英语的时态和动词变化及过去式和过去分词

英语的时态和动词变化及过去式和过去分词 一、英语时态 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 一般现在时 现在进行时 现在完成时 现在完成进行时 一般过去时 过去进行时 过去完成时 过去完成进行时 一般将来时 将来进行时 将来完成时 将来完成进行时 一般过去将来时 过去将来进行时 过去将来完成时 过去将来完成进行时 二、十六种时态的谓语形势 一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 完成进行时态 现在 do/does am/is/are doing have/has done have/has been doing 过去 did was/were doing had done had been doing 将来 shall/will do shall/will be doing shall/will have done shall/will have been doing 过去将来 should/would do should/would be doing should/would have done should/would have been doing 八种时态介绍: 一、 一般现在时态:表示现在经常发生或习惯性的动作。时间状语: every…, sometimes, always, never, often, usually等。 1 由be的is am are表示，之后接名词，形容词或介词。 陈述句:I am an office worker. He is so lazy. They are at home now. 否定句: I am not Tim. She is not very beauiful. They are not in the office. 一般疑问句:Are you an office assistant? Is she beautiful? 特殊疑问句:What is your job? What colour is your bag?Where are you now? 2 由实意动词V构成，引导疑问句和否定句，用do或don’t。第三人称时用does或doesn’t,有does出现动词用原形;第三人称陈述句V后加s或es. 陈述句:I work in Shanghai. He works at home.Davy never watches TV at home. 否定句: Idon’tlikethefoodinKFC. Davydoesn’tlikethefoodinKFCeither. 一般疑问句: Do you want a cup of coffee? Does she live near the subway station? 特殊疑问句:What do you want? Where does she live? How do they go to work? 3 由情态动词can, must, may构成。may没有否定形式。 陈述句: I can drive a car. He must tell the truth. We may get there on foot. 否定句:Ican’tswimatall.Youmustn’t(表示禁止) smoke in the office. 一般疑问句: Can you wait a minute? Must I stay at home? May I use your phone? 特殊疑问句: How can I get there? What must I do now? 二 一般过去时态。在过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。 时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago，the day before yesterday,in 1997。 1由 be的过去式是 was或 were表示。Is\ am---was;are---were. 陈述句:I was a big boss.He was beautiful. We were in Beijing last year. 否定句: I was not at home at that moment. We were not at work yesterday. 一般疑问句: Were you a teacher? Was she in the office last week? 特殊疑问句:Where were you last night? When were you in that company? 2 由V的过去式构成陈述句，疑问句和否定句用借助于did,有did出现动词用原形。 陈述句:I worked in Sunmoon.We studied English there. He lived in HongKong. 否定句: Ididn’tworkhere. Theydidn’tseeme. She liked English a lot. 一般疑问句: Did you go to America? Did he work in Sunmoon? 特殊疑问句:Where did you work? What did he say to you? How did you know my name? 3 由情态动词的过去式构成，can—could. She could walk when she was one year old. I could not speak English one year ago. 三 一般将来时态:即将发生动作或状态。时间状语有:tomorrow,next year,the month after next,in two hours. 1 任何人称+will+动词原形. I will fly to KongKong tomorrow. He will go with us. We will arrive in Shanghai next week. I will never believe you again. He will not come tonight. We will not buy a car next year. Will you go there by train? Will he come tomorrow? Will they live a five-star hotel? What will you do after class? Where will he live? How will they come here? 2 is/am/are+going to+V原形，表示计划打算做什么事情。 I’mgoingtogotoKongkong by air. We are not going to buy a house here. Are they going to change their jobs? How are you going to tell him? 四 过去将来时态;在过去将会发生的动作。 构成:任何人称+would +V原形 was/were going to +V原形 He said he would come in in Shanghai. I sai I would buy you a car one day. They told me that they were not going to go abroad. 五 现在进行时态:表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。