Smart Grid Conceptual Model - Office of Information Systems

Smart Grid Conceptual Model - Office of Information Systems SMART GRID CONCEPTUAL MODEL Version 1.0 March 15, 2010 Executive Summary This document describes the Smart Grid Conceptual Model, a tool for discussing the structure and operation of the power system. It defines a set of domains, actors, applications, associations and interfaces that can be used in the process of defining smart grid information architectures. It includes diagrams that can be used for visualizing the use cases and components of the smart grid and its implementation. Smart Grid Conceptual ModelMarch 15,2010iiSmart Grid Interoperability PanelVersion 1 Smart Grid Conceptual ModelMarch 15,2010iiiSmart Grid Interoperability PanelVersion 1 Acknowledgements This white paper is based on the NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Release 1.0 and is based on the work of the Architecture Team assembled by EPRI. Smart Grid Conceptual ModelMarch 15,2010ivSmart Grid Interoperability PanelVersion 1 Table of Contents SMART GRID CONCEPTUAL MODEL................................................................ 1 THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL............................................................................... 6 THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL............................................................................... 6 SCOPE OF THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL................................................................................................................ 10 C USTOMER DOMAIN ............................................................................................................................... ...... 11 M ARKETS DOMAIN ............................................................................................................................... ........ 13 SERVICE PROVIDER DOMAIN .......................................................................................................................... 15 OPERATIONS DOMAIN ............................................................................................................................... .... 17 BULK GENERATION DOMAIN .......................................................................................................................... 21 T RANSMISSION DOMAIN............................................................................................................................... .. 23 DISTRIBUTION DOMAIN............................................................................................................................... ... 25 CONCEPTUAL MODEL ACTORS..................................................................... 27 CONCEPTUAL MODEL ACTORS..................................................................... 27 THE COMBINED CONCEPTUAL REFERENCE DIAGRAM............................. 39 THE COMBINED CONCEPTUAL REFERENCE DIAGRAM............................. 39 NOTE ON GRAPHICS LICENSING.................................................................... 42 NOTE ON GRAPHICS LICENSING.................................................................... 42 Smart Grid Conceptual ModelMarch 15,2010vSmart Grid Interoperability PanelVersion 1 The Conceptual Model The conceptual model presented in this white paper supports planning and organization of the diverse, expanding collection of interconnected networks that will compose the Smart Grid. The Smart Grid Conceptual Model is a set of views (diagrams) and descriptions that are the basis for discussing the characteristics, uses, behavior, interfaces, requirements and standards of the Smart Grid. The conceptual model described here provides a high-level, overarching perspective. It is not only a tool for identifying actors and possible communications paths in the Smart Grid, but also a useful way for identifying potential intra- and inter-domain interactions and potential applications and capabilities enabled by these interactions. The conceptual model is intended to aid in analysis; it is not a design diagram that defines a solution and its implementation. In other words, the conceptual model is descriptive and not prescriptive. It is meant to foster understanding of Smart Grid operational intricacies but not prescribe how the Smart Grid will be implemented. This does not represent the final architecture of the Smart Grid; rather it is a tool for describing, discussing, and developing that architecture. The conceptual model provides a context for analysis of interoperation and standards, both for the rest of this document, and for the development of the architectures of the Smart Grid. The top level domains of the conceptual model are shown in Figure 1. Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 16Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 Figure 1 – Smart Grid Conceptual Model – Top Level Domains The conceptual model consists of several domains – and its sub-domains – each of which contains many actors and applications: •Actors may be devices, computer systems or software programs and/or the organizations that own them. Actors have the capability to make decisions and exchange information with other actors through interfaces. •Applications are the tasks performed by the actors within the domains. Some applications are performed by a single actor, others by several actors working together. •Domains group actors to discover the commonalities that will define the interfaces. In general, actors in the same domain have similar objectives. Communications within the same domain may have similar characteristics and requirements. Domains may contain other domains. •Flows represent the flow of energy or information through the power grid (in the case of electrical flow) or the communication networks (in the case of information flow). •Interfaces represent the point of access between a system or domain. There exist both electrical and communications interfaces (for the smart grid, the communications interfaces are of interest). Communications interfaces may be Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 17Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 bidirectional and represent the access point for information to enter and exit a system or domain (interfaces are logical). They represent logical connections rather than physical connections. The domains of the Smart Grid are listed briefly in Table 1 and discussed in more detail in the sections that follow. In Figure 1, domains are shown as clouds. Table 1 – Domains in the Smart Grid Conceptual Model DomainActors in the Domain CustomersThe end users of electricity. May also generate, store, and manage the use of energy. Traditionally, three customer types are discussed, each with its own domain: home, commercial/building, and industrial. MarketsThe operators and participants in electricity markets Service ProvidersThe organizations providing services to electrical customers and utilities OperationsThe managers of the movement of electricity Bulk