late, lately; most, mostly, hardly, hard, near, nearly, just, justly等词的用法
e.g. The plane flew high above.
This book is highly interesting.(=very)
He arrived late.
I haven?tseenhim lately.(=recently)
Which one do you like most? (=in the greatest degree)
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My friends are mostly engineers.(=mainly)
8. already, yet的用法
already 一般用于肯定句，用于疑问句中，表达惊奇的含义。Yet 用于否定句或疑问句中
e.g. I have already finished my work.
I haven?tfinished my work yet
Have you finished your composition yet? You have only a few more minutes.
Have you finished your composition already? You are very speedy.. 9. 形容词修饰不定代词后置
e.g. I have somet hing important to tell you.
十、限定词
1. 定冠词
下列情况下要用定冠词
1.1 姓名的复数形式加定冠词表示“一家人”。
e.g. The Johnsons arrivedattwoo?clock this afternoon.
1.2 江河海洋、山脉群岛、方向、雨、雪、风、乐器等名词前要加the. e.g. I love the mountains but I hate the sea.
He practices playing the piano every day.
1.3 当same, only, sole作定语时，前面加the.
e.g. I am the sole child of my parents.
1.4 身体部位的名称作介词宾语时前面加the。
e.g. The old lady patted him on the shoulder.
1.5 形容词最高级前加the, 但如果有物主代词，不加the. e.g. It is our busiest day.
1.6 在 one of, most of, many of, some of, either of, none of 后面的名词前加the。
e.g. Most of the workers wanted to go on strikes.
1.7 by 与计量单之间加the。
e.g. Meat is sold by the pound
You can pay the rent by the month.
You will be paid by the hour.
常见的有:by the gallon, by the dozen, by the yard, by the day, by the week, by
the year等。
1.8. 用于指世上独一无二的东西，如:the moon, the sun, the earth 等。 1.9 当cinema, theatre, radio等名词用于表示“看电影、看戏、听无线电”
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时，一般要用the.
e.g. We went to the cinema last night.
I heard the news on the radio.
1.10 特指某一对象，尤其是上文已提到，或有后置定语修饰的。 e.g. I took an exam last month. The exam was very difficult.
Do you know the man standing there?
1.11 合成名词前要用定冠词
e.g. the United States, the People’sRepublic of China
2.不定代词
2.1 that和those常用来代替前面提及的名词，以避免重复。 e.g. The population of China is four times as large as that of the United States.
These machines are better than those we turned out last year. 2.2 every和each都是“每一个”的意思。Every只能作形容词，each可作形容词和代词。
e.g. Every one of them was wrong.
Each of them was wrong.
2.3. none和no 都表示“没有人或物”的意思。none的用法相当于名词，后接Of短语，它可以指代可数名词和不可数名词;no 相当于形容词，在句中只作定语。
e.g. I like none of the books.
None of them has got a bike.
That is none of my business.
No man is born wise.
2.4. other, another, else, rest的区别。other 用作名词时，有数和格的变化，可与定冠词连用;用作形容词时，修饰复数名词。而another只能替代和修饰单数可数名词，不可与定冠词连用。Other别的，另外的;the other是两者中的另一个;the others是两部分中的另外一部分;another一般指两者以外的另一个。
e.g. One of the criminals was killed. The others were sentenced to 18 years in prison.
I have two brothers. One is a teacher. The other is a worker.
Show me another, please.
There are many students in the classroom. Some are doing their exercises, others
are reading their books.
else 用在不定代词或疑问代词之后
e.g. Do you want anything else?
What else do you want to know? rest 有时可与others 通用，但在of 前以及代替不可数名词时只能用rest
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e.g. the rest of my life, the rest of the day.
2.5 one通常可用来替代已出现过的可数名词或以可数名词为中心的整个名词短语;当one 不带任何前置修饰语时，其意义通常是类指的。 e.g. This coat is too small for me. Could you show me a bigger one?
I like red roses instead of yellow ones.
2.6不定代词作代词使用时的三种形式:
(each, every, either, neither, no, none, all, both, some, any, one, other, another, little,
few, many, much , some-, any-, every-的合成代词)
(1)单独作代词
(2)跟复数代词宾格作代词—，of + 复数代词宾格
(3)跟名词作代词—，of + 限定词(my/the 等)，不可数名词,可数名词复数。
e.g. Every one was occupied.
Every one of them was wrong.