常用的时间的动作:now, at the(this)moment 构成:is/am/are+Ving I’mwaiting for my boy friend. He is doing the housework at home now. He is not playing toys. We are enjoying ourselves. Are you having dinner at home? Is Tim cooking in the kitchen? What are you doing now? Where are they having a meal? 六 过去进行时态:过去一段时间正在发生的动作。 构成:was/were+Ving I was doing my homework at that time. He was not sleepingat11o’clocklastnight. What were you doing at that moment? We were having a party while my neighbour is sleeping. 七 现 在完成时态:用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状 态。简单的说，就是动作已经发生对现在造成明显的影响。常用的时间 for two /weeks/years;for several days; since 2004/ Apr. 23/last week /the accident 构成:have/has +done(过去分词) I have already told Davy. Davy has known this matter. He has lived here for nearly 10 years. Ihaven’tfinished my homework.Timhasn’tcomeyet.Wehaven’theardanynewsabout him How long have you worked in this company? 特别注意: 1( have/has always been+名词/形容词/介词:总是或一直是什么样子。。。 He has always been a good father. I have always been busy. They have always been in America. 2 have/has been to:表示去过或到过。。。 I have been to Canada. Have you been to Hongkong? Where have you been? I have never been here. 3 have/has gone to:去了。。。 He has gone to Beijing. They have gone to the cinema. 八 过去完成时态:发生在过去的过去。 构成:had + done He said he had told Davy. They told us they had finished the work. She had had dinner before she went out. He left the office after he had called Davy. 一 般 现 在 时 .概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 动词用原形(单三人称动词加s / es) (问句和否定句借用助词do / does) 一 般 过 去 时 概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 动词用过去式 (问句和否定句借用助词did) 现 在 进 行 时 概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 am +动词-ing is +动词-ing are +动词-ing 过 去 进 行 时 概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。 was +动词-ing were +动词-ing 一 般 将 来 时 概念:以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行 为，即“过去的过去”。 (1)will + 动词原形 (2)am +going to+动词原形 Is +going to+动词原形 are +going to+动词原形 过 去 将 来 时 概念:立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。 (1)would + 动词原形 (2)was +going to+动词原形 were +going to+动词原形 现 在 完 成 时 概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现 在的动作或状态。 have +过去分词 has +过去分词 过 去 完 成 时 概念:以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。 had +过去分词 B动词的过去分词 构成规则规则动词的过去分词一般是由动词加ed构成(具体规则见后)，不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表。 变化规则 1 、规则动词:规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则: (1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。(然而要注意的是，过去分词并不是过去式) work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited (2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。 live---lived---lived , (3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“ ed ”。 study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried , (4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped 2 、不规则动词，见不规则表 当过去分词作为表语 The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山. 【注意】过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别:过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态,而被动语态则表示动作. (1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作) (2) The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了.(过去分词作表语) 【注意】过去分词表示被动或完成, -ing 形式表示主动或进行.