中空纤维超滤膜分离

中空纤维超滤膜分离 膜分离技术是近几十年迅速发展起来的一类新型分离技术。膜分离法是用天然或人工合成的高分子薄膜～以外界能量或化学位差为推动力～对双组分或多组分的溶质与溶剂进行分离、分级、提纯和富集的方法。膜分离法可用于液相和气相。对于液相分离可用于水溶液体系、非水溶液体系、水溶胶体系以及含有其他微粒的水溶液体系。膜分离包括反渗透、超过滤、电渗析、微孔过滤等。膜分离过程具有无相态变化、设备简单、分离效率高、占地面积小、操作方便、能耗少、适应性强等优点。目前～在海水淡化、食品加工工业的浓缩分离、工业超纯水制备、工业废水处理等领域的应用越来越多。超过滤是膜分离技术的一个重要分支～通过实验掌握这项技术具有重要的意义。 ,一, 实验目的 1. 了解和熟悉超过滤膜分离的 工艺 钢结构制作工艺流程车尿素生产工艺流程自动玻璃钢生产工艺2工艺纪律检查制度q345焊接工艺规程 过程, 2. 了解膜分离技术的特点, 3. 培养学生的实验操作技能。 ,二, 超滤膜分离的基本原理 通常～以压力差位推动力的液相膜分离方法有反渗透、纳滤、超滤和微滤等方法。对于超滤而言～一种被广泛用来形象地 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 超滤膜分离机理的说法是“筛分”理论。该理论认为～膜 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 面具有无数微孔～这些实际存在的不同孔径的孔眼像筛子一样～截留住了分子直径大于孔径的溶质和颗粒～从而达到分离的目的。最简单的超滤器的工作原理如下:在一定的压力作用下～当含有高分子和低分子溶质的混合溶液通过被支撑的超滤膜表面时～溶剂,如水,和低分子溶质,如无机盐类,将透过超滤膜～作为透过物被搜集起来,高分子溶质,如有机胶体,则被超滤膜截留而作为浓缩液被回收。应当指出的是～若超滤完全用“筛分”的概念来解释～则会非常含糊。在有些情况下～似乎孔径大小是物料分离的唯一支配因素,但对有些情况～超滤膜材料表面的化学特性却起到了决定性的截留作用。如有些膜的孔径既比溶剂分子大～又比溶质分子大～本不应具有截留功能～attention to improving the quality and efficiency of development and pay more attention to security and reform the people's livelihood, more focus on maintaining social harmony and stability, and promote the development of township economy in a better and faster, create a new normal XX development and lay a more solid foundation for XX build a well-off society. Completed tasks this year, we must always pay special attention to the primary task of development. XX weak economic base, low levels of development, economic construction is the Center, we have to create conditions for faster economic development, accumulating more wealth, better people's lives. Effort should be made to this year's economic growth, revenue growth, people have maintained a high rate of income growth, GDP growth of more than 15 per cent respectively. Always grasp the fundamental impetus for reform. We are now "no soldiers behind" many indicators ranked in the bottom of the county from getting bigger. Only by going all out to hard work, hard work, innovation, reform does not adapt to institutional mechanisms, practices, it is possible to change the face of XX poor, into a well-off society together with people across the country. We want to break the old patterns of thinking, methods and organization of work, bravely and boldly into, making full use of all the advantages, comprehensive reforms, to make all its vitality for development impulse, let full play to all sources of wealth creation. Should always stability 但令人意外的是～它却仍具有明显的分离效果。由此可知～比较全面的解释是:在超滤膜分离过程中～膜的孔径大小和膜表面的化学性质等～将分别起着不同的截留作用。因此～不能简单地分析超滤现象～孔结构是重要因素～但不是唯一因素～另一重要因素是膜表面的化学性质。 ,三, 实验设备、流程和仪器 1.主要设备: 中空纤维超滤组件如图1所示。主要参数:膜材料～聚砜,截留分子量～6000,适宜流量～200~300L/h,操作压力?0.15Mpa,正洗压力?0.15Mpa,使用温度～5~45?,pH范围～2~13, 颗粒粒经:,5。 ,m 外壳 中空纤维 束 超滤液出口 浓缩液出口 料液入口 图1.中空纤维超滤膜组件 2. 实验流程,见图2, 实验装置及流程示意图如图2所示。中空纤维超滤膜组件截留分子量为6000～膜面 2积约为2m,适宜流量为200~300L/h。 本实验将料液——聚乙烯醇水溶液,PVA,经泵输送至过滤器～然后从膜下部进入膜组件。将料液分为:?透过液——透过膜的稀溶液～该液除取样以外其它全回料液贮槽,?浓缩液——未透过膜的PVA溶液,浓度高于料液,。浓缩液回料液贮槽。