Every one of the rooms was occupied.
Either day is OK.
Either of you could do it.
Either of the children is quite capable for looking after the baby.
None of my friends live near here.
2.7 all 与 whole的用法区别
whole 用于单数可数名词前，冠词,单数指示代词,所有格之后。All 用于不可数名词或可数名词复数前，定冠词,指示代词,所有格之后。 e.g. The whole class went to the lecture.
This whole week has passed quickly.
My counselor gave me all the advice I needed.
All those examples were very interesting.
2.8 amount与number的用法区别
amount 用于不可数名词，number用于可数名词。
e.g. Your grades depend on the amount of work you put into your studies.
The number of the college students is increasing quickly. 3.“-s属格”表示所属关系，可用于:
3.1 表示人、人名、职称、集体、高等动物等名词之后。
e.g. our corporation?sbusiness scope
the elephant?strunk
3.2 表示国家、城市、地区、天体等名词之后。
e.g. thesun?srotation
3.3 表示时间、重量、价格、距离、长度的名词之后。
e.g. a moment?srest
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the decade?schanges
4(“of-属格”
4.1 “of-属格”常用于修饰无生命的名词。
e.g. the contributions of science and technology
4.2 跟有后置定语的名词多用“of-属格”可表示其所有关系， 试比较:the people?ssupport
the support of the people across the world.
4.3 the + 形容词或分词表示一类人或物时，也应用“of-属格”表示其所有关系。
e.g. improve the livelihood of the poor.
4.4 在表示类别时，只能用“S-属格”
e.g. children?sbooks
men?ssuits
4.5 在表示同位关系时，在以the开头不用逗号分开表示同位关系的结构中通常用“of-属格”
e.g. the City of New York
the five of us
翻译技巧
翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会的交际活动。翻译的过程不仅是语言转换过程，而且是反映不同社会特征的文化转换过程，译者需要采用增词、减词、引申、并句、分句等技巧。
一、翻译总的原则
1. 表达应建立在理解的基础上。
2(翻译时既要忠实于原文，又要符合汉语的习惯。
3(翻译不可太拘泥于原文的形式。
二、翻译技巧
1(词法翻译
1.1增词译法
为使译文在语法、语言形式上符合译文习惯和在文化背景、词语
联想方面与
原文一致起来，使得译文在与原文在内容、形式和精神等三方面都对等起来，需在原文的基础上添加必要的词、词组、分句或完整句。 e.g. 1) They were frank and candid with each other in a relaxed way. 译文:他们相互之间开诚布公、直言不讳而且气氛十分轻松。
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2)After the football match, he?sgotanimportant meeting. 译文:在观看足球比赛之后，他有一个重要的会议要参加。(增加动词)
3)Suppose the preparatory work should not be completed. 译文:准备工作完成不了，那可怎么办,
4)His diligence, earnestness, carefulness and brilliance make him praised by all.
译文:他勤勉、踏实、细心、才华过人，凡此种种都使他受到众人的夸奖。
5)Our rushing is understandable, but costly.
译文:人们的忙碌是可以理解的，但是为此付出的代价却是昂贵的。
6)We have made some achievements, and we must guard against complacency. 译文:我们取得了一些成就，但要防止自满情绪。
试比较:1) 他喜欢指出别人的缺点，但用意是好的。
译文:He likes to point out other people?sshortcomings, but he means well.(增加主语)
2)屋里准有人，我听见有人声。
译文:There must be someone in the room, for I heard a voice. (增加连接词)
3)阳光灿烂，晴空万里。
译文:The sun is bright, and the sky is clear.(增加连接词)
4)施恩勿记，受恩勿忘。
译文:If you confer a benefit, never remember it, if you receive one, remember it always.
说明:增词译法在英译汉中主要是添加原文中虽无形式却意在其中的成分;在汉译英中一般是增添原文中为了语言简洁而被省去的成分如，主语、宾语、物主代词、连接词、介词等
1.2减词译法
就是把原文中需要的译文中不需要的词、词组等在翻译时加以省略，以适应译文语法和习惯表达法的需要。
e.g. 1) One must make painstaking effort before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language.( 省略主语)
译文:要掌握一门外语，非下苦功不可。
2)Modesty helps a person to make progress whereas conceit makes a person lag behind.