有些动词如 interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,用 -ing 形式来修饰物. (3) The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣. 当过去分词作为定语 作定语的过去分词相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成. 1. 过去分词用作定语,如果是单个的,常置于其所修饰的名词之前. We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况. 2. 过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁,多用于书面语中. The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功. 3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号. The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会,到会的有五千多人. 4. 用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物,这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人,但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关. The boy looked up with a pleased expression. 男孩带着满意的表情举目而视. 当过去分词作为状语 1. 过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作. (1) Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好. 【注意】written 为过去分词作状语,表示这篇文章是被写的,而且已经被写. 值得注意的是,有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦). (2) Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound. 因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音. 2. 过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语,此时应注意人称一致. (1) Given another hour, I can also work out this problem. 再给我一个小时,我也能解这道题.(given 为过去分词作状语,它的逻辑主语为主句主语 I ,即 I 被再给一个小时.) (2)_ Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us. 从山顶看城市,城市显得更漂亮.(seen 为过去分词作状语,表"被看",由语境可知,它的逻辑主语必须是城市,而不是"我们",因为"我们"应主动看城市.) 【注意】如果过去分词作状语时,前面再加逻辑主语,主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语,这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构. (1) The signal given, the bus started. 信号一发出,汽车就开动了.(the signal 是 given 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 the bus 就不是given 的逻辑主语. (2) Her head held high, she went by. 她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去.(her head 是 held high 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 she 就不再是held high 的逻辑主语.) 3. 过去分词作状语来源于状语从句. (1) Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨,所以他全身湿透了. (caught in a heavy rain 为过去分词短语作原因状语,它来源于原因状语从句 Because he was caught in a heavy rain.) (2)_Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快.( grown in rich soil 为过去分词作条件状语,它来源于条件状语从句 If these seeds are grown in rich soil. 【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成"连词+过去分词"结构作状语. When given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定. 4. 过去分词作状语的位置.过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语,后面有逗号与主句隔开;也可放在主句后面,前面有逗号与主句隔开. He stood there silently, moved to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there silently. 他静静地站在那里,被感动得热泪盈眶. 当过去分词作为宾语补足语 (一)能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下四类: 1. 表示感觉或心理状态的动词.如:see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等. (1) I heard the song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌.(过去分词sung的动作显然先于谓语动作heard;) (2)_He found his hometown greatly changed. 他发现他的家乡变化很大.(过去分词changed的动作显然先于谓语动作found) 2. 表示"致使"意义的动词.如:have, make, get, keep, leave等. (1) I'll have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理发. (2) He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了. (3) Don't leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完. 3. 表示思维活动的动词如consider， know， think等后。如: (1) I consider the matter settled. 我认为这件事解决了。 (2) I thought myself wronged somehow in the bargain. 我认为自己在这场交易中有受愚弄了。 4. 