中空纤 -le to change the face of XX poor, into a wellgoing all out to hard work, hard work, innovation, reform does not adapt to institutional mechanisms, practices, it is possibly by mpetus for reform. We are now "no soldiers behind" many indicators ranked in the bottom of the county from getting bigger. Onave maintained a high rate of income growth, GDP growth of more than 15 per cent respectively. Always grasp the fundamental iople hnt, accumulating more wealth, better people's lives. Effort should be made to this year's economic growth, revenue growth, pee, low levels of development, economic construction is the Center, we have to create conditions for faster economic developmenomic basoff society. Completed tasks this year, we must always pay special attention to the primary task of development. XX weak eco-ip economy in a better and faster, create a new normal XX development and lay a more solid foundation for XX build a wellivelihood, more focus on maintaining social harmony and stability, and promote the development of townshattention to improving the quality and efficiency of development and pay more attention to security and reform the people's ltytabilie reforms, to make all its vitality for development impulse, let full play to all sources of wealth creation. Should always ss of thinking, methods and organization of work, bravely and boldly into, making full use of all the advantages, comprehensivoff society together with people across the country. We want to break the old pattern1 维膜组件容易被微生物侵蚀而损伤～故在未使用时应加入保护液。流程中～保护液储罐为膜组件加保护液,用超滤水配制的1%亚硫酸氢钠溶液注满～并避光保存～3个月需更换保护液,,过滤器——200目不锈钢丝网过滤器～作用是拦截料液中的不溶性杂质～以保护膜不受阻塞。 溶液中PVA的浓度采用722型紫外分光光度计分析。 3. 主要仪器: 722型分光光度计～用于测定PVA的浓度。 图2超过滤膜分离实验流程图 ,四,准备工作、实验方法与步骤 1.准备工作 (1) 用超滤水配制1%亚硫酸氢钠溶液作为保护液, (2) 配制5‰的PVA溶液,使用时～取一定量加入料液贮槽中～充分混匀～制成浓度为0.3~0.4‰的原料液, -1(3) 配制发色剂:发色剂为碘和硼酸的混合溶液～浓度为碘0.003mol?L～硼酸 -10.32mol?L, uld acomprehensive reforms, to make all its vitality for development impulse, let full play to all sources of wealth creation. Sho e old patterns of thinking, methods and organization of work, bravely and boldly into, making full use of all the advantages,off society together with people across the country. We want to break th-it is possible to change the face of XX poor, into a well ger. Only by going all out to hard work, hard work, innovation, reform does not adapt to institutional mechanisms, practices,ng bigfundamental impetus for reform. We are now "no soldiers behind" many indicators ranked in the bottom of the county from gettiwth, people have maintained a high rate of income growth, GDP growth of more than 15 per cent respectively. Always grasp the e groic development, accumulating more wealth, better people's lives. Effort should be made to this year's economic growth, revenueconomic base, low levels of development, economic construction is the Center, we have to create conditions for faster econom off society. Completed tasks this year, we must always pay special attention to the primary task of development. XX weak-ld a wellent of township economy in a better and faster, create a new normal XX development and lay a more solid foundation for XX buiivelihood, more focus on maintaining social harmony and stability, and promote the developmattention to improving the quality and efficiency of development and pay more attention to security and reform the people's llways stability2 (4) 722型紫外分光光度计通电预热20min以上, (5) 测定 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 工作曲线,此项一般由实验室老师预先做好,。 (6) 溶液储槽和清洗水储槽的放净阀除进行放净操作以外～维持关闭状态。 (6) 溶液和清洗水的循环阀可进行自循环操作和系统流量调节～请选择使用。 (8) 保护液储罐的加料球阀除向保护液储罐添加保护液操作以外～维持关闭状态。 2. 实验方法 将预先配置的PVA料液在室温下～进行不同流量的超滤膜分离实验。在稳定操作30分钟后～取样品分析。取样方法:从料液贮槽中用移液管取5.0mL料液入50.0mL容量瓶中～与此同时在透过液出口端用100.0mL烧杯接取透过液 约50.0mL～然后用移液管从烧杯中取10.0mL放入第二个容量瓶中,在浓缩液出口端用100.0mL烧杯接取浓缩液约50.0mL～并用移液管从烧杯中取5.0mL放入第三个容量瓶中。利用722型分光光度计～测定三容量瓶中PVA浓度。烧杯中剩余透过液和浓缩液全部倾入料液贮槽中～充分混匀。然后进行下一个流量实验。 3. 操作步骤 ,1,722型分光光度计通电预热20分钟以上。 ,2,放出超滤组件中的保护液。为防止中空纤维被微生物侵蚀而损伤～不工作期间～在超滤组件内加入保护液。在实验前～须将保护液放净。 放净保护液对应的阀组操作状态为: 关闭保护液罐球阀、关闭保护液进口球阀、打开透过液调节阀、关闭浓缩液调节阀,打开料液进口阀、打开透过液取样阀,再打开膜组件放净阀～这样即可放净保护液。放出的保护液用容器接存。 (3) 清洗超滤组件。为洗去残留的保护液～用自来水清洗2~3次～然后放净清洗液。 其对应的阀组操作状态为: 关闭溶液储槽出口阀～开启清洗水储槽出口阀,在清洗水储槽注入一定量的自来水。关闭保护液罐球阀、关闭保护液进口球阀、关闭膜组件放净阀～关闭透过液取样阀,关闭浓缩液取样阀,关闭料液回流阀,打开料液进口阀～打开透过液调节阀阀～打开浓缩液调节阀。 再开泵通清水冲洗5分钟～停泵～再按,2,中操作模式放净清洗液。 ,4,膜,组件,过滤运行准备 检查实验系统阀门开关状态。使系统各部位的阀门处于膜过滤运行的“开”或“关”状态。 -le to change the face of XX poor, into a wellgoing all out to hard work, hard work, innovation, reform does not adapt to institutional mechanisms, practices, it is possibly by mpetus for reform. We are now "no soldiers behind" many indicators ranked in the bottom of the county from getting bigger. Onave maintained a high rate of income growth, GDP growth of more than 15 per cent respectively. Always grasp the fundamental iople hnt, accumulating more wealth, better people's lives. Effort should be made to this year's economic growth, revenue growth, pee, low levels of development, economic construction is the Center, we have to create conditions for faster economic developmenomic basoff society. Completed tasks this year, we must always pay special attention to the primary task of development. XX weak eco-ip economy in a better and faster, create a new normal XX development and lay a more solid foundation for XX build a wellivelihood, more focus on maintaining social harmony and stability, and promote the development of townshattention to improving the quality and efficiency of development and pay more attention to security and reform the people's ltytabilie reforms, to make all its vitality for development impulse, let full play to all sources of wealth creation. Should always ss of thinking, methods and organization of work, bravely and boldly into, making full use of all the advantages, comprehensivoff society together with people across the country. We want to break the old pattern3 膜组件运行对应的阀组操作状态为: 关闭清洗水储槽出口阀～开启溶液储槽出口阀～在溶液储槽注入一定量的溶液～关闭保护液罐球阀、关闭保护液进口球阀、关闭膜组件放净阀～关闭透过液取样阀,关闭浓缩液取样阀,关闭清洗水回流阀,再依次打开料液回流阀,打开料液进口阀～打开透过液调节阀～打开浓缩液调节阀。 ,5,用移液管取PVA料液5ml放入容量瓶,50ml,中～用以测定原料液的初始浓度。 ,6,启动泵通溶液进行膜过滤～注意调节～使透过液和浓缩液流量比例适宜。稳定运转20分钟后～按“实验方法”进行条件实验～做好记录。然后改变流量～重复进行实验～数据取足即可停泵。 ,7,清洗超滤组件。待超滤组件中的PVA溶液放净之后～用自来水代替原料液～在较大流量下运转20分钟左右～清洗组件中残余PVA溶液。 放净超滤组件中的PVA溶液对应的阀组操作状态为,同放净保护液阀组操作状态, ,8,加保护液。如果10小时以上不使用超滤组件～须加入保护液至组件1/2高度以上。然后密闭系统～避免保护液损失。 放净清洗水对应的阀组操作状态同放净, 加保护液之前请放净系统的中的清洗水～ 保护液操作状态。 , 加保护液时～仅需开启透过液调节阀阀作放空用～膜组件附近其他阀门关闭。 ,9,将722分光光度计清洗干净～放在指定位置,切断分光光度计的电源。 ,五, 数据处理处理 1. 按下表记录实验条件和数据。 压力(表压): Mpa 温度: ? 