译文:虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。(省略结构词)
3)In his speech he laid special stress on raising the quality of the products. 译文:他在讲话中特别强调了提高产品质量。(省略物主代词) 4)It is better to do well than to say well. 译文:说得好不如做得好。
5) I can finish the work so long as you give me time.(省略连词)
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译文:给我时间，我就能完成这项工作。
试比较:1)这架电视机真是价廉物美。
译文:This TV set is really cheap( in price) and fine( in quality).
2)中国足球的落后状态必须改变。
译文:The (state of ) backwardness of the Chinese football must be changed. 1.3转性译法
在翻译过程中经常需要根据译文的习惯进行词性转换，如:把原文中的名词转换为动词，把原文中的副词转换为介词，等等。 e.g. 1) The government called for the establishment of more technical schools.
译文:政府号召建立更多的技术学校。(名词转为动词) 2) Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty. 译文:千百万山区人终于摆脱了贫穷。(介词转为动词) 3)The student is not content with his progress.
译文:这位学生不满足于已取得的成绩。(形容词转为动词) 4)He objected that the plan is not practical.
译文:他反对的理由是:这个计划不现实。(动词转为名词) 5)Hospitals are getting more efficient these days.
译文:近日来，医院的效率越来越高了。(形容词转为名词) 试比较:1)她用期待的目光看着我。
译文:She looked at me expectantly.(形容词转为副词)
2)他这个人最爱说话了。
译文:He is a great talker.(动词转为名词)
3)我永远支持你。
译文:I am always with you.((动词转为介词)
4)那人满意地点了点头。
译文: The man nodded with satisfaction. (副词转为名词) 说明:英译汉时，需要经常把英语中的名词和介词转换成汉语的动词;而汉译英时，往往把汉语中的动词转换成英语中的名词或介词。 1.4词与短语的重复(换形译法)
1) You should do whatever you are asked to .
译文:让你做什么，你就应该做什么。
2) We thank you very much for the warm hospitality accorded to our trade group
during this visit to your country and for the close cooperation in the business
discussions.
译文:我们非常感谢你们在我贸易小组访问贵国期间给予的盛情款待，感谢你们在业务洽谈中给予的密切合作。
3) You say he works hard; so he does. 译文:你说他很努力，对他确实很努力。
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4) Her father is a famous professor, butIcan?tfindanyscholarly pretence in
him.
译文:她父亲是一位有名望的教授，但我没有从她父亲的身上看到故作姿态的学者派头。
5) I hope that the discussion will not last too long, for it will only waste time.
我希望讨论不要太久，太久了只会浪费时间。
试比较:1)我不喜欢抽烟，抽烟对身体没好处。
译文:Idon?tlikesmoking; it is no good to health.
2) 昨天，我买了一本《钢铁是怎样炼成的》，这本书在中国相当受欢迎。
译文:Yesterday I bought a copy of How the Steel Was Tempered. It is rather popular in China.
3)大国有大国的问题，小国有小国的有利条件。
译文:A big nation has its problems; a small nation has its advantages.
4) 篇文章中可能有些错误，我希望你把错误指出来。 译文:There might be some mistakes in the article, and I hope you point them out.
5)你要觉得合适就干，不合适就别干。你自个儿看着办吧。 译文:Go ahead if you think the job suits you and don’tifnot. It?salluptoyouto
decide.
6)许多家用电器都是在中国制造的。这些家用电器性能可靠，操作
方便。
译文:A lot of home appliances are made in China. They are reliable in performance and easy in operation.
1.5词义的引伸
1)They have their smiles and tears.
译文:他们有欢乐又有悲伤。
2)I was not one to let my heart rule my head.
译文:我不是那种让感情统治理智的人。
3)It is regrettable that our appeal remains a dead letter. 译文:遗憾的是，我们的呼吁没有得到响应。
4)Such conduct is known in all languages as piracy.
译文:这种行为是各国公认的强盗行为。
1.6具体译法
在翻译中有时需要把原文中抽象或者比较抽象的单词、词组、成语或者句子用具体或者比较具体的单词、词组、成语或者句子来进行翻译。
e.g. 1) All the people were exasperated by his fault-finding.
译文:大家都被他那种吹毛求疵的做法激怒了。
39
2) Her jealousy is the cause of her failure.
译文:她的嫉妒心理是她失败的根源。
3) John?slightheartedness, however, did not last long. 译文:然而，约翰那种轻松愉快的心境没有持续多久。
4) Your dejection will do no good to your health.