表示爱憎,意愿的动词如want， wish， like， hate等后。如: (1) I wanted two tickets reserved. 我要预定两张机票。 (2) He didn’t wish it mentioned. 他不愿这事被提起。 【注意】过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系. (二)使役动词have接过去分词作宾补有两种情况. 1. 过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成. He had his money stolen.他的钱给偷了.(被别人偷去了) 2. 过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历.如: He had his leg broken.他的腿断了. (自己的经历) with +宾语+过去分词"的结构 此结构中,过去分词用作介词 with的宾语补足语.这一结构通常在句中作时间,方式,条件,原因等状语. (1) The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 凶手被带进来了,他的双手被绑在背后.(表方式) (2) With water heated, we can see the steam. 水一被加热,我们就会看到水蒸气.(表条件) (3) With the matter settled, we all went home. 事情得到解决,我们都回家了.(表原因) (4)_She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前,眼睛注视着他. (5) He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然举着手站了一会儿.过去分词不规则变化表 过去分词不规则变化表 一、A—A—A型，即原形、过去式和过去分词三者都相同。(共7个) cost—cost—cost cut—cut—cut hit—hit—hit hurt—hurt—hurt let—let—let put—put—put read—read—read 二、A—B—B型，即过去式、过去分词相同。(共41个) 1?过去式和过去分词都含有 -ought。(3个) bring—brought—brought buy—bought—bought think—thought—thought flight-fought-fought 2?词尾有-ild，-end时，只需把d变为t。(4个) build—built—built lend—lent— lent send—sent—sent spend—spent— spent 3(过去式、过去分词都含有 -aught。(2个) catch—caught—caught teach—taught—taught 4(把-eep变为-ept。(3个) keep—kept—kept sleep—slept—slept sweep— swept—swept 5?把-ell变为-old。(2个) tell—told—told sell—sold—sold 6(过去式、过去分词都含有-elt或-ilt。(4个) smell—smelt—smelt spell—spelt—spelt feel—felt— felt spill—spilt—spilt 7(过去式、过去分词都在原形词尾加t。(3个) learn—learnt—learnt mean—meant—meant spoil—spoilt—spoilt 8(过去式、过去分词词尾去y变-id(4个) say—said—said pay—paid—paid lay—laid—laid hear—heard—heard 9(改变元音字母。(11个) meet—met—met get—got—got sit—sat—sat find—found—found hold—held—held spit—spat—spat shine—shone—shone win—won—won hang—hung—hung dig— dug—dug lose—lost—lost 10(改变辅音字母。(1个) make—made—made 11?改变元、辅音字母。(4个) leave—left—left stand—stood—stood have(has)— had—had understand—understood—understood 三、A—B—C型，即原形、过去式、过去分词都不相同。(共35个) 1?i—a—u变化。(6个) begin—began—begun drink—drank—drunk sing— sang—sung ring—rang—rung swim—swam—swum sink— sank—sunk 2?词尾为-ow，-aw时，过去式将其变为-ew，过去分词在其原形后加n。(5个) blow—blew—blown draw—drew—drawn grow— grew—grown know—knew—known throw—threw—thrown(show除外) 3?词尾为“i，辅(1个)，e”，过去式将i变为o，过去分词多在原形后加n，若那个辅音字母为d或t，须双写d或t后加n。(4个)(give，hide除外) drive—drove—driven write—wrote—written ride— rode—ridden rise—rose—risen 4?过去分词在过去式后加(e)n。(5个) break—broke—broken choose—chose—chosen freeze—froze—frozen speak—spoke—spoken wake—woke— woken 5?过去分词由过去式加-ten构成。(1个) forget—forgot—forgotten 6?过去分词由原形加(e)n构成。(6个) be—was(were)—been eat—ate—eaten fall—fell—fallen give—gave—given see—saw—seen hide—hid—hidden(hid) 7?词尾为-ake时，过去式将其变为-ook，过去分词在原形词后加-n。(2个) take—took—taken mistake—mistook—mistaken 8?原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同。(6个) do—did—done fly—flew—flown go—went—gone lie—lay—lain show—showed—shown wear—wore—worn 四、A—A—B型，即过去式和原形相同。(1个) beat—beat—beaten 五、A—B—A型，即过去分词和原形相同。(3个) come—came—come become—became—become run— ran—run 六、情态动词型，只有原形和过去式，没有过去分词。