日期: 年 月 日 浓度,mg/L) 实验序号 起止时间 原料液 浓缩液 透过液 2(数据处理: ,1,PVA的脱除率: e old patterns of thinking, methods and organization of work, bravely and boldly into, making full use of all the advantages,off society together with people across the country. We want to break th-it is possible to change the face of XX poor, into a well ger. Only by going all out to hard work, hard work, innovation, reform does not adapt to institutional mechanisms, practices,ng bigfundamental impetus for reform. We are now "no soldiers behind" many indicators ranked in the bottom of the county from gettiwth, people have maintained a high rate of income growth, GDP growth of more than 15 per cent respectively. Always grasp the e groic development, accumulating more wealth, better people's lives. Effort should be made to this year's economic growth, revenueconomic base, low levels of development, economic construction is the Center, we have to create conditions for faster econom off society. Completed tasks this year, we must always pay special attention to the primary task of development. XX weak-ld a wellent of township economy in a better and faster, create a new normal XX development and lay a more solid foundation for XX buiivelihood, more focus on maintaining social harmony and stability, and promote the developmattention to improving the quality and efficiency of development and pay more attention to security and reform the people's llways stabilityuld acomprehensive reforms, to make all its vitality for development impulse, let full play to all sources of wealth creation. Sho4 原料液初始浓度,透过液浓度f,，100% 原料液初始浓度 ,2,PVA回收率: 浓缩液中PVA量Y,，100% 原料液中PVA量 ,3,在坐标纸上绘制Y与流量的关系曲线。 标准曲线: 聚乙烯醇标准曲线浓度 透光度 105 0 100 100 50 95 95 90100 92 85吸光度A80150 90 75 200 86 70 050100150200250300350400450 250 82 浓度ppm 300 80 350 76 400 75 (六) 思考题 1. 讨论超滤膜分离机理, 2. 超滤组件中加保护液的目的, 3. 实验中流量过大会有什么影响, 4. 提高料液温度对超滤有什么影响, (七) 聚乙烯醇的比色分析方法 该法利用碘和硼酸混合液作为发色剂～与PVA发生显色反应～发色剂为:碘0.003M与硼酸0.32M混匀。 操作:取定量中型或微酸性PVA溶液加入50ml容量瓶中～加入8ml混合液用蒸馏水稀释至标线～摇匀～放置15分钟～用分光光度计在690nm处测定吸光度A～然后由标准曲线查得PVA的浓度,按照测定样品相似的方法～测定配制已知浓度的标准样品～然后以A为纵坐标浓度为横坐标绘制标准曲线。 tytabilie reforms, to make all its vitality for development impulse, let full play to all sources of wealth creation. Should always ss of thinking, methods and organization of work, bravely and boldly into, making full use of all the advantages, comprehensivoff society together with people across the country. We want to break the old pattern-le to change the face of XX poor, into a wellgoing all out to hard work, hard work, innovation, reform does not adapt to institutional mechanisms, practices, it is possibly by mpetus for reform. We are now "no soldiers behind" many indicators ranked in the bottom of the county from getting bigger. Onave maintained a high rate of income growth, GDP growth of more than 15 per cent respectively. Always grasp the fundamental iople hnt, accumulating more wealth, better people's lives. Effort should be made to this year's economic growth, revenue growth, pee, low levels of development, economic construction is the Center, we have to create conditions for faster economic developmenomic basoff society. Completed tasks this year, we must always pay special attention to the primary task of development. XX weak eco-ip economy in a better and faster, create a new normal XX development and lay a more solid foundation for XX build a wellivelihood, more focus on maintaining social harmony and stability, and promote the development of townshattention to improving the quality and efficiency of development and pay more attention to security and reform the people's l5 阀门名称: 清洗水储槽出口阀 溶液储槽出口阀 清洗水储槽放净阀 溶液储槽放净阀 清洗水循环阀 溶液循环阀 保护液罐球阀 保护液进口球阀 膜组件放净阀 透过液取样阀 浓缩液取样阀 清洗水回流阀 料液回流阀 料液进口阀 透过液调节阀 浓缩液调节阀。 