译文:你的沮丧情绪于你的身体不利。
试比较:1)他每天要处理许多棘手的问题。
译文:He has many hot potatoes to handle every day.
2) 你不要过早乐观，真正的困难还在后头呢。 译文:Don?tcount your chickens before they are hatched.
1.7抽象译法
为了译文的忠实和通顺，我们往往把原文中带有具体意义或具体形象的单词、词组、成语和句子，进行抽象化处理。
e.g.1) I was practically on my knees but he still refused.
译文:我几乎是苦苦哀求，但他仍然拒绝。
2)The matter was finally settled under the table.
译文:事情终于私下解决了。
3)He earns scarcely enough to keep body and soul together. 译文:他挣的钱几乎难以维持生活。
4)I have no head for music.
译文:我没有音乐天赋。
试比较:1)这消息让我出了一身冷汗。
译文:I was extremely terrified by that news.
2) 他万万没有想到在他前进的道路上竟会出现这么多拦路虎～
译文:He had never expected that so many obstacles would stand in his way.
3)好朋友应该是雪中送炭。
译文:A real good friend should be one offering timely help.
二、句法翻译
2.1换序译法
英语和汉语在语法结构上有着许多差别。翻译时需要根据译文的语言习惯，
对原文的词序进行调整，使译文做到最大程度上的通顺。 e.g. 1) It is no use gathering a lot of facts and data without making a thorough study and scientific analysis of them.
译文:搜集大量事实和数据而不进行仔细研究和科学分析是毫无用
40
处的。(主语从句换序)
2) Send me a message in case you have any difficulty.
译文:万一有什么困难，请给我一个信。(状语从句换序)
3)Cheerful, efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make your
journey smooth and comfortable.
译文:他们乐观、能干、热情，总是想方设法使你一路上顺利舒服。(状
语移位，并转变为谓语)
4) For this reason, our company explained solemnly to your company many times
in February last year.
译文:我公司为此于去年二月郑重地多次向贵公司表示。
(英语原文的词序:目的状语、主语、谓语、方式状语、指涉状语、频度
状语、时间状语;汉语的词序:主语、目的状语、时间状语、方式状语、频度
状语、指涉状语、谓语。)
5) In recent years increasing attention has been paid to the economic benefit in the
production of our factory.
近年来，我厂生产越来越注重经济效益。
试比较:1)发生了这样的事不是你的错。
译文:It?snotyourfault that this has happened.
2) 她认真热情，一字不漏地记下了所说的话。
译文:Conscientious and eager, she took down what was said, careful not to miss a
word.(×She was conscientious and eager and, without missing a word, took down
what was said.)
3) 会议没能取得一致意见就结束了。
译文:The meeting ended in disagreement.(× The meetingdidn?tachieve agreement
and ended).(状语换序)
4) 这本参考书提供了大量的练习和问题。
译文:Abundant exercises and problems are provided in this reference book.
2.2断句译法
e.g.1) It is certain that man will eventually solve the riddle of UFO
译文:人类最后必将解开不明飞行物之谜。,, 这一点是可以肯定
的。(拆开名词从句)
2) It is very easy to bring some books from the bookstores and libraries, but to learn
the knowledge in the books and put the knowledge into practice is by no means an
easy job.
译文:从书店和图书馆带一些书回来是轻而易举的。,, 然而，从书中
学得知识并把这些知识运用到实践中去就决不是那么简单的事
情。(拆开并列句)
3) There is now a single accepted pronunciation for the vast majority of words in
41
ordinary polite use, deviation from which is regarded either as a provincialism or as a vulgarism.
译文:现今日常社交所用的大多数读音已有了一个公认的统一的
标准
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。,,不符合这个标准，就被称为方言或粗俗发音了。(拆开定语从句)
试比较:,)拿我们这些人来说，很多人每年都有一些进步。
译文:Take for example those of us present here. Many of us make some progress each year.( 比方句，常分译)
,)与会者对这个问题的观点差别太大，以致发生了争
吵，一时会场的气氛紧张起来。
译文:The opinions of attendants were far from unanimous about this issue so that some of them began to quarrel with each other. The atmosphere at the meeting became tense at the moment.
2.3转句译法
e.g. 1) He had a sound feeling that idiom was the backbone of a language and he was all for the racy phrases.
译文:他感到习语是语言的主要支柱，因此特别主张用生动的短语，他的想法是非常正确的。(定语转句)
2) I would not do so in your place.