(4个) can—could may—might will—would shall—should 动词原形 过去式 过去分词 arise arose arisen awake awoke/awaked awoken be was been bear bore borne(携带)/born(出生) beat beat beaten become became become begin began begun befall befell befallen bend bent bent bet bet bet bind bound bound bite bit bitten/bit bleed bled bled blend blended blent bless blessed blest blow blew blown break broke broken breed bred bred bring brought brought broadcast broadcast/broadcasted broadcast/broadcasted build built built burn burnt/burned burnt/burned burst burst burst buy bought bought cast cast cast catch caught caught choose chose chosen cleave clove/cleft cloven/cleft cling clung clung clothe clothed/clad clothed/clad come came come cost cost cost creep crept crept crow crowed/crew crowed cut cut cut dare dared/durst dared deal dealt dealt dig dug dug do did done draw drew drawn dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed drink drank drunk drive drove driven dwell dwelt dwelt eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found flee fled fled fling flung flung fly flew flown forbid forbade/forbad forbidden forecast forecast/forecasted forecast/forecasted forget forgot forgotten forgive forgave forgiven freeze froze frozen gainsay gainsaid gainsaid get got gotten gild gilded/gilt gilded gird girded/girt girded/girt give gave given go went gone grave graved graven/graved grind ground ground grow girew grown hang hung/hanged hung/hanged have had had hear heard heard heave heaved/hove hesved/hove hide hid hidden hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept kneel knelt knelt know knew known lade laded laden lay laid laid lead led led lean lesnt/leaned lesnt/leaned leap leapt/leaped leapt/leaped learn learnt/learned learnt/learned leave left left lend lent lent let let let lie lay lain light lit/lighted lit/lighted lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met melt melted meited/molten mistake mistook mistaken misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood outgrow outgrew outgrown overcome overcame overcome oversee oversaw overseen pay paid paid prove proved proved/proven put put put quit quitted/quit quitted/quit read read read rend rent rent ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen rive rived riven/rived run ran run saw sawed sawn/sawed say said said see saw seen seek sought sought sell sold sold send sent sent set set set sew sewed sewn/sewed shake shook shaken shave shaved shaved/shaven shear sheared sheared/shorn shed shed shed shine shone shone shoe shod shod shoot shot shot show showed shown/showed shrink shrank/shrunk shrunk/shrunken shrive shrove/shrived shriven/shrived shut shut shut sing sang/sung sung sink sank/sunk sunk/sunken sit sat sat slay slew slain sleep slept slept slide slid slid sling slung slung slink slunk slunk slit slit slit smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled smite smote smitten sow sowed sown/sowed speak spoke spoken speed sped/speeded sped/speeded spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled spend spent spent spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled spin spun/span spun spit spat/spit spat/spit spoil spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled spread spread spread spring sprang/sprung sprung stand stood stood stave staved/stove staved/stove steal stole stolen stick stuck stuck sting stung stung swear swore sworn sweep swept swept swell swelled swollen/swelled swim swam swum swing swung swung take took taken teach taught taught tear tore torn tell told told think thought thought throw threw thrown thrust thrust thrust tread trod trodden/trod upset upset upset wake woke/waked woken/waked wear wore worn weave wove woven weep wept wept win won won wind wound wound work worked/wrought worked/wrought wring wrung wrung write wrote written 不规则动词过去式和过去分词归纳 不规则动词过去式和过去分词 A. 