GenerationThe generators of electricity in bulk quantities. May also store energy for later distribution. TransmissionThe carriers of bulk electricity over long distances. May also store and generate electricity. DistributionThe distributors of electricity to and from customers. May also store and generate electricity. In general, actors in the same domain have similar objectives. To enable Smart Grid functionality, the actors in a particular domain often interact with actors in other domains. However, communications within the same domain may not necessarily have similar characteristics and requirements. Moreover, particular domains also may contain components of other domains. For instance, the ten Independent System Operators and Regional Transmission Organizations (ISOs/RTOs) in North America have actors in both the Markets and Operations domains. Similarly, a distribution utility is not entirely contained within the Distribution domain—it is likely to contain actors in the Operations domain, such as a Distribution Management System (DMS), and in the Customer domain, such as meters. Underlying the conceptual model is a legal and regulatory framework that includes policies and requirements that apply to various actors and applications and to their interactions. Regulations, adopted by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) at the federal level and by public utility commissions at the state and local levels, govern many aspects of the Smart Grid. Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 18Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 Such regulations are intended to ensure that electric rates are fair and reasonable and that 1security, reliability, safety, privacy, and other public policy requirements are met. The transition to the Smart Grid introduces new regulatory considerations, which may transcend jurisdictional boundaries and require increased coordination among federal, state, and local lawmakers and regulators. The conceptual model must be consistent with the legal and regulatory framework and support its evolution over time. The standards and protocols identified in the framework also must align with existing and emerging regulatory objectives and responsibilities. The conceptual model is intended to be a useful tool for regulators at all levels to assess how best to achieve public policy goals that, along with business objectives, motivate investments in modernizing the nation’s electric power infrastructure and building a clean energy economy. The Smart Grid Conceptual Model is presented as successive diagrams of increasing levels of detail, as shown in Figure 2. Users of the model are encouraged to create additional levels or identify particular actors at a particular level in order to discuss the interaction between parts of the Smart Grid. Figure 2 – Examining the Model in Detail The conceptual model can be used to describe use cases. A use case is a story, told in structured and detailed steps, about how actors work together to reach a goal. A use case would be represented in the conceptual model by a path connecting several actors across multiple domains, as illustrated in Figure 3. An example is the use case “Customers reduce demand in response to a price change”. This type of demand response use case would involve actors in the Markets, Operations, Customer and possibly the Service Provider domains. Figure 3 depicts a hypothetical use case involving the Generation, Transmission and Distribution domains. 1 See, for example, the mission statements of National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC) () and FERC (). Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 19Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 = information path Figure 3 – Hypothetical Information Flow for a Smart Grid Use Case The purpose of the conceptual model is to provide a framework for discussing both the existing power system and the evolving Smart Grid. Note that the Conceptual Model, as presented, is not intended to be comprehensive in identifying all actors and all paths possible in the Smart Grid. This achievement will only be possible after additional elaboration and consolidation of use cases is achieved by stakeholder activities that are ongoing. Scope of the Conceptual Model It is important to note that the conceptual model of the Smart Grid is not limited to a single domain or a single application or use case. The use of the term “Smart Grid” has been applied in some circles to only distribution automation or in others to only advanced metering or demand response, for example. The conceptual model assumes that “Smart Grid” includes a wide variety of use cases and applications, especially (but not limited to) the four functional priorities identified by FERC. The scope also includes cross cutting requirements including cyber security, network management, data management, and application integration, as described in the GridWise Architecture Council Interoperability Context-Setting Framework. As illustrated in Figure 4, the layers of this framework can be pictured as underlying the actors, domains, and interfaces pictured in the model. Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 110Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 Figure 4 – The Conceptual Model and the GWAC Interoperability Framework Customer Domain The customer is ultimately the stakeholder that the entire grid was created to support. This is the domain where electricity is consumed (see Figure 5). Actors in the Customer domain enable customers to manage their energy usage and generation. Some actors also provide control and information flow between the customer and the other domains. The boundaries of the Customer domain are typically considered to be the utility meter and the Energy Services Interface (ESI). The ESI provides a secure interface for Utility-to- Consumer interactions. The ESI in turn can act as a bridge to facility-based systems such as a Building Automation System (BAS) or a customer’s Energy Management System (EMS). Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 111Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 Figure 5 – Overview of the Customer Domain The Customer domain is usually segmented into sub-domains for home, commercial/building, and industrial. The energy needs of these sub-domains are typically set at less than 20 kW of demand for Home, 20-200 kW for Commercial/Building, and over 200 kW for Industrial. Each sub-domain has multiple actors and applications, which may also be present in the other sub-domains. Each sub-domain has a meter actor and an ESI that may reside in the meter or on the EMS or in an independent gateway. The ESI is the primary service interface to the Customer domains. The ESI may communicate with other domains via the AMI infrastructure or via another means, such as the Internet. The ESI communicates to devices and systems within the customer premises across a Home Area Network or other Local Area Network. There may be more than one EMS— and therefore more than one communications path—per customer. The EMS is the entry point for such applications as remote load control, monitoring and control of distributed generation, in-home display of customer usage, reading of non-energy meters, and integration with building management systems and the enterprise. The EMS may provide auditing/logging for cyber security purposes. The Customer domain is electrically connected to the Distribution domain. It communicates with the Distribution, Operations, Market, and Service Provider domains. Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 112Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 Table 2 – Typical Applications within the Customer Domain ApplicationDescription Building / A system that is capable of controlling various functions within a Home building such as lighting and temperature control. Automation Industrial A system that controls industrial processes such as manufacturing or Automationwarehousing. Micro-Includes all types of distributed generation including; Solar, Wind, and generationHydro generators. Generation harnesses energy for electricity at a customer location. May be monitored, dispatched, or controlled via communications. Markets Domain The markets are where grid assets are bought and sold. Actors in the Markets domain exchange price and balance supply and demand within the power system (see Figure 6). The boundaries of the Market domain include the edge of the Operations domain where control happens, the domains supplying assets (e.g. generation, transmission, etc), and the Customer domain. Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 113Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 Figure 6 – Overview of the Markets Domain Communication between the Markets domain and the domains supplying energy are critical because efficient matching of production with consumption is dependent on markets. Energy supply domains include the Bulk Generation domain and Distributed Energy Resources (DER). DER resides in the Transmission, Distribution, and Customer domains. NERC CIPs consider suppliers of more than 300 megawatts to be Bulk Generation; most DER is smaller and is typically served through aggregators. DERs participate in markets to some extent today, and will participate to a greater extent as the Smart Grid becomes more interactive. Communications for Markets domain interactions must be reliable. They must be traceable and auditable. They must support e-commerce standards for integrity and non-repudiation. As the percentage of energy supplied by small DER increases, the allowed latency in communications with these resources must be reduced. The high-priority challenges in the Markets domain are: extension of price and DER signals to each of the Customer sub-domains; simplification of market rules; expanding the capabilities of aggregators; interoperability across all providers and consumers of market information; managing the growth (and regulation) of retail and wholesale energy sales, and evolving communication mechanisms for prices and energy characteristics between and throughout the Markets and Customer domains. Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 114Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 Table 3 – Typical Applications in the Markets Domain ExampleDescription Market Market managers include ISOs for wholesale markets or NYMEX Managementfor forward markets in many ISO/RTO regions. There are transmission and services and demand response markets as well. Some DER Curtailment resources are treated today as dispatchable generation. RetailingRetailers sell power to end customers and may in the future aggregate or broker DER between customers or into the market. Most are connected to a trading organization to allow participation in the wholesale market. DER AggregationAggregators combine smaller participants (as providers or customers or curtailment) to enable distributed resources to play in the larger markets. TradingTraders are participants in markets, which include aggregators for provision and consumption and curtailment, and other qualified entities. There are a number of companies whose primary business is the buying and selling of energy. Market OperationsMake a particular market function smoothly. Functions include financial and goods sold clearing, price quotation streams, audit, balancing, and more. Ancillary Provide a market to provide frequency support, voltage support, Operationsspinning reserve and other ancillary services as defined by FERC, NERC and the various ISO. These markets function on a regional or ISO basis normally. Service Provider Domain Actors in the Service Provider domain perform services to support the business processes of power system producers, distributors and customers. These business processes range from traditional utility services such as billing and customer account management to enhanced customer services such as management of energy use and home energy generation. The service provider must not compromise the cyber security, reliability, stability, integrity and safety of the electrical power network when delivering existing or emerging services. Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 115Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 Figure 7 – Overview of the Service Provider Domain The Service Provider domain shares interfaces with the Markets, Operations, and Customer domains. Communications with the Operations domain are critical for system control and situational awareness; communications with the Markets and Customer domains are critical for enabling economic growth through the development of “smart” services. For example, the Service Provider domain may provide the interface enabling the customer to interact with the market(s). Service providers will create new and innovative services and products to meet the new requirements and opportunities presented by the evolving Smart Grid. Services may be performed by the electric service provider, by existing third parties, or by new participants drawn by the new business models. Emerging services represent an area of significant new economic growth. The priority challenge in the Service Provider domain is to develop the key interfaces and standards that will enable a dynamic market-driven ecosystem while protecting the critical power infrastructure. These interfaces must be able to operate over a variety of networking technologies while maintaining consistent messaging semantics. Some benefits to the Service Provider domain from the deployment of the Smart Grid include: Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 116Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 1)The development of a growing market for third parties to provide value-added services and products to customers, utilities and other stakeholders at competitive costs. 2)The decrease in cost of business services for other Smart Grid domains. 