译文:如果我处于你的位置，我不会那样做。(状语转句)
3) The sharp divergence of opinion in the General Assembly makes it difficult to adopt a meaningful resolution.
译文:大会上意见分歧很大，以致难以通过一项有实际意义的决议。(主语转句)
4) All this considered, I think you?dbetter leave this to me. 译文:如果把这一切加以考虑，最好这事由我来办。(独立结构转句) 5)He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.
译文:他有一种令人难堪的习惯，想法前后矛盾，变化多端。
试比较:1)美国学校的教育
制度
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，在许多方面与我们的不同。
译文:American schools have an education system which differs n many respects from ours.
2)他像大海捞针一样在茫茫黑夜里寻找金色的梦。
译文:He searched for his golden dream in the pitch dark of the night. It was just like fishing for a needle in the ocean. (状语转句)
2.4合句译法
e.g. 1) She is very busy at home. She has to take care of the children and do the kitchen work.
译文:她在家很忙，又要看好房子，又要下厨。
2) She went back home to take care of her husband. He was seriously ill. 译文:她回家去照顾病重的丈夫。
3) They sat down in the waiting-room to do some reading. People came to and fro there.
42
译文:他们在人来人往的候车室里坐下来看点书。
4) The facts are more prosaic than the legend. He was in no sense an innovator. 译文:事实并不如传说那样神乎其神，他根本不是什么发明家。 试比较: ,)请你方考虑，今后货物一经订妥，就不可撤销，我们认为，这样才有助于更好的合作。
译文:We should like to have your consideration that, in the future, orders once placed are not to be cancelled afterwards, which, we think, will be conductive to better cooperation.
2)最后两个字是特别用力的。大家都不懂“这个”是什么。 译文:He laid special stressontheword“this”, but nobody appeared to understand what he meant.
2.5转态译法
在翻译过程中把原文中的被动语态转换成主动语态，或把原文中的主动语态转换成被动语态。
e.g. 1) It is well known that printing was introduced into Europe from Chinese many years ago.
译文:大家知道，印刷术是许多年前从中国传入欧洲的。(补充主语“大家”)
2) The issue has not yet thoroughly explored.
人们迄今对这一问题尚未进行过彻底的探索。(补充主语“人们”) 译文:
3) Attention should be paid to the effective measures to prevent air pollution.
译文:应当注意采取有效措施防止空气污染。(译成无主句) 4) New Zealand had no knowledge of this and had not been consulted on these reported plans.
译文:新西兰不知道这件事，也没有人同它商讨过这些传闻的计划。(补充主语“有人”)
5)He was asked not to be late again by the teacher.
译文:老师要他不要再迟到。(原文中的主语在译文中作宾语) 6)We were given a warm welcome in the U.S.A. 译文:在美国我们受到热烈欢迎。
试比较:,)有问题要及时加以解决。
译文:Problems should be resolved in good time.(汉语的无主句译成被动语态)
2) 热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作，建立和发展贸易关系。
译文:Customers from various countries and regions are warmly welcome to establish and develop business contacts.
3) 据说核电站正在筹建中。
译文:Nuclear power plants are said to be under preparation for construction.
Or It is said that nuclear power plants are under preparation for construction. 说明:关于转态译法，要注意两点:一是英译汉时汉语译文可以采用主动语态，但不一定要有主语，而汉译英时汉语原文中的无主句译成英语后必须添加主语;另一点要注意的是有些英语被动句在翻译成
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汉语时仍以被动语态出现，但避开用“被”字，而根据具体的上下文用“受”、“为”、“由”等表示被动概念。
2.6正反译法
e.g. 1) I do think that it is beyond his power to fulfill the task. 译文:我的确认为要完成这项任务是他力所不及的。
2) Do you know why she is always trying to avoid you? 译文:你知道她为什么老是不想见到你,
3) Stop talking nonsense!
译文:别胡说八道～
4) We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. 译文:我们对生活要永远抱乐观态度。
5)He returned home with no hope on his face. 译文:他满脸灰心绝望地回到了家。
试比较:1)她光着脚走进了房间。
译文:She came into the room with no shoes on.
2)我们还没到达机场，飞机就已经起飞了。
译文:The plane had taken off before we arrived at the airport.
3)他提前三天到达是我们没想到的。
译文:His arrival three days in advance is beyond our expectation.
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