原形与过去式和过去分词完全相同. cost----cost----cost cut----cut----cut put----put----put let----let----let set----set----set hit----hit----hit shut----shut----shut hurt---hurt----hurt read---read----read 读音 /e/ lie---lied---lied 说谎 lay---laid---laid 放置，下蛋 lay--- lain 躺下，位于，平放 eg. Thehensdon’t_______eggs during such cold weather. She _____ her books on the table. ____ B. 过去式与过去分词完全相同 1. 过去式和过去分词中含有ought, aught, 读音是〔 :t〕 bright----brought----brought think----thought----thought buy----bought----bought catch----caught----caught teach ---- taught ----taught 2. 动词原形中的e为o，变成过去式和过去分词。 get----got----got sell----sold----sold tell----told----told 3. 动词原形中i为a,…sit----sat----sat spit----spat----spat 4. 动词原形中i为o, …win----won----won shine----shone/ shined----shone / shined 5. 动词原形中an为oo, …stand----stood---stood understand----understood----understood 6. 动词原形中的ay为ai,…say----said----said pay----paid----paid 7. a)动词原形中的d为t,…send----sent----sent lend----lent----lent spend----spent----spent build----built----built b ) 动词原形最后一个字母改为t,…smell----smelt----smelt lose----lost----lost c ) 动词原形后加一个字母t, …learn----learnt----learnt mean----meant----meant 读音/e/ d ) 动词原形中的ee去掉一个字母e, 然后在词尾加t. 字母e发音/e/ feel----felt----felt sleep----slept----slept sweep---swept----swept keep---- kept----- kept 其它meet----met----met have----had----had hold----held----held make----made----made dig----dug----dug hear----heard----heard find----found----found hang----hung ----hung C.原型与过去分词相同 come----came----come run----ran----run become----became----become D. 原形，过去式， 和 过去分词完全不同 1. 把动词原形中i改为a变成过去式，改成u变成过去分词( begin ---- began -----begun drink---drank----drunk ring----rang-----rung swim----swam----swum sing----sang----sung 2. 把动词原形中o改为e变成过去式，在原形词尾加n变成过去分词( blow----blew----blown grow----grew----grown know---knew---known throw ---- threw ---- thrown fly ----flew /flu:/ ----flown ( 和以上相似) 3. 以下动词的过去分词都以en结尾，故把它们分为一类( a ) 把动词原形中i改为o变成过去式，在词尾加n变成过去分词( drive----drove----driven rise---rose---risen write---wrote---written (双写t ) ride----rode----ridden (双写d ) b ) 把动词原形中ea改为o, 在词尾加e变成过去式，在过去式后加n变成过去分词( speak----spoke----spoken steal----stole----stolen break----broke----broken c ) 把动词原形中的个别字母或字母组合改为o变成过去式, 在过去式后加n变成过去分词( wake----woke----woken freeze----froze----frozen choose----chose----chosen forget----forgot----forgotten (双写t，加en ) d) 其它过去分词以en结尾的动词 eat----ate----eaten beat---- beat ---- beaten fall----fell----fallen give----gave----given see----saw----seen take----took----taken mistake---- mistook----- mistaken hide----hid----hidden (双写d ) E. 没有过去分词的动词 can ----- could , may---- might , shall---- should, will ---- would , 其它 am, is ---- was----- been are-----were----- been do-----did----- done draw-----drew----- drawn, :, go-----went----- gone show----showed----shown wear--- wore ---- worn 不规则动词的过去式 (初二) 不规则动词的过去式是同学们学习的重点，也是一个难点。同学们应通过不规则动词的动词 原形和它们的过去式找出其变化规律， 总结 初级经济法重点总结下载党员个人总结TXt高中句型全总结.doc高中句型全总结.doc理论力学知识点总结pdf 如下: 1. 把动词原形中的o改为a，变成过去式。过去分词不变(如: become—became, come—came 2(把动词原形中的i改为a，变成过去式。如: begin—began，drink—drank，give—gave，ring—rang，sing—sang，sit—sat，swim—swam ，sink—sank， 3(把重读开音节中的i改为o，变成过去式。