off society together with people across the country. We want to break th-it is possible to change the face of XX poor, into a well ger. Only by going all out to hard work, hard work, innovation, reform does not adapt to institutional mechanisms, practices,ng bigfundamental impetus for reform. We are now "no soldiers behind" many indicators ranked in the bottom of the county from gettiwth, people have maintained a high rate of income growth, GDP growth of more than 15 per cent respectively. Always grasp the e groic development, accumulating more wealth, better people's lives. Effort should be made to this year's economic growth, revenueconomic base, low levels of development, economic construction is the Center, we have to create conditions for faster econom off society. Completed tasks this year, we must always pay special attention to the primary task of development. XX weak-ld a wellent of township economy in a better and faster, create a new normal XX development and lay a more solid foundation for XX buiivelihood, more focus on maintaining social harmony and stability, and promote the developmattention to improving the quality and efficiency of development and pay more attention to security and reform the people's llways stabilityuld acomprehensive reforms, to make all its vitality for development impulse, let full play to all sources of wealth creation. Sho e old patterns of thinking, methods and organization of work, bravely and boldly into, making full use of all the advantages,6 tytabilie reforms, to make all its vitality for development impulse, let full play to all sources of wealth creation. Should always ss of thinking, methods and organization of work, bravely and boldly into, making full use of all the advantages, comprehensivoff society together with people across the country. We want to break the old pattern-le to change the face of XX poor, into a wellgoing all out to hard work, hard work, innovation, reform does not adapt to institutional mechanisms, practices, it is possibly by mpetus for reform. We are now "no soldiers behind" many indicators ranked in the bottom of the county from getting bigger. Onave maintained a high rate of income growth, GDP growth of more than 15 per cent respectively. Always grasp the fundamental iople hnt, accumulating more wealth, better people's lives. Effort should be made to this year's economic growth, revenue growth, pee, low levels of development, economic construction is the Center, we have to create conditions for faster economic developmenomic basoff society. Completed tasks this year, we must always pay special attention to the primary task of development. XX weak eco-ip economy in a better and faster, create a new normal XX development and lay a more solid foundation for XX build a wellivelihood, more focus on maintaining social harmony and stability, and promote the development of townshattention to improving the quality and efficiency of development and pay more attention to security and reform the people's l7