3)A decrease in power consumption and an increase in power generation as customers become active participants in the power supply chain. Table 4 – Typical Applications in the Service Provider Domain ExampleDescription Customer Managing customer relationships by providing point-of-contact Managementand resolution for customer issues and problems. Installation & Installing and maintaining premises equipment that interacts with Maintenancethe Smart Grid. Building Monitoring and controlling building energy and responding to ManagementSmart Grid signals while minimizing impact on building occupants. Home ManagementMonitoring and controlling home energy and responding to Smart Grid signals while minimizing impact on home occupants. BillingManaging customer billing information, sending billing statements and processing received payments. Account Managing the supplier and customer business accounts. Management Emerging ServicesAll of the services and innovations that have yet to be created. These will be instrumental in defining the Smart Grid of the future. Operations Domain Actors in the Operations domain are responsible for the smooth operation of the power system. Today, the majority of these functions are the responsibility of a regulated utility. The smart grid will enable more of them to be outsourced to service providers; others may evolve over time. No matter how the Service Provider and Markets domains evolve, there will still be basic functions needed for planning and operating the service delivery points of a “wires” company. In transmission operations, Energy Management Systems (EMS) are used to analyze and operate the transmission power system reliably and efficiently, while in distribution Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 117Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 operations, similar Distribution Management Systems (DMS) are used for analyzing and operating the distribution system. Representative applications within the Operations domain are described in Table 5. These applications are derived from the IEC 61968-1 Interface Reference Model (IRM) for this 2domain. Figure 8 – Overview of the Operations Domain Table 5 – Typical Applications in the Operations Domain ApplicationDescription Network OperationsThe Network Operations domain (actually a sub-domain) within Operations includes the applications: 2 To review and comment on a more detailed breakdown of the IRM, please refer to the IEC 61968-1 document available under the Shared Documents directory at Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 118Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 ApplicationDescription Network Operation Monitoring actors supervise network •Monitoring topology, connectivity and loading conditions, including breaker and switch states, and control equipment status. They locate customer telephone complaints and field crews.Network control is coordinated by actors in this domain, •Control although they may only supervise wide area, substation, and local automatic or manual control. Fault Management actors enhance the speed at which faults can •Fault be located, identified, and sectionalized and service can be Management restored. They provide information for customers, coordinate with workforce dispatch and compile information for statistics.Operation Feedback Analysis actors compare records taken •Analysis from real-time operation related with information on network incidents, connectivity and loading to optimize periodic maintenance. Operational Statistics and Reporting actors archive on-line data •Reporting and and to perform feedback analysis about system efficiency and Statistics reliability. Real-time Network Calculations actors (not shown) provide •Calculations system operators with the ability to assess the reliability and security of the power system. Dispatcher Training actors provide facilities for dispatchers that •Training simulate the actual system they will be using. (not shown on diagram) Records and AssetsThe Records and Asset Management actors track and report on the substation and network equipment inventory, provide geospatial data and geographic displays, maintain records on non-electrical assets, and perform asset investment planning. Operational PlanningOperational Planning and Optimization actors perform simulation of network operations, schedule switching actions, dispatch repair crews, inform affected customers, and schedule the importing of power. They keep the cost of imported power low through peak generation, switching, load shedding or demand response. Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 119Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 ApplicationDescription Maintenance and Maintenance and Construction actors coordinate inspection, Constructioncleaning and adjustment of equipment, organize construction and design, dispatch and schedule maintenance and construction work, capture records gathered by field personnel and permit them to view necessary information to perform their tasks. Extension PlanningNetwork Extension planning actors develop long term plans for power system reliability, monitor the cost, performance and schedule of construction, and define projects to extend the network such as new lines, feeders or switchgear.Customer SupportCustomer Support actors help customers to purchase, provision, install and troubleshoot power system services, and relay and record customer trouble reports. Meter Reading and Meter Reading and Control actors perform a variety of Controlfunctions on the metering system including data collection, disconnect/reconnect, outage management, prepayment point of sale, power quality and reliability monitoring, meter maintenance and asset management, meter data management including validation, estimation and editing (VEE), customer billing, and load management, including load analysis and control, demand response, and risk management. Supply Chain and Supply Chain and Logistics actors manage the processes for Logisticsacquiring necessary supplies; tracking acquired and ordered supplies; and allocating them. Financial Financial actors measure performance across the whole organization, including the evaluation of investments in capital projects, maintenance, or operations. They track risk, benefits, costs and impact on levels of service. Communications The planning, operations and maintenance of all Networkcommunications network asset that are required to support Operations. Security ManagementThe management of security policies, distribution and maintenance of security credentials, and centralized authentication and authorization as appropriate.PremisesInformation regarding the location of a service. This set of functions includes: Address management; Right of ways, easements, grants; and Real estate management. Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 120Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 ApplicationDescription Human Resources Human Resources actors manage personnel information and activities including safety, training, benefits, performance, review, compensation, recruiting and expenses. Business Planning and These actors perform strategic business modeling, manpower Reporting planning, reporting, account management, and both assess and report on risk, performance and business impact. Stakeholder Planning These actors perform track and manage the needs and concerns and Management of various utility stakeholders by monitoring customer input, regulators, service standards, and legal proceedings. Bulk Generation Domain Applications in the Bulk Generation domain are the first processes in the delivery of electricity to customers. Electricity generation is the process of creating electricity from other forms of energy, which may vary from chemical combustion to nuclear fission, flowing water, wind, solar radiation and geothermal heat. The boundary of the Generation domain is typically the Transmission domain. The Bulk Generation domain is electrically connected to the Transmission domains and shares interfaces with the Operations, Markets and Transmission domains. Communications with the Transmission domain are the most critical because without transmission, customers cannot be served. The Bulk Generation domain must communicate key performance and quality of service issues such as scarcity (especially for wind and sun) and generator failure. These communications may cause the routing of electricity onto the transmission system from other sources. A lack of sufficient supply may be addressed directly (via Operations) or indirectly (via Markets).New requirements for the Bulk Generation domain include green house gas emissions controls, increases in renewable energy sources, provision of storage to manage the variability of renewable generation. Actors in the Bulk Generation domain may include various devices such as protection relays, remote terminal units, equipment monitors, fault recorders, user interfaces and programmable logic controllers. They typically perform the applications shown in Figure9 and discussed in the table below. Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 121Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 Figure 9 – Overview of the Bulk Generation Domain Table 6 – Bulk Generation Categories CategoryDescription VariableGeneration from wind, sun, wave power, etc. that can vary with time. Non-VariableGeneration from continuous process, coal, uranium, water, biomass, etc RenewableGeneration from a source that can be replenished, e.g. wind, water, biomass Non-RenewableGeneration from a source that cannot be replenished, e.g. coal, oil, uranium Note that similarity exists in the common applications for Bulk Generation, Transmission, and the Distribution Domains. These common kinds of applications are Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 122Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 summarized in Table 7 which follows. These applications, therefore, apply to each of the three power conduction path Domains. Table 7 – Common Applications in Bulk Generation, Transmission, and Distribution Domains ApplicationDescription ControlPerformed by actors that permit the Operations domain to manage the flow of power and reliability of the system. An example would be the use of phase angle regulators within a substation to control power flow between two adjacent power systems MeasurePerformed by actors that provide visibility into the flow of power and the condition of the systems in the field. In the future measurement might be found in built into meters, transformers, feeders, switches and other devices in the grid. An example would be the digital and analog measurements collected through the SCADA system from a remote terminal unit (RTU) and provide to a grid control center in the Operations domain. ProtectPerformed by Actors that react rapidly to faults and other events in the system that might cause power outages, brownouts, or the destruction of equipment. Performed to maintain high levels of reliability and power quality. May work locally or on a wide scale. RecordPerformed by actors that permit other domains to review what has happened on the grid for financial, engineering, operational, and forecasting purposes. Asset Performed by actors that work together to determine when equipment Managementshould have maintenance, calculate the life expectancy of the device, and record its history of operations and maintenance so it can be reviewed in the future for operational and engineering decisions. Stabilize and Performed by actors that ensure the network is operating with the Optimizeappropriate tolerances across the system. They may gather information to make control decisions that ensure reliable and proper operations (stability) or more efficient operations (optimization). Measurement and control form a feedback loop that allows grid operators to stabilize the flow of energy across the electric network or safely increase the load on a transmission path. Transmission Domain Transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical power from generation sources to distribution through multiple substations. A transmission network is typically operated Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 123Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 by a Regional Transmission Operator or Independent System Operator (RTO/ISO) whose primary responsibility is to maintain stability on the electric grid by balancing generation (supply) with load (demand) across the transmission network. Examples of actors in the transmission domain include remote terminal units, substation meters, protection relays, power quality monitors, phasor measurement units, sag monitors, fault recorders, and substation user interfaces. They typically perform the applications shown in the diagram (Figure 12) and described in Table 7 above.The transmission domain may contain Distributed Energy Resources (DER) such as electrical storage or peaking generation units. Energy and supporting ancillary services (capacity that can be dispatched when needed to stabilize the grid) are procured through the Markets domain and scheduled and operated from the Operations domain, and finally delivered through the Transmission domain to the distribution system and finally to the Customer Domain. Most activity in the Transmission domain is in a substation. An electrical substation uses transformers to change voltage from high to low or the reverse across the electric supply chain. Substations also contain switching, protection and control equipment. The figure depicts both step-up and step down sub-stations connecting generation (including peaking units) and storage with distribution. Substations may also connect two or more transmission lines. Transmission towers, power lines and field telemetry such as the line sag detector shown make up the balance of the transmission network infrastructure. The transmission network is typically monitored and controlled through a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system composed of a communication network, monitoring devices and control devices. Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 124Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 Figure 10 – Overview of the Transmission Domain Distribution Domain The Distribution domain is the electrical interconnection between the Transmission domain, the Customer domain and the metering points for consumption, distributed storage, and distributed generation. The electrical distribution system may be arranged in a variety of structures, including radial, looped or meshed. The reliability of the distribution system varies depending on its structure, the types of actors that are deployed, and the degree to which they communicate with each other and with the actors in other domains. Historically distribution systems have been radial configurations, with little telemetry, and almost all communications within the domain was performed by humans. The primary installed sensor base in this domain is the customer with a telephone, whose call initiates the dispatch of a field crew to restore power. Historically, many communications interfaces within this domain were hierarchical and unidirectional, although they now generally can be considered to work in both directions, even as the electrical connections are beginning to do. Distribution actors may have local Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 125Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 inter-device (peer-to-peer) communication or a more centralized communication methodology. In the smart grid, the Distribution domain will communicate more closely with the Operations domain in real-time to manage the power flows associated with a more dynamic Markets domain and other environmental and security-based factors. The Markets domain will communicate with Distribution in ways that will effect localized consumption and generation. In turn, these behavioral changes due to market forces may have electrical and structural impacts on the Distribution domain and the larger grid. Under some models, third party Customer Service Providers may communicate with the Customer domain using the infrastructure of the Distribution domain; such a change would change the communications infrastructure selected for use within the Domain. Figure 11 – Distribution Domain Diagram Actors in the Distribution domain include capacitor banks, sectionalizers, reclosers, protection relays, storage devices, and distributed generators. They typically perform the applications shown in the diagram (Figure 13) and described in Table 7 above. Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 126Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 Conceptual Model Actors The following table contains a list of all Actors and Applications (specialized Actors) from the Conceptual Model. Table 8: Conceptual Model ActorsThermal?StorageDeviceCustomer CampusGeographicCustomer SolarDeviceCustomer MeterDeviceCustomer Building?AutomationSubsystemCustomerBuilding?GatewaySubsystemCustomerMulti?DwellingGeographicCustomerThermostatDeviceCustomer Home?AutomationDeviceCustomer AppliancesDeviceCustomer ESIDeviceCustomer Electric?VehicleDeviceCustomer Distributed?WindDeviceCustomer Co?GenerationDeviceCustomer Industrial?AutomationSubsystemCustomerLightingSubsystemCustomer Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 127Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 Sub?Metered? ProcessesSubsystemCustomer Industrial?GatewayDeviceCustomer Make?a?particular?market? function?smoothly.?Functions? include?financial?and?goods?sold? clearing,?price?quotation? streams,?audit,?balancing,?and?Market?OpsApplicationMarketsmore.? Market?managers?include?ISOs? for?wholesale?markets?or? NYMEX?for?forward?markets?in? many?ISO/RTO?regions.?There? are?transmission?and?services? and?demand?response?markets? as?well.?Some?DER?Curtailment? resources?are?treated?today?as?Market?ManagementApplicationMarketsdispatchable?generation.? Aggregators?combine?smaller? participants?(as?providers?or? customers?or?curtailment)?to? enable?distributed?resources?to?DER?AggregationApplicationMarketsplay?in?the?larger?markets.? Retailers?sell?power?to?end? customers?and?may?in?the?future? aggregate?or?broker?DER? between?customers?or?into?the? market.?Most?are?connected?to?a? trading?organization?to?allow? participation?in?the?wholesale?RetailingApplicationMarketsmarket.? Provide?a?market?to?provide? frequency?support,?voltage? support,?spinning?reserve?and? other?ancillary?services?as? defined?by?FERC,?NERC?and?the? various?ISO.?These?markets? function?on?a?regional?or?ISO?Ancillary?OpsApplicationMarketsbasis?normally.? TradingApplicationMarketsTraders?are?participants?in? markets,?which?include? aggregators?for?provision?and? consumption?and?curtailment,? and?other?qualified?entities.? There?are?a?number?of? Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 128Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 companies?whose?primary? business?is?the?buying?and? selling?of?energy.? WholesalingApplicationMarkets Managing?customer? relationships?by?providing?point? Service?of?contact?and?resolution?for?Customer?ManagementApplicationProvidercustomer?issues?and?problems.? Service?Managing?the?supplier?and?Account?ManagementApplicationProvidercustomer?business?accounts.? Managing?customer?billing? information,?sending?billing? Service?statements?and?processing?BillingApplicationProviderreceived?payments.? All?of?the?services?and? innovations?that?have?yet?to?be? created.?These?will?be? Service?instrumental?in?defining?the?Emerging?ServicesApplicationProviderSmart?Grid?of?the?future.? Installing?and?maintaining?Installation?and?Service?premises?equipment?that?MaintenanceApplicationProviderinteracts?with?the?Smart?Grid.? Monitoring?and?controlling? building?energy?and?responding? to?Smart?Grid?signals?while? Service?minimizing?impact?on?building?Building?ManagementApplicationProvideroccupants.? Monitoring?and?controlling?home? energy?and?responding?to?Smart? Service?Grid?signals?while?minimizing?Home?ManagementApplicationProviderimpact?on?home?occupants.? Maintenance?and?Construction? actors?coordinate?inspection,? cleaning?and?adjustment?of? equipment,?organize? construction?and?design,? dispatch?and?schedule? maintenance?and?construction? work,?capture?records?gathered? by?field?personnel?and?permit? them?to?view?necessary?Maintenance?and?information?to?perform?their?ConstructionApplicationOperationstasks.? Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 129Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 Financial?actors?measure?performance?across?the?whole?organization,?including?the?evaluation?of?investments?in?capital?projects,?maintenance,?or?operations.?They?track?risk,?benefits,?costs?and?impact?on? FinancialApplicationOperationslevels?of?service.? Supply?Chain?and?Logistics?actors?manage?the?processes?for?acquiring?necessary?supplies;?tracking?acquired?and?ordered? Supply?Chain?LogisticsApplicationOperationssupplies;?and?allocating?them.?Network?Extension?planning?actors?develop?long?term?plans?for?power?system?reliability,?monitor?the?cost,?performance?and?schedule?of?construction,?and?define?projects?to?extend?the?network?such?as?new?lines,? Extension?PlanningApplicationOperationsfeeders?or?switchgear.? Operational?Planning?and?Optimization?actors?perform?simulation?of?network?operations,?schedule?switching?actions,?dispatch?repair?crews,?inform?affected?customers,?and? schedule?the?importing?of?power.?They?keep?the?cost?of?imported?power?low?through?peak? generation,?switching,?load? Ops?PlanningApplicationOperationsshedding?or?demand?response.?The?Records?and?Asset? Management?actors?track?and?report?on?the?substation?and?network?equipment?inventory,?provide?geospatial?data?and?geographic?displays,?maintain?records?on?non?electrical?assets,?and?perform?asset?investment? Records?and?AssetsApplicationOperationsplanning.? Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 130Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 Meter?Reading?and?Control? actors?perform?a?variety?of? functions?on?the?metering? system?including?data?collection,? disconnect/reconnect,?outage? management,?prepayment?point? of?sale,?power?quality?and? reliability?monitoring,?meter? maintenance?and?asset? management,?meter?data? management?including? validation,?estimation?and?editing? (VEE),?customer?billing,?and?load? management,?including?load?Meter?Reading?and?analysis?and?control,?demand?ControlApplicationOperationsresponse,?and?risk?management.? The?planning,?operations?and? maintenance?of?all? communications?network?asset?Communications?that?are?required?to?support?NetworkApplicationOperationsOperations.? The?management?of?security? policies,?distribution?and? maintenance?of?security? credentials,?and?centralized? authentication?and?authorization?Security?ManagementApplicationOperationsas?appropriate.? Customer?Support?actors?help? customers?to?purchase,? provision,?install?and? troubleshoot?power?system? services,?and?relay?and?record?Customer?SupportApplicationOperationscustomer?trouble?reports.? Information?regarding?the? location?of?a?service.?This?set?of? functions?includes:?Address? management;?Right?of?ways,? easements,?grants;?and?Real?PremisesApplicationOperationsestate?management.? Human?Resources?actors? manage?personnel?information? and?activities?including?safety,? training,?benefits,?performance,? review,?compensation,?recruiting?Human?ResourcesApplicationOperationsand?expenses.? Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 131Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 These?actors?perform?strategic? business?modeling,?manpower? planning,?reporting,?account? management,?and?both?assess?Business?Planning?and?and?report?on?risk,?performance?ReportingApplicationOperationsand?business?impact.? These?actors?perform?track?and? manage?the?needs?and?concerns? of?various?utility?stakeholders?by? monitoring?customer?input,?Stakeholder?Planning?regulators,?service?standards,?and?ReportingApplicationOperationsand?legal?proceedings.? The?Network?Operations?domain? (actually?a?sub?domain)?within? Operations?includes?the?Network?OperationsApplicationOperationsapplications:? Fault?Management?actors? enhance?the?speed?at?which? faults?can?be?located,?identified,? and?sectionalized?and?service? can?be?restored.?They?provide? information?for?customers,? coordinate?with?workforce?Network?Operations?dispatch?and?compile?information??Fault?AnalysisApplicationOperationsfor?statistics.? Network?Operation?Monitoring? actors?supervise?network? topology,?connectivity?and? loading?conditions,?including? breaker?and?switch?states,?and? control?equipment?status.?They?Network?Operations?locate?customer?telephone??MonitorApplicationOperationscomplaints?and?field?crews.? Network?control?is?coordinated? by?actors?in?this?domain,? although?they?may?only? supervise?wide?area,?substation,?Network?Operations?and?local?automatic?or?manual??ControlApplicationOperationscontrol.? Operational?Statistics?and? Reporting?actors?archive?on?line?Network?Operations?data?and?to?perform?feedback??Reporting?and?analysis?about?system?efficiency?StatisticsApplicationOperationsand?reliability.? Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 132Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 Operation?Feedback?Analysis? actors?compare?records?taken? from?real?time?operation?related? with?information?on?network? incidents,?connectivity?and?Network?Operations?loading?to?optimize?periodic??AnalysisApplicationOperationsmaintenance.? Real?time?Network?Calculations? actors?(not?shown)?provide? system?operators?with?the?ability?Network?Operations?to?assess?the?reliability?and??CalculationsApplicationOperationssecurity?of?the?power?system.? Bulk? WindDeviceGeneration Bulk? HydroDeviceGeneration Bulk? BiomassDeviceGeneration Bulk? GeothermalDeviceGeneration Bulk? Pump?StorageDeviceGeneration Bulk? SolarDeviceGeneration Bulk? NuclearDeviceGeneration Bulk? CoalDeviceGeneration Bulk? GasDeviceGeneration Performed?by?actors?that?permit? the?Operations?domain?to? manage?the?flow?of?power?and? reliability?of?the?system.?An? example?would?be?the?use?of? phase?angle?regulators?within?a? substation?to?control?power?flow? Bulk?between?two?adjacent?power?Generation???ControlApplicationGenerationsystems? Generation???MeasureApplicationBulk?Performed?by?actors?that?provide? Generationvisibility?into?the?flow?of?power? and?the?condition?of?the?systems? in?the?field.?In?the?future? measurement?might?be?found?in? built?into?meters,?transformers,? Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 133Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 feeders,?switches?and?other? devices?in?the?grid.?An?example? would?be?the?digital?and?analog? measurements?collected?through? the?SCADA?system?from?a? remote?terminal?unit?(RTU)?and? provide?to?a?grid?control?center?in? the?Operations?domain.? Performed?by?Actors?that?react? rapidly?to?faults?and?other?events? in?the?system?that?might?cause? power?outages,?brownouts,?or? the?destruction?of?equipment.? Performed?to?maintain?high? levels?of?reliability?and?power?Bulk?quality.?May?work?locally?or?on?a? Generation???ProtectApplicationGenerationwide?scale.? Performed?by?actors?that?permit? other?domains?to?review?what? has?happened?on?the?grid?for? financial,?engineering,? Bulk?operational,?and?forecasting? Generation???RecordApplicationGenerationpurposes.? Performed?by?actors?that?work? together?to?determine?when? equipment?should?have? maintenance,?calculate?the?life? expectancy?of?the?device,?and? record?its?history?of?operations? and?maintenance?so?it?can?be? reviewed?in?the?future?for? Generation???Asset?Bulk?operational?and?engineering? ManagementApplicationGenerationdecisions.? Generation???Stabilize?ApplicationBulk?Performed?by?actors?that?ensure? and?OptimizeGenerationthe?network?is?operating?with?the? appropriate?tolerances?across? the?system.?They?may?gather? information?to?make?control? decisions?that?ensure?reliable? and?proper?operations?(stability)? or?more?efficient?operations? (optimization).?Measurement?and? control?form?a?feedback?loop?that? allows?grid?operators?to?stabilize? the?flow?of?energy?across?the? Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 134Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 electric?network?or?safely? increase?the?load?on?a? transmission?path.? Transmissio StorageDevicen Transmissio SubstationGeographicn Performed?by?actors?that?permit? the?Operations?domain?to? manage?the?flow?of?power?and? reliability?of?the?system.?An? example?would?be?the?use?of? phase?angle?regulators?within?a? substation?to?control?power?flow? Transmissiobetween?two?adjacent?power?Transmission???ControlApplicationnsystems? Performed?by?actors?that?provide? visibility?into?the?flow?of?power? and?the?condition?of?the?systems? in?the?field.?In?the?future? measurement?might?be?found?in? built?into?meters,?transformers,? feeders,?switches?and?other? devices?in?the?grid.?An?example? would?be?the?digital?and?analog? measurements?collected?through? the?SCADA?system?from?a? remote?terminal?unit?(RTU)?and?Transmission???Transmissioprovide?to?a?grid?control?center?in?MeasureApplicationnthe?Operations?domain.? Performed?by?Actors?that?react? rapidly?to?faults?and?other?events? in?the?system?that?might?cause? power?outages,?brownouts,?or? the?destruction?of?equipment.? Performed?to?maintain?high? levels?of?reliability?and?power? Transmissioquality.?May?work?locally?or?on?a?Transmission???ProtectApplicationnwide?scale.? Transmission???RecordApplicationTransmissioPerformed?by?actors?that?permit? nother?domains?to?review?what? has?happened?on?the?grid?for? financial,?engineering,? Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 135Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 operational,?and?forecasting? purposes.? Performed?by?actors?that?work? together?to?determine?when? equipment?should?have? maintenance,?calculate?the?life? expectancy?of?the?device,?and? record?its?history?of?operations? and?maintenance?so?it?can?be? reviewed?in?the?future?for?Transmission???Asset?Transmissiooperational?and?engineering?ManagementApplicationndecisions.? Performed?by?actors?that?ensure? the?network?is?operating?with?the? appropriate?tolerances?across? the?system.?They?may?gather? information?to?make?control? decisions?that?ensure?reliable? and?proper?operations?(stability)? or?more?efficient?operations? (optimization).?Measurement?and? control?form?a?feedback?loop?that? allows?grid?operators?to?stabilize? the?flow?of?energy?across?the? electric?network?or?safely?Transmission???Transmissioincrease?the?load?on?a?Stabilize?and?OptimizeApplicationntransmission?path.? NO?SwitchDeviceDistribution Distributed?GenerationDeviceDistribution SectionalizerDeviceDistribution Cap?BankDeviceDistribution RecloserDeviceDistribution RelayDeviceDistribution Distributed?StorageDeviceDistribution Performed?by?actors?that?permit? the?Operations?domain?to? manage?the?flow?of?power?and? reliability?of?the?system.?An? example?would?be?the?use?of? phase?angle?regulators?within?a? substation?to?control?power?flow? between?two?adjacent?power?Distribution???ControlApplicationDistributionsystems? Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 136Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 Performed?by?actors?that?provide? visibility?into?the?flow?of?power? and?the?condition?of?the?systems? in?the?field.?In?the?future? measurement?might?be?found?in? built?into?meters,?transformers,? feeders,?switches?and?other? devices?in?the?grid.?An?example? would?be?the?digital?and?analog? measurements?collected?through? the?SCADA?system?from?a? remote?terminal?unit?(RTU)?and? provide?to?a?grid?control?center?in?Distribution???MeasureApplicationDistributionthe?Operations?domain.? Performed?by?Actors?that?react? rapidly?to?faults?and?other?events? in?the?system?that?might?cause? power?outages,?brownouts,?or? the?destruction?of?equipment.? Performed?to?maintain?high? levels?of?reliability?and?power? quality.?May?work?locally?or?on?a?Distribution???ProtectApplicationDistributionwide?scale.? Performed?by?actors?that?permit? other?domains?to?review?what? has?happened?on?the?grid?for? financial,?engineering,? operational,?and?forecasting?Distribution???RecordApplicationDistributionpurposes.? Performed?by?actors?that?work? together?to?determine?when? equipment?should?have? maintenance,?calculate?the?life? expectancy?of?the?device,?and? record?its?history?of?operations? and?maintenance?so?it?can?be? reviewed?in?the?future?for?Distribution???Asset?operational?and?engineering?ManagementApplicationDistributiondecisions.? Distribution???Stabilize?ApplicationDistributionPerformed?by?actors?that?ensure?and?Optimizethe?network?is?operating?with?the? appropriate?tolerances?across? the?system.?They?may?gather? information?to?make?control? decisions?that?ensure?reliable? Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 137Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 and?proper?operations?(stability)?or?more?efficient?operations?(optimization).?Measurement?and?control?form?a?feedback?loop?that?allows?grid?operators?to?stabilize?the?flow?of?energy?across?the?electric?network?or?safely? increase?the?load?on?a? transmission?path.? Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 138Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 The Combined Conceptual Reference Diagram The diagram in this section is a refinement of the conceptual model to combine the domain views into one diagram and includes example actor names, organizational structure, communications networks and some information about security concerns. It is intended to be high-level. It is a tool for identifying actors and possible communications paths in the Smart Grid. It is useful for identifying potential intra- and inter-domain interactions and potential applications and capabilities enabled by these interactions. The diagram shown in Figure 12 is intended to aid in analysis; it is not a design diagram that defines a solution and its implementation. In other words, the conceptual model and the combined conceptual reference diagram are descriptive and not prescriptive. They are meant to foster understanding of Smart Grid operational intricacies; they do not prescribe how the Smart Grid will be implemented. Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 139Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 140Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 Figure 12 – Smart Grid Conceptual Reference Diagram (Source: NIST Interoperability Framework 1.0) Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 141Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010 Note on Graphics Licensing This section is not a legal license. It is intended only to provide information about another license that exists. Please note that the Smart Grid Conceptual Model diagrams, sometimes known as the “cloud” diagrams, found in this document, the Smart Grid Roadmap and the NIST Smart Grid Framework make use of a library of licensed commercial icons. The Portable Networks Graphics files in these documents are intended to be freely used in presentations, web sites, and documents, provided that the attribution, “Source: NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Release 1.0, (NIST Special Publication 1108); January 2010” (or the most recent version) is not removed. Smart Grid Conceptual ModelVersion 142Smart Grid Interoperability PanelMarch 15,2010