如: drive—drove，ride—rode，shine—shone，win—won，write—wrote 4(动词原形中的e改为o，变成过去式。如: get—got，forget—forgot 5(动词原形中的eep改为ept，变成过去式。如: keep—kept，sleep—slept，sweep—swept 6. 动词原形中的an改为oo，变成过去式。如: stand—stood，understand—understood 7(改动词原形中的aw ,ow为ew，变成过去式。如: draw—drew，grow—grew，know—knew，throw—threw(动词show除外，show—showed) 8(动词原形中的eak改为oke，变成过去式。如: break—broke，speak—spoke 9(动词原形中的ell改为old，变成过去式。如: sell—sold，tell—told 10(以ought和aught结尾，且读音是〔 :t〕的过去式。如: bring—brought，buy—bought，think—thought，catch—caught，teach—taught 11(以ould结尾且读音为〔ud〕的情态动词过去式。如: can—could，shall—should，will—would 12(在动词原形后加d或t变成过去式，并且发生音变。如: hear〔hi 〕—heard〔h :d〕， say〔sei〕—said〔sed〕， mean〔mi:n〕—meant〔ment〕， dream—dreamt 〔dremt〕 13(动词的过去式与动词原形一样。如: cut—cut, hit—hit, hurt—hurt, let—let，must—must， put—put，read—read〔red〕，set—set 14. 动词的过去式有两种形式。如: dream—dreamed/ dreamt learn—learnt/ learned shine—shone/ shined smell—smelt/ smelled wake—woke/ waked 15(不符合上述规律的动词过去式。如: am，is—was，are—were，build—built，do—did，eat—ate，fall—fell， feel—felt，find—found，fly—flew，go—went，have ,has— had，hide—hid， hold—held，lay—laid，leave—left，lie—lay，lose—lost，make—made，may— might，run—ran，see—saw， smell—smelt，take—took，wake—woke， wear—wore 一般现在时的肯定句中，主语为第三人称单数的动词变化主要体现在词尾的变化上，其规律大体有三点: 1. 一般情况下，直接在动词词尾+s ，例如: get?gets; take?takes 2. 以s, sh, ch, x, o 结尾的动词，在词尾+ es，例如: teach? teaches; fix? fixes; go?goes 3. 以辅音字母+ y 结尾的动词，变y 为i，再+ es，如:study? studies; try?tries 注意:以元音字母+y结尾的动词，直接加s构成单数三人称,如say--says 除上述规律外，还应注意下面三点: 1. 动词 have 遇到主语是第三人称单数时要用 has动词 be 的第三人称单数形式是is。 2. 含有动词第三人称单数形式的句子变否定句时，要用 doesn't + 动词原形，如:He goes to school at six in the morning. (变否定句)? He doesn't go to school at six in the morning. 3. 对含有动词第三人称单数形式的句子提问时，要用助动词 does，如: She goes home at five every day. (对划线部分提问)? When / What time does she go home every day? 第三人称单数变化，现归纳总结如下: 1.人称代词he, she, it是第三人称单数。如: He likes watching TV.他喜欢看电视。She has lunch at twelve.她十二点吃午餐。 It looks like a cat.它看起来像只猫。 2.单个人名、地名或称呼作主语,是第三人称单数。如: ?Han Mei looks like her mother.韩梅看起来像她的母亲。?Beijing is in China.北京在中国。? Uncle Wang often makes cakes.王叔叔经常做蛋糕。 单数可数名词或"this / that / the/ a +单数可数名词"作主语时，是第三人称单 3. 如:?A horse is a useful animal.马是有用的动物?This book is yours.这本书是你的。?That car is red.那辆小汽车是红色的?The cat is Lucy's.这只猫是露茜的。 4.不定代词someone, somebody, nobody,everyone, everything, something等及指示代词this, that 作主语时，是第三人称单数。 ?Everyone is here.大家到齐了。 ?There is something wrong with the watch.这块手表有毛病。 ?This is a pen.这是一支钢笔。 ?That is an eraser.那是一块橡皮擦。 5.不可数名词作主语时是第三人称单数。 如: ?The milk is in the glass. ?The bread is very small. 6.当数字或字母作主语时，看作第三人称单数。 如: ?"6" is a lucky number."6"是个幸运数字。 ?"I" is a letter.I 是一个字母。 口诀:我老大，你老二，他，她，它是老三;我们，你们和他们，能量可是不简单。只有老三能量 低，加个,保平安。不过不要太贪婪，does加上,减，这样一来才安全。 在一般现在时中，动词根据主语的不同，有单复数的变化。 主语第一、第二人称和第三人称的复数，实义动词用原形，be动词根据主语不同而变化。 主语是第三人称单数，实义动词要变单数，后面加s或es，be动词用is. 这个用法称为第三人称单数。 如果要变复数，动词变回原形，be动词根据人称而变化。 动词在一般现在时的形式: 一、 Be 动词的一般现在时 Be动词要根据句中主语的人称和数而变化。它有三种形式:am is are。例如: 1( I am a student( 2( Is your father a worker, Yes he is( 3( They are in the classroom( 4( This is an apple( 5( Where are my books, 6( We are friends( 以上句子是主系表结构，be 称为连系动词，它后面是表语，表语可以由名词、形容词、介 词短语等充当。is 跟单数主语，are跟复数主语。 二、 实义动词的一般现在时 一个动作经常反复地发生，就用一般现在时。第三人称单数作主语，谓语动词要加 〃s〃 或 〃es〃，这种动词形式简称为单三动，中文里没有这种概念，最初学习很容易错，记住: 单三人称单三动，其它人称用原型。 例如:1( He works in the factory ( Hedoesn’tworkonSaturday and Sunday( 2( —Do you like football, —Yes I do( ButIdon’toftenplay( I like basketball( 1)陈述语气第三人称单数一般现在时形: (a)原形动词词尾+“-s”: help(帮助)?helps come(来)?comes (b)原形动词词尾“ch，sh，o，s，x”+“-es”: teach(教)?teaches wash(洗)?washes go(去)?goes kiss(吻)?kisses fix(安装)?fixes (c)原形动词词尾为“辅音字母+y”时，去“y”后加“-ies”，若是“元音字母+y”，只加“-s”: study(学习)?studies play(游戏)?plays 解说 本项规则的“第三人称单数”是指句子的主语。例如: I go to school on a bicycle every day . You go to school on a bicycle every day. She goes to school on a bicycle every day. 第三人称单数形式动词词尾“-(e)s”的发音规则 (a)原形动词词尾发音为[CM，DN，M，K，L]时，加了“-(e)s”应发[!L]音，并为一音节。 例如:teach[C!:CM]?teaches['C!:CM!L] (教) change[!M-!QDN] ?changes['CM-!QDN!L] (改变) wash[V&M] ?washes['V&M!L] (洗) pass[A%:K] ?passes['A%:K!L] (通过) use[U(L]?uses['U(::L!L] (使用) 注:如上面各例所示，单音节原形动词因加了“-(e)s”即成为双音节的动词，因此皆有重读音节。 (b)原形动词词尾发音为[A，C，G，E]时，加了“-(e)s”应发[K]音。例如: help[O-SA]?helps[O-SAK](帮助) want[V&QC]?wants[V&QCK](要) laugh[S%:G]?laughs[S%:GK] look[S(E]?looks[S(EK] (c)原形动词词尾为浊辅音(除了[DN，L])及元音时，加了“-(e)s”应发[L]音。例如: read[T!:D]?reads[T!:DL](读) love[S)H]?loves[S)HL] see[K!:]?sees[K!:L] play[AS-!]?plays[AS-!L] (2)现在分词(也称“-ing”形): (a)原形动词词尾+“-ing”。 speak?speaking(说) study?studying(学习) go?going(去) (b)原形动词词尾为“-e”时，去“-e”后+“-ing”。 live?living(住) make?making(制造)(c)原形动词词尾为“-ie”时，先把“-ie”改为“-y”后+“-ing”。 lie?lying(卧，躺) die?dying(死) (d)原形动词词尾为“短元音[$，!，-，&，(，)]+辅音字母”时，先双写词尾辅音字母后再+“-ing”。 plan[AS$Q]?planning[>AS$Q!R](计划) kid[E!D]?kidding[>E!D!R](开玩笑) get[g-C]?getting[>g-C!R](得到) stop[KC&A]?stopping[>KC&A!R](停止) put[A(C]?putting[>A(C!R](放置) shut[M)C]?shutting[>M)C!R](关闭) 注:双音节动词若其词尾的词形如本项的情形，但重音落在第一音节者直接加“-ing”，若是重音落在第二音节者则依本项规则加“-ing”。 visit[>H!L!C] ?visiting[>H!L!C!R](访问) begin[B!>g!Q] ?beginning[B!>g!Q!R] (开始) (e)原形动词词尾为“元音+l，r”并为重读音节时，常重复词尾后再加“-ing”。 compel[E+P>A-S] ?compelling[E+P>A-S!R](强迫) prefer[AT!>S+:]?preferring[AT!>S+:T!R](宁要) “-ing”的发音 现在分词的词尾“-ing”发[!R]音，并自成一个音节，所以单音节动词的词尾加了“-ing”便成为双音节词，也就有重音，例如: rain[T-!Q] ?raining[>T-!Q!R] (下雨) (3)过去式和过去分词 (a)原形动词词尾+“ed”。 rain[T-!Q] ?rained[T-!QD] (下雨) walk[V&:E] ?walked[V&:EC](走) need[Q!:D] ?needed[>Q!:D!D] (需要) (b)原形动词词尾为“e”时，加“-d”。 live[S!H]?lived[S!HD](住) like[S%!E]?liked[S%!EC](喜欢) (c)原形动词词尾为“辅音字母+y”时，去“-y”后加“-ied”，若是词尾为“元音字母+y”，只加“-ed”。 study[>KC)D!] ?studied[>KC)D!D] (学习) play[AS-!]?played[AS-!D] (游戏) (d)原形动词词尾为“短元音[$，!，-，&，)]+辅音字母”时，先双写该辅音字母后再+”-ed“。 chat[CM$C] ?chatted[>CM$C!D] (闲谈) kid[E!D] ?kidded[>E!D!D] (开玩笑) beg[B-g] ?begged[>B-gD] (恳求) stop[KC&A] ?stopped[>KC&AC] (停止) bud[B)D] ?budded[>B)D!D] (萌芽) 注:双音节动词若其词尾的词形如本项的情形，但重音落在第一音节者直接加“-ed”，若是 重音落在第二音节者，则依本项规则加“-ed”。 visit[>H!L!C] ?visited[>H!L!C!D] (访问) omit[+(>P!C] ?omitted[+(>P!C!D] (省略) (e)原形动词词尾为“元音+l，r”并为重读音节时，常双写词尾后再加“-ed”。 compel[E+P>A-S] ?compelled[E+P>A-SD] prefer[AT!>S+:]?preferred[AT!>G+:D] 英语字母“c”后面接“e，i”时通常都发[K]音，例如: “face[G-!K];city[>K!C!]”。 因此，如picnic[>A!EQ!E]作动词使用时，其词形变化为了要保住其词尾的[E]音，通常都先 加“-k”之后再加“-ing”或“-ed”。例如: We went picnicking last Sunday. (上星期天我们野餐去了)。 We picnicked in a park by a lake. (我们在湖边的一处公园野餐了。) 过去式“-ed”的发音规则 (1)动词词尾为“-t，-d”时，“-ed”发[!D]音，并自成一个音节。因此，单音节动词加了“-ed” 便成为双音节动词并有重音。 want[V&QC] ?wanted[>V&QC!D] (要) need[Q!:D] ?needed[>Q!:D!D] (需要) (2)动词词尾为[A，G，E，K，M，CM]等清辅音时，“-ed”发[C]音。 help[O-SA] ?helped[O-SAC] (帮助) laugh[S%:G] ?laughed[S%:GC] (笑) look[S(E] ?looked[S(EC] (看) kiss[E!K] ?kissed[E!KC] (吻) wash[V&M] ?washed[V&MC] (洗) watch[V&CM] ?watched[V&CMC] (注视) (3)动词词尾为[D]以外之浊辅音或元音时，“-ed”发[D]音。 call[E&:S] ?called